Instructors Manual 6th Edition

8/18/2019 Instructors Manual 6th Edition

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Instructors Manual

Building Services

Engineering

David V. Chadderton

This Building Services Engineering Instructors

Manual complements Building Services Engineering ,

6th edition, with a bank of multiple choice answer

questions Some !"## questions cover the range of

topics in the te$t book and more The aim of this

manual is to provide a teaching, learning and testing

resource %&perlinks to all sections are given


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Introduction

This Building Services Engineering Instructors Manual complements Building Services

Engineering , 6th edition, with a bank of multiple choice answer questions 'uestions cover

the range of topics in the te$t book and more The aim of this manual is to provide a teaching,

learning and testing resource

The comprehensive contents list is h&perlinked to all chapters and sub(ect sections to make

navigation and return to the )ontents listing eas&

Topics in this manual can be of valuable assistance to instructors of courses other than

building services engineering, architecture, surve&ing and construction

*herever climate change, low energ& buildings, post+occupanc& assessment, thermal

environment, human comfort, energ& economics, ventilation, electrical engineering, acoustics,

lighting and the use of units of measurement are to be studied, users will find material of

benefit

More than !"## questions with answers are presented These repeat questions in the

printed book and add man& multiple choice answer questions The& are collected into sub(ect

groups and also in random sub(ect sections Instructors can easil& edit and adapt the questions

provided for their own purposes and create unique testing assignments

selection of these questions from each sub(ect is provided on the publisher-s website for

immediate use and self+testing

How to use this manual

)orrect responses are shown in red font as the Instructors Manual is onl& provided as

downloadable files to instructors The user will edit the highlighted answers when preparing

them for student use b& changing the red font to black 'uestion grouping allows rapid access

to each topic area Some questions require more knowledge than is provided in the Building


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Services Engineering, 6th edition, printed book .sers need to draw upon their own on+site

observation and their e$perience plus further investigation, discussion, questioning and

Internet searches

Multiple+choice selection questions usuall& have onl& one correct answer, although

discussion ma& arise where shades of opinion are not clear+cut for ever& application In order

to stimulate users to consider all possibilities, man& questions are provided with more than

one correct response The same question can be repeated with a different set of answers

provided

)orrect answers are onl& one part of the whole solution/ (ust select from the answers

provided .se these questions for class and individual revision Even the spurious alternatives

provide a valid means of revising understanding and reinforcement of learning The& all

require mental g&mnastics to evaluate 0roups of questions can be provided to students for

assignments Test students- understanding b& requiring e$planations as to wh& answers are

incorrect

Students respond well to competition between groups when led b& the instructor as it adds

the element of fun to learning class qui1 of 23 questions is about right for a one+hour

session for groups of up to five students each The qui1 leader fires a question at a named

individual, allows no conferring within the group, awarding one point for the correct response

and taking a point awa& from the group if an incorrect answer is given, then throws the

question open to an&one to answer for a point

lternativel&, displa& a question with optional responses on a data pro(ector for the class

from the provided files )orrect solutions appear on the second slide highlighted in red The

instructor challenges a group to discuss and agree the correct responses within, sa&, 4#

seconds, awarding a point for accurate answers


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Sets of questions are suitable for college internal websites where students have limited

time to undertake tests and assignments 5iles of questions ma& be emailed to students for

response b& a specified date and time

Some of these multiple choice questions are reproduced in the Building Services

Engineering , 6th edition, printed book to stimulate interest and prepare readers for tests/ the&

appear in the questions bank and in each chapter Such duplication from the manual does not

create conflict as the te$t book and the manual have different readerships The instructor is

provided with all the available questions in this manual

The author hopes users will have as much en(o&ment and educational benefit in answering

and discussing these questions as he did in producing them %app& qui11ing


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Contents

Introduction

! )limate change

Building 7egulations 8art 92

)arbon capture and storage

)arbon dio$ide

Emission rating schemes

0eneral knowledge : !

0overnment policies

9ow emission buildings

8assivhaus

2 8ost occupanc&

BEMS

0eneral knowledge : 2

87;BE anal&sis

9ow energ& buildings

87;BE revisited

4 Built environment

ir conditions

ir qualit&

0eneral knowledge : 4

%eat transfer

%umidit&


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Measuring instruments

Sick building s&ndrome

Thermal comfort

egree da&s

>iscounted cash flow ( >)5?, @8


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7efrigeration

Suppl& air condition


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>rainage design assignment

>rain testing

0enera knowledge : A

%ealth risks

%ot+water service

8ipe materials

7ainwater s&stems

Sanitar& appliances

Solar water heating

S&phonage

*ater qualit&

*ater resources

*ater services design

*ater treatment

Electrical installations

Building site power suppl&

)able si1ing

)able s&stems

)ircuit protection

>ata s&stems

Electrical design calculations

Electrical measurements and testing

0eneral knowledge :

9ightning conductor design


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8ower factor

Three+phase s&stem

ew+point gradient

0eneral knowledge : !!

Terminolog&

Temperature gradient

.nits of measurement


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5i$ed fire fighting s&stems

0eneral knowledge : !=

8ortable e$tinguishers

Smoke

*ater s&stems

!3 7oom acoustics

>ecibel

0eneral knowledge : !3

Machiner& noise

@oise and vibration

@oise rating

8lant room calculations

7everberant and direct sound fields

7oom absorption

7oom sound pressure levels

Sound power and pressure

Structure+borne noise

Terminolog&

!6 Mechanical transportation

Builders- work

Energ& implications

Escalator

0eneral knowledge : !6


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9ifts

Motor room

!" 'uestion bank

cron&ms

ir conditioning

ir qualit&

Building management s&stems

);2 emissions

>ensit&

Electrical

0eneral knowledge : !"

0overnment policies

%eat transfer

9ow energ& buildings

7efrigeration

Temperature

Sustainabilit&

Thermal comfort


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Energ&

5requenc&

0eneral knowledge :!A

%eat transfer

Mathematics

8ressure

Temperature

.nits


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1 Climate change

Building Regulations art !"#

! new single+store& office building complies with the Building Regulations Part L2A It is

to be in use for !2 hours a da&, 3 da&s a week, has a floor plan of =# m $ 4# m, a room

height of 4 m Mechanical air change rate is ! per hour, indoor air is maintained at 22 o) at

an e$ternal temperature of +4o) There are !# windows of 4 m2 There are two e$ternal

doors of 23 m2 each Thermal transmittances are #2 *Cm2 D for the ground floor and roof,

walls are #4 *Cm2 D while the windows are 2 *Cm2 D and the doors are 4 *Cm2 D

)alculate the regulated peak heat demand The regulated peak cooling demand is to be

taken as equal that for heating Take the heating seasonal weather load factor as #" for

223# h and #= for !### h of the cooling season %eating s&stem overall efficienc& is A#

and the coefficient of performance of the cooling s&stem is 2 Estimate the annual

regulated metered energ& input using the workbook supplied, other software or manuall&

as shown in )hapter 4 9ighting runs continuousl& at !2 *Cm2 Each floor has !##

computer workstations using 23# * each computer server room on the top floor has a

continuous electrical load of A k* 7efrigerators, water heaters and catering items add =

k* loads to each floor with a load factor of #23 Sensible heat emission of each emplo&ee

is !!# * Estimate the annual unregulated demands and compare with those that are

regulated *hat do &ou observe from the calculated dataF

7egulated demands for heating and cooling are ="46 k* each, annual regulated load is

!#2,"!" k*h, unregulated electrical load is !3!,##A k*h, summer cooling load is !!# k*,

winter cooling load is !3 k* Internal heat gains e$ceed regulated heat loss

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Car$on ca%ture and storage

2 3## M*e gas+fired power station has an overall efficienc& of 42 and runs at full load

for 6### hC&r Emission intensit& is #3 t);2CM*h )alculate how man& tonnes of );2 it

emits in a &ear, how much a pa&able carbon ta$ rate of G4#Ct);2 would cost the plant

operator in a &ear and how much would be added to the price of a k*h supplied into the

grid *hat incentive does the plant operator have to start installing carbon capture and

storage to reduce emissionsF

Emission ="Mt);2C&r, pa&able carbon ta$ on );2 emissions from the power station adds

3 centsCk*h to the cost of production, and that will be passed onto distributors and final

customers household that consumes !#,### k*h per &ear will pa& an additional G3##

The power station operator could have G!=!MC&r to invest in ))S technolog&

4 3## M*e oil+fired power station with an overall efficienc& of 23 converts to carbon

capture and storage technolog& and save # of its );2 emissions from ! Hanuar& 2#!4/

this is at the commencement of the 4rd E. ETS trading phase of 2#!4:2#2# The

generator onl& provides peak lopping power due to the high cost of oil and ran at full load

for !### hours during 2#!! and around the same in 2#!2 );2 emission intensit& for the

use of oil is agreed to be !# kg );2Ck*he Emissions for the 4rd E. ETS trading period

are capped at 2#!! levels Traded allowances reali1e a ma$imum of G2###Ct);2 8redict

the outcome for this investment decision

)apped allowance 2 Mt);2, sale of allowances G2AAM but uncertain, sale of );2 of

uncertain value, but might be viable

= *hat is the plant process for ))SF

! 5lue gas filtered through charcoal



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2 Suction pump removes );2 from flue e$haust

4 5lue gas washed with alcohol

= 5lue gas washed with ammonia

3 )atal&tic converter in e$haust gas absorbs );2

3 E$plain how the post+combustion capture of );₂ works

The post+combustion capture of );₂ occurs after the burning of fossil fuels );₂ is separated

from the flue gas through a process called scrubbing 5lue gas is passed through a liquid

which causes a chemical reaction and separates the );₂ read& for transportation and storage

8ost+combustion capture technolog& can be retrofitted to e$isting fossil fuel power stations

6 E$plain what happens to );2 that is captured from fossil fuel combustion

;nce pure );₂ is captured through ))S technologies, it is compressed into a liquid state to a

similar densit& to crude oil at "# atmospheres and is transported via pipeline and stored safel&

offshore in depleted oil and gas fields

Car$on dio&ide

" %ow does nature maintain a balance of ;2, @2 and );2 in the atmosphereF

! B& manufacturing o$&gen from the earth

2 ;ceans and soil absorb all );2 from the atmosphere

4 )hemical reaction between %2;, );2 and @2 in the clouds returns ) to the soil and

oceans, leaving ;2 in the atmosphere that is necessar& for life on Earth

= ;ceans absorb );2, causing water acidification

3 It doesn-t



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A %ow long does human+generated );2 remain in the atmosphereF

! Minutes

2 %undreds of &ears

4 !2 months

= @ever diminishes

3 8lants consume it quickl&

Emission rating schemes

State what is meant b& these summar& solutions of the apparent need to reduce global

warming caused b& human activities

! 7enewable timber buildings

n ancient standard of living

2 Improvement on the !3#s- building designs

0reen building

4 Social responsibilit& inde$ method

B7EEM

= Marketing plan aid

0reen building stars

3 The .S is ahead

9EE>

!# State what is meant b& these summar& solutions for buildings to reduce global warming

caused b& human activities

! >own+under reduced energ& scheme

@BE7S



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2 Seems impossible

Jero carbon building

4 The no+television in the home solution


= >ark in here at night


3 I keep m& beer in the river


!! State what is meant b& these summar& solutions for buildings to reduce global warming

caused from human activities

! ver& tall, all+glass walled building in a =#o) summer location, having natural

ventilation and no refrigerated air conditioning

%&perthermia tower

2 @atural da& lighting with unshaded gla1ed perimeter to collect and store solar heat gains

for winter

Sun+blinded office workers

4 ccountants- solution

@et 1ero energ& cost building

= Engineers- solution

llowable technolog& minimi1es energ& consumption

3


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!2 State what is meant b& these summar& solutions for buildings to reduce global warming

caused b& human activities

! Solar atrium office

Sunstroke problem

2 8ower station solution

Jero net source energ& use building

4 Solar panel and wind turbine solution

@et 1ero emission building

= 0rid+connected renewable sources solution

9arge+scale solar, wind and wave power providers

3 Ship solution

Jero grid suppl& to the building

!4 *hich countr& annuall& increases carbon dio$ide atmospheric emissions fastestF

! Bahrain

2 .nited States of merica

4 0reat Britain

= ustralia

3 )hina

!= *hat do we know about global greenhouse gasesF

! The& are atmospheric gas given out b& plants in a horticultural greenhouse

2 )arbon dio$ide in the atmosphere produced from combustion of h&drocarbons from all

sources

4 @uclear energ& use does not generate an& greenhouse gases


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= Solar panels, geothermal energ&, wind turbines and h&dro+electric s&stems do not

contribute to greenhouses gases

3 ll greenhouse gases in the Earth-s atmosphere are due to electricit& production and

building services installations

!3 *hich is not correct for );2 greenhouse gasF

! 8roduced b& ruminating animals

2 )ontinuousl& converted back into ;2 b& photos&nthesis

4 It is burnt carbon from fuel combined with atmospheric o$&gen

= Easil& reversed to solid carbon plus o$&gen gas into the atmosphere

3 )ombusted h&drocarbons are not the sole source of greenhouse gases

!6 *hat is appro$imatel& the concentration of );2 in the atmosphere at a few metres

above ground levelF

! 46# ppm

2 !### ppm

4 3

= @egligible

3 3## mgCm4

!" *hat describes the variation in air temperature in the .DF

! >a&time outdoor air temperature remains stable within a narrow band of values

2 Indoor air temperature onl& varies on a hot summer da& if windows and doors allow

significant natural ventilation

4 9inear ramp changes upwards and downwards during the da&, constant at night


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= Step changes occur indoors in response to movement of the sun during da&time

3 ;utdoor and indoor air temperatures var& sinusoidall& due to planetar& rotation

'overnment %olicies

!A %ow could open market trading in the E. );2 allowances make investment decisions

in emission reduction plant and s&stems difficultF

7egulated sites, ie power stations and industrial users, do not know how much their

surplus allowances will be worth when the& are available to sell

! *h& should building services engineers, architects and construction companies be

concerned about the trading or value of E. );2 allowancesF These are not registered sites

or users who are awarded allowances or have to purchase them

Because building services engineers, architects and construction companies design, build

and maintain the plant and buildings that are the final consumers of energ& 8ower stations

and industrial buildings are part of their work

2# *hich of these is correct about building services engineering and the E. ETSF

! There is no connection

2 ll building services s&stems have );2 emissions

4 *ithout services in buildings there would be no registered emission sites

= 9arge commercial buildings need to trade in allowances

3 Services need to minimi1e );2 emissions on E. registered sites

2! *hich of these is correctF

! Ever& large energ& using site is registered with the E. ETS



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2 The E. ETS charges fees for allowance traders

4 ;nl& financial institutions can hold );2 allowances

= 8ower stations and large industrial sites register with the E. ETS

3 @o organi1ation profits from trading in allowances

22 *hich is correct about a carbon planF

! The most important atmospheric pollutant to be reduced is methane

2 )arbon mono$ide from vehicle e$hausts is polluting the air and must be eliminated

4 )arbon dio$ide emissions from burning and combusting h&drocarbon fuels must be

reduced

= ll h&drocarbon emissions to the atmosphere are to be phased out

3 @itrous o$ides will alwa&s be capped at 1ero

24 *hat is the level of );2 emissions from the .DF

! 3## tonnes per &ear

2 3## giga tonnes per &ear

4 3## mega tonnes per &ear

= There aren-t an&

3 3## million kilograms per &ear

2= *hat are the problems caused b& a market price for carbon creditsF

! Site owners do not have a guarantee for the value of emission reductions

2 5luctuating market price for allowances is attractive for registered sites

4 Trading in allowances becomes an industr& of its own

= llowance price will alwa&s increase in line with inflation


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3 )arbon credit price is tied to the strength of the Euro in world markets

23 *hich chemical compounds are formed during combustion of a fossil fuel and what are

their effects on the atmosphereF

26 *hich of these is an E. ETS registered siteF

! >istrict heating s&stems

2 9arge air+conditioned buildings

4 )ement+making plant

= %ospital

3 partment building

2" *hich best describes the E. ETSF

! Ta$ on energ& use

2 disincentive to invest in energ& efficienc&

4 n unavoidable cost for industr&

= n outcome of the D&oto 8rotocol

3 n unnecessar& administrative burden imposed b& the E.

2A %ow has the world created what is now said to be an atmospheric catastrophe in the

makingF

B& digging up h&drocarbons from the earth to power our inventions The most powerful and

influential nations have dug up the most, while those countries, less well developed with

respect to air+conditioned buildings, transportation and homes, have &et to catch up b& doing

the same The good thing about our master& of the planet is that whatever amount of carbon


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we remove from the ground, combust and discharge as what are considered to be waste

e$haust gases into the atmosphere, cannot escape from planet Earth/ it remains in the

atmosphere unless nature brings it back down to ground level So, there is no change in the

total quantit& of carbon on planet Earth/ it will alwa&s remain a constant amount here, that is,

not counting those components we send out into space with rocket engines, never to return

nother good thing to note is that we have onl& scratched the surface of planet Earth b&

digging onl& a few kilometres or so down .nknown reserves of valuable resources lie

beneath our present attempts at gardening in the near surface So what is the problemF

)enturies of habitation have resulted in us depositing our waste gas straight into the

atmosphere at ground level and out of high chimne&s when it was considered unacceptable to

release products of combustion from large fossil+burning plant too near to people >ispersal

of combustion products relied upon prevailing winds and it was assumed that nobod& would

be affected, would the&F *ell, &es, the& were Traffic e$hausts and chimne&s do have

noticeable effects

*hat else might have caused the observed growth of greenhouses gases in the atmosphereF

8erhaps solar flares, world wars, rainforest clearance, changes in agriculture, burning off

stubble, wild forest fires, volcanic eruptions, melting polar ice caps, changes in rainfall and

evaporation of seawater, plus an& number of other suggestions *ho reall& knowsF There are

arguments in partial e$planation of numerous theories

2 E$plain the relationship between the price of abatement, that is, the cost per t);2, for

emission reduction retrofits from engineering and structural improvements and the value of

carbon allowances traded on the open market

@o relationship as abatement is an engineering cost while allowances are onl& valued b& their

suppl& and demand to traders


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4# *hat is the current level of annual );2 emissions from the whole of the worldF

! !# million tonnes

2 !### megatons

4 3##,### 0t

= 3 0t

3 4#,### Mt

4! *hat is the appro$imate percentage increase in world );2 emissions from !"! to

2##AF

! !#3

2 33

4 43#

= !###

3 !2#

42 The .D presentl& is grappling with the problem of sustaining its suppl& and

consumption of primar& energ& *hich of these possible scenarios is most likel&F

! 9egislated e$tensive demand+side reduction/ not popular with voting public

2 )onversion of vehicles to h&drogen fuel/ not a new idea and ma& face resistance from

the oil industr&

4 Build more coal+fired power stations and coalmines/ opposite to polic& since the !A#s

= >rill more offshore oil and gas wells/ h&drocarbon resource deca&s with time

3 Build more nuclear power stations/ endless containment requirement


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44 The .D presentl& is grappling with the problem of sustaining its suppl& and

consumption of primar& energ& *hich of these possible scenarios is most likel&F

! E$tensive development of wind turbines/ spoils visual environment

2 8urchase more electricit& from mainland Europe/ will be nuclear+generated and a

political risk

4 Tidal barrage schemes/ man& subsequent benefits, limited capacit& potential

= )onvert transportation to diesel+electric h&brid from nuclear power stations/ endless

containment requirement

3 *ave power stations/ possibl&

4= *hich of these means of sustaining .D national suppl& and consumption of primar&

energ& reduces greenhouse gas emissionsF

! >emand+side reduction of energ& use

2 Increase coal+fired power generation and clean flue gases

4 Build more gas turbine co+generation plants

= )onvert cars to h&brid petrol+electric drive s&stems

3 0reater use of helicopters and planes

43 7educing greenhouse gas emissions is a global ob(ective *hich of these options

alwa&s satisfies this aimF

! )onstruction and use of nuclear generation

2 0as turbine co+generation

4 >emand+side reduction

= 5luidi1ed bed coal combustion power plant

3 7eversing moderni1ation


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46 7educing greenhouse gas emissions is a global ob(ective *hich of these options for

power generation alwa&s satisfies this aimF

! *ind power

2 *ave power

4 %&drogen fuel for transportation

= Increased use of railwa&s

3 @one of them as all require energ& for construction and maintenance

!ow emission $uildings

4" *hich is correct about a 1ero carbon buildingF

! )annot consume an& fossil fuel energ&

2 Must be provided onl& b& renewable energ& s&stems

4 )onsumes a minimum amount of energ& for all uses

= %as a 1ero cost energ& bill

3 @one of these

4A %ow much energ& does a green building useF

! @one

2 lot

4 ;nl& that used for lighting, computers and hot water

= 9ess than a !6#s- design

3 n& winter heat loss is replaced b& summer heat gains

assivhaus

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4 two+store& inner terrace house has a floor plan of A m $ 3 m and a room height of 23

m The ad(oining houses are of the same standard and are along the A m dimension

Mechanical air change rate is #3 per hour through a heat e$changer that preheats incoming

outdoor air from +4o) to !!o) in winter when the indoor air is maintained at 22o) 5our

windows are each ! m2/ two e$ternal doors are 2 m2 Thermal transmittances are #!=

*Cm2 D for the floor and walls, a flat plaster ceiling with a pitched tiled roof is #! *Cm 2 D

while the windows and doors are #A *Cm2 D %ouse construction is a concrete slab on the

ground with 23# mm insulation, brick and block walls with 2"3 mm insulation, =## mm

insulation in the roof, triple+gla1ed windows and 8oes the design

qualif& for the 8assivhaus standardF If not, what simple measure is permitted b&

8assivhaus to ensure complianceF

Specific heat load is!62 *Cm2 against an allowed !# *Cm2 Incoming air from the heat

e$changer is allowed to be electricall& heated to !o) to compl&


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" ost occu%anc*

BEMS

! %ow man& people use the computer building energ& management s&stem KBEMS? in a

large office building, universit& campus and hospital ever& da& and ever& weekF

! Ever&one in the building

2 Specialist maintenance contractor

4 ;ne person has the e$pertise and time to use it

= @obod&

3 Ever&one in the propert& and facilities management department

'eneral nowledge ) "

2 *hat are the differences between the designers and users of a buildingF

The designer-s passion for the appearance of their building, the big picture, contrasts with the

microscopic view of the users on how it functions to meet their own needs .sers- attention

focuses on an& d&sfunction, technical fault and discomfort to themselves The& have no sa& in

what the building looks like but the& can report that the lift doors are slow, a tap is leaking,

rain is coming through the sk&lights because the motor controller and rain sensor are too slow,

there are holes in the flooring, or the& are sitting in a draught rchitects and engineers create

impressive+looking buildings with the latest technolog& but the user lives with it for 23 &ears

4 *ho is most interested in the macroscopic appreciation of a buildingF

! ;wner

2 5acilities manager

4 Building services engineer

= Emplo&ees

3 rchitect

= *ho is most concerned with the microscopic+scale aspects of a buildingF

! rchitect

2 .sers

4 ;wner

= 5acilities manager

3 Building services engineer

3 %ow is the air pressure sealing, or leaking, abilit& of a building foundF

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! )lose all doors and windows )lose spill air and e$haust air dampers 7un suppl& and

return air fans Measure internal static air pressure for one hour to see if it can be

maintained at a set value

2 )lose all doors, windows, air vents, e$haust air outlet ducts and spill air dampers 7un

suppl& and return air fans 7aise building air static internal pressure to 3# 8a above

outdoor atmosphere barometric pressure Switch fans off Measure rate of deca& of

indoor air pressure .se formula to calculate air leakage rate from building

4 Switch off all fans Seal all mechanical ventilation openings into building with

pol&thene sheets 5it false main entrance door with a pressuri1ing fan, duct and air

flow meter 7un pressuri1ing fan to maintain a specified internal air static pressure

Measure stead& inflow rate, this is the building air tightness measurement

6 %ow are building air leakage audits conductedF

! 7un the mechanical ventilation s&stem normall& Measure air leakages to outdoors

with an anemometer and calculate the leakage rate

2 )onduct a building air leakage test Inspect and photograph leakages with a smoke

generator or infra+red thermograph&

R+BE anal*sis

" 7otherham Magistrates )ourt K87;BE report, BSJ , March !=? was constructed in !=

as an air+conditioned, low energ& public building It has !# courtrooms, gas+fired heating,

refrigeration chillers and " air handling units/ gross floor area K05? 3=3# m2 and treated

floor area KT5? =43# m2 n air leakage test revealed a flow through the building of !"

m4Cm2 h, based on T5 m2, at a static internal air pressure of 3# 8a Metered electricit& bills

were === M*hC&r and gas 62# M*hC&r 0ood practice data for an air+conditioned

magistrates court was 4! k*hCm2

&r for electricit& and !23 k*hCm2

&r for gas KCIBSE Guide



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F , 2##=? )arbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& used was #32 kg

);2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h K A User Guide to iSBEM , version =!c, March 2#!!?

>ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the building, its services

s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found Identif& three technical faults found

b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2 emission from the building with either the

manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or

commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0, that this

building would have b& using onl& the information provided for this question Estimate the

energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving measures to

improve the building-s E8) grade, with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or re(ection,

b& the owners or tenants of the building

A >evelopers let the speculative office building at ! ldermanbur& Square, )it& of 9ondon,

to the Standard )hartered Bank for 23# occupants in !# K8robe 2, BSJ , >ecember !3? It

was a prestige air+conditioned, nine+store& building/ 05 A### m2/ T5 "### m2 with off+

peak ice thermal storage to reduce peak electrical energ& cost Metered electricit& bills were

2,3" M*hC&r and gas 22= M*hC&r 0ood practice data for an air+conditioned prestige office

building was 24= k*hCm2 &r for electricit& and !!= k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide F ? .se

the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h and gas

#2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the building,

its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found Identif& three technical

faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2 emission from the building using

either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?,

TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0,

that this building would have b& using onl& the information provided for this question

Estimate the energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving


32/503

measures to improve the building-s E8) grade with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or

re(ection, b& the owners of the building

The nglia 8ol&technic .niversit& 9earning 7esource )entre, )helmsford, had "3# work

places and was built in != K8robe A, 8., BSJ , >ecember !6? 05 6#!A m2/ T5 3636

m2/ librar&, T< studio, conference room and cafL well+insulated building with triple

gla1ing, brickCinsulationCblock walls, gas+fired central heating, and mechanicall& controlled

mi$ed mode natural ventilation Metered electricit& bills were 2A2A M*hC&r and gas 63#=

M*hC&r 0ood practice data for a naturall& ventilated educational librar& was =6 k*hCm2 &r

for electricit& and !!3 k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide F ? .se the carbon dio$ide

atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h

>ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the building, its services

s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found Identif& three technical faults found

b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2 emission from the building with either the

manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or

commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0, that this

building would have b& using onl& the information provided for this question Estimate the

energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving measures to

improve the building-s E8) grade with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or re(ection,

b& the owners of the building

!# The Barcla&card %' in @orthampton K8robe, BSJ , March 2###? was known as the

greenest corporate headquarters of the !#s It was a prestige, mi$ed mode, natural

ventilation and air+conditioned four+store& building for 2=## occupants, each with a 8)/ 2###

meals were served each da&/ estimated T5 2",6## m2 8erimeter heating was from two

condensing gas+fired boilers serving low temperature hot+water radiators fitted with

thermostatic valves n air leakage test revealed a flow through the building of !"4 m4

Cm2

h


33/503

at a static internal air pressure of 3# 8a Estimated electricit& use was 364# M*hC&r and gas

4!!A M*hC&r 0ood practice data for an air+conditioned prestige office building was 24=

k*hCm2 &r for electricit& and !!= k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide F ? .se the carbon

dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h and gas #2 kg

);2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the building, its

services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found Identif& three technical

faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2 emission from the building with

either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?,

TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0,

that this building would have b& using onl& the information provided for this question

Estimate the energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving

measures to improve the building-s E8) grade with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or

re(ection b& the owners of the building

!! The )heltenham 0loucester )hief ;ffice in 0loucester was built in !A for 4#

occupants K8robe 4, )0 )hief ;ffice, BSJ , 5ebruar& !6? It was a prestige, air+

conditioned, four+store& building/ 05 !,## m2/ T5 !6,4# m2 0as+fired 98%* heating

to perimeter convectors, air+cooled chillers, air handling units and variable air volume

distribution s&stems n air leakage test was not conducted Metered electricit& bills were

6#=A M*hC&r and gas !633 M*hC&r 0ood practice data for an air+conditioned prestige

office building was 24= k*hCm2 &r for electricit& and !!= k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide

F ? .se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h

and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the

building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found Identif& three

technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2 emission from the

building with either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided K Asset


34/503

Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8)

grade :0, that this building would have b& using onl& the information provided for this

question Estimate the energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+

saving measures to improve the building-s E8) grade with reasons, and the likelihood of

adoption, or re(ection, b& the owners of the building

!2 small health service building called the *oodhouse Medical )entre in Sheffield was

constructed in !A It was intended as a low+energ&, green building, single store& with

brickCblock walls and high thermal insulation and natural ventilation K8robe 6, *oodhouse

Medical )entre, BSJ , ugust !6? Single store&/ 05 6=# m2/ T5 6=# m2/ 9T%* gas+

fired radiator heating s&stem/ each radiator had a thermostatic flow control valve The

occupants did not make use of the manuall& controlled ventilators, windows or openable roof

lights/ summer overheating led to the installation of room air conditioners @o air leakage test

was conducted Metered electricit& bills were around 42,### k*hC&r and gas 43,2## k*hC&r

0ood practice data for a naturall& ventilated health centre was taken as 33 k*hCm 2 &r for

electricit& and !"= k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide F ? due to incomplete data being

available .se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg

);2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the

operation of the building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found

Identif& three technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual ); 2 emission

from the building with either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided

K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance

)ertificate, E8) grade :0, that this building would have b& using onl& the information

provided for this question Estimate the energ& usage to improve the E8) grade/ recommend

three energ&+saving measures to improve the building-s E8) grade with reasons, and the

likelihood of adoption, or re(ection, b& the owners of the building


35/503

!4 The )able *ireless )ollege K8robe 3, BSJ , Hune !6? was constructed in !4 as a

teaching and residential educational building in )oventr& It had two lecture theatres, 2#

classrooms, 22 technical training rooms, !6A stud& bedrooms, a librar&, a restaurant, a

swimming pool and sports buildings It was single store&, had natural ventilation, 05 !2,#!

m2/ T5 !!,=## m2/ 9T%* radiator heating from gas+fired boilers @o air leakage test was

conducted Metered electricit& bills were 2!42 M*hC&r and gas =36# M*hC&r 0ood practice

data for an education halls of residence was taken as A3 k*hCm 2 &r for electricit& and 2=#

k*hCm2 &r for gas as there is a wide range of building t&pes on the campus KCIBSE Guide F ?

.se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h and

gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the








adoption, or re(ection b& the owners of the building

!= The )harities id 5oundation, with a .+shaped plan, a three+store& brick building was

constructed in *est Malling, Dent, in !" for 2## occupants K8robe !4, BSJ , 5ebruar&

!A? >esigned as a mi$ed mode, naturall& ventilated building with openable windows and

e$ternal solar shading, it was an e$ample of solar architecture )ooling was provided b& water

spra&s into the e$haust air which then pre+cooled incoming warm outdoor air through heat

e$changers/ an adiabatic cooling s&stem and low cost, with no mechanical refrigeration plant

*ork areas were mainl& open plan/ 05 4## m2

/ T5 4"## m2

/ gas+fired heating with


36/503

radiators having thermostatic valves/ two air handling units with cross+flow heat e$changers

for heat recover& computer server room and the boardroom had direct e$pansion air

conditioning units using variable refrigerant volume flow K


37/503

as #32 kg );2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about

the operation of the building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues

found Identif& three technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual );2

emission from the building with either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook

provided K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance





!6 The .niversit& of East nglia built the Eli1abeth 5r& Building, @orwich, in !3 K8robe

!=, BSJ , pril !A? for teaching It was a low energ& design, four+store& building/ 05 423#

m2/ T5 4!4# m2/ an air leakage test revealed a flow through the building of 634 m 4Cm2 h at a

static internal air pressure of 3# 8a which corresponded to a natural infiltration rate of #" air

changesCh which was a good standard @o refrigeration was installed/ Termodeck air

distribution through channels in the concrete floors distributed suppl& air to the rooms There

were cellular offices for academic staff, seminar rooms, a lecture theatre, a dining room and

kitchen *alls were well+insulated concrete blockCblock/ argon+filled triple+gla1ed windows

with low emissivit& glass and mid+pane venetian blinds %eating came from gas+fired

condensing boilers for the air handling unit heating coils Metered electricit& bills were

!!M*hC&r and gas 6 M*hC&r 0ood practice data for a naturall& ventilated cellular office

building, the nearest equivalent, was 44 k*hCm2 &r for electricit& and " k*hCm2 &r for gas

KCIBSE Guide F ? .se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #6 kg

);2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the

operation of the building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation and an& user issues found

Identif& three technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate the annual ); 2 emission


38/503

from the building with either the manual method shown in E$ample !, the workbook provided

K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the Emission 8erformance





!" 0ardener %ouse, %omeowners 5riendl& Societ& K%5S?, .D, was constructed in != as

an air+conditioned, two+store&, low energ& head office with air conditioning K8robe ", 0ardner

%ouse, BSJ , ;ctober !6? ;pen plan office space for !2# occupants 8art of the ground

floor was buried )hilled beams and displacement ventilation provide the %5S with a degree

of novelt& to the air conditioning requested b& client 05 =4## m2/ T5 4A##/ stone+clad

e$terior with double+gla1ed gre& glass and internal venetian blinds The building had open

plan offices, boardroom, a dining room and kitchen and gas+fired 9T%* heating n air

leakage test revealed a flow through the building of 2" m4Cm2 h at a static internal air pressure

of 3# 8a with ver& leak& windows as found with smoke pencils Metered electricit& bills were

!2!6 M*hC&r and gas !#4# M*hC&r 0ood practice data for an air+conditioned prestige

office building was 24= k*hCm2 &r for electricit& and !!= k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide

F ? .se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h

and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to understand more about the operation of the








39/503


adoption, or re(ection, b& the owners of the building

!A Marston Book Services, Milton 8ark, bingdon, had a two+store& brick open office

building constructed in !6 as an office, plus a large book warehouse It was designed for 34

office staff and =6 warehouse staff K8robe !6, BSJ , ugust !A? It was a low cost, naturall&

ventilated office building, plus a book warehouse/ office, T5 62 m2, having gas+fired

9T%* radiators and openable windows The warehouse was a single+store&, clear span,

industrial building of 05 3#2A m2 on the ground, plus !A=# m2 of me11anine with gas+fired

warm air heating n air leakage test revealed a flow through the office building of 2"!

m4Cm2 h at a static internal air pressure of 3# 8a and = m 4Cm2 h for the warehouse Metered

electricit& bills for the office were "6,### k*hC&r and gas !26,### k*hC&r Metered

electricit& bills for the warehouse were 442,### k*hC&r and gas 2=#,### k*hC&r 0ood

practice data for a naturall& ventilated office building was 3= k*hCm2 &r for electricit&, "

k*hCm2 &r for gas and for a naturall& ventilated warehouse was 4= k*hCm 2 &r for electricit&

and !A" k*hCm2 &r for gas KCIBSE Guide F ? .se the carbon dio$ide atmospheric emission

for electrical energ& as #32 kg );2Ck*h and gas #2 kg );2Ck*h >ownload the report to

understand more about the operation of the building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation

and an& user issues found Identif& three technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate

the annual );2 emission from the building with either the manual method shown in E$ample

!, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the

Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0, that this building would have b& using

onl& the information provided for this question Estimate the energ& usage to improve the

E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving measures to improve the building-s E8) grade

with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or re(ection, b& the owners of the building


40/503

! The .niversit& of Birmingham built the ;rchard 9earning 7esource )entre in !6 as a

low energ&, naturall& ventilated librar&, academic offices and book archive K8robe, BSJ , Hul&

2###?/ 05 and T5 =3## m2/ thermal insulation slightl& better than the Building 7egulations

at the time/ gas+fired 9T%* radiators with T7


41/503

T5 6### m2/ four store&s


42/503

!4## office staff, had a roof garden, =3#+seat restaurant and 4#6 basement car park spaces

K8robe !, BSJ , September !3?/ 05 2#,### m2/ T5 !,"A# m2/ 2# air handling units There

were !:4 8)s for each workstation The cool climate allowed a lot of free cooling through the

air conditioning s&stem ;penable windows had tinted glass and fi$ed e$ternal shading/ the&

were rarel& opened due to draughts Internal solar shading had motori1ed sails beneath the

dome roof gla1ing .sers had no local control over lighting or the %ownload the report to

understand more about the operation of the building, its services s&stems, lighting, ventilation

and an& user issues found Identif& three technical faults found b& the 87;BE team )alculate

the annual );2 emission from the building with either the manual method shown in E$ample

!, the workbook provided K Asset Rating , AR?, TM22 or commercial software 5ind the

Emission 8erformance )ertificate, E8) grade :0, that this building would have b& using

onl& the information provided for this question Estimate the energ& usage to improve the

E8) grade/ recommend three energ&+saving measures to improve the building-s E8) grade

with reasons, and the likelihood of adoption, or re(ection, b& the owners of the building

!ow energ* $uildings

22 9ow energ& building designs in the .DN

! re alwa&s modern and look impressive

2 re alwa&s found to be ideall& comfortable b& users

4 Must have large windows and gla1ed walling



43/503

= Must have small windows and high levels of thermal insulation

3 Should consume a minimum of primar& energ& when compared with similar t&pes and

si1es of buildings

24 9ow energ& buildings in the .DN

! The description does not reall& mean an&thing as all buildings consume primar& energ&

2 %ow the occupants use the mechanical and electrical services determines whether a

building is a low energ& consumer

4 Must appear to be old+fashioned

= Must be built with brick walling

3 @eed to be built underground

R+BE revisited

2= The Eli1abeth 5r& Building at the .niversit& of East nglia in @orwich was anal&sed

b& the 87;BE team in !A Ksee question !6 in this chapter? It was considered to have an

e$ceptionall& good performance in man& respects and was revisited in 2#!! b& the same team

KCIBSE Journal , March 2#!2? 7ead the revisit article and identif& the main comments b& the

87;BE team *hat conclusion can &ou make about the performance of this buildingF

! E$perienced client representative for the campus

2 )lient required, Okeep it simple and do it well- design and within normal cost levels

4 >ail& clerk of works inspections with the builder

= ttention to details affecting insulation and air tightness during construction

3 Termodeck ventilated floor slabs as thermal storage

6 )rude original automatic control strateg& allowed overheating of the Termodeck,

needing cooling b& outside air, wasting energ&



44/503

" ;riginal BMS could not incorporate additional temperatures sensors that were needed to

monitor the temperature of the Termodeck concrete to save energ&

A The BMS was e$tended and had new control strateg& in !" before the !A 87;BE

anal&sis

)hanges in the usage of the buildingN common rooms converted into offices/

kitchenCdining areas converted into densel& occupied offices, resulting in windows

being too small

!# 0reatl& increased room occupanc&, use of 8)s, data pro(ectors and audio+visual

s&stems raised internal heat gains

!! 0as and electricit& metering faults caused data unreliabilit& from 2##A

!2 Electrical energ& use in !" was 6! k*hCm2, rose to "2 k*hCm2 in Hune 2##A

!4 0as energ& use for heating fluctuated between 2":46 k*hCm2 during !":2#!!

!= 0as energ& for domestic hot+water use varied from =:!= k*hCm2 during !":2#!!

due to a change to 2=C" operation, weekl& pasteuri1ation and a boiler change in 2##

!3 9ightl& insulated domestic hot+water pipes were found

!6 *indow glare caused discomfort

!" .nder+heated areas had additional electrical heaters

!A )onverted rooms had acoustic, glare and air temperature problems


45/503

, Built environment

#ir conditions

! >r&+bulb air temperature is measured b&N

! Thermocouple

2 Black bulb thermometer

4 Mercur& in glass thermometer

= Sling ps&chrometer

3 Thermistor anemometer

2 ir dr&+bulb temperature is measured b&N

! Suspending a sensor about !# m below the ceiling and waiting for it to stabili1e

2 7eading the Building Management S&stem computer screen data from a fi$ed sensor in

the room

4 9eaving a sling ps&chrometer on a desk for an hour

= Shielding a mercur& in glass thermometer from room air draughts

3 7otating a sling ps&chrometer at head height in room air for one minute and taking an

immediate reading

4 ir dr&+bulb temperature is dependent uponN

! 8eople and furniture

2 Si1e of room

4 7adiation sources within the room

= Solar heat gain through the windows

3 ir velocit& in the room

http://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/HYPERLINK%23Contentshttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/HYPERLINK%23Contentshttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/HYPERLINK%23Contentshttp://var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_6/HYPERLINK%23Contents


46/503

= tmospheric vapour pressure isN

! The total pressure of the atmosphere at the time

2 The pressure e$erted on the ground b& the dr& gases of the atmosphere above sea level

4 The sum of the clouds, wind and static air forces on the ground

= That part of the barometric pressure produced b& the water vapour in humid air

3 @one of these

3 *hich is not equal to one atmospheric pressureF

! 4## inches of mercur&

2 !# bar

4 !=" pounds per square inch, psi

= !,#!423 millibars Kmb?

3 !#!423 8a

6 ir conditioning engineers consider atmospheric air pressure to consist of whatF

! 8olluted air

2


47/503

! )annabis smoke contains carbon mono$ide, ben1ene and toluene

2 Tobacco smoke contains carbon mono$ide, ben1ene and toluene

4 Internal combustion engines emit carbon mono$ide and man& other atmospheric

pollutants

= @ormal breathing increases the carbon dio$ide content of room air

3 @ormal breathing increases the carbon mono$ide content of room air

A *here could carbon mono$ide, ben1ene and toluene gases have come from if detected

within an occupied buildingF

! *ater chiller plant room refrigerant leakage

2 %&drocarbon natural gas combustion water heating plant

4 >rains and sewers

= )leaning fluids and off+gassing from furnishings

3 ;utside air intake to %. or people smoking tobacco or cannabis

*here do indoor odours, vapours and gases come fromF

! 7adon gas emanating from the ground beneath the building

2 )arbon mono$ide from traffic

4 8eople, our clothes, and what we put on our skin

= 8assivel& acquired cigarette smoke prior to entr& into the office building

3 9ast night-s spic& meal

!# re an& of these correct for biological effluentF

! Is too complicated to be measured

2 )omes from man& sources within the working environment


48/503

4 5rom one office worker in a !## m2 working space is standardi1ed at !# olf

= Is counteracted b& plants within the occupied building, particularl& with open atria

3 *e walk into the building with odours on our clothes

!! *hich of these are correct for e$cellent air qualit& in a buildingF

! Ma& need ver& high room air change rates

2 Ma& need outside air to be collected from the roof of a tall cit& centre building

4 Ma& be unachievable when the building is located in a polluted industrial area

= )an be improved with air filtering equipment

3 Mainl& impractical due to its high cost

!2 *here does poor indoor air qualit& come fromF

! To$ic substances that occupants bring into the building b& hand or on their clothing

2 Inward leakage of outdoor air Koutdoor air ma& be cleaner?

4 Insufficient fresh air ventilation quantit& Kmeaning abilit& to remove internall&

generated pollutants?

=


49/503

3 0eneral commercial noise, building services intrusive noise, fluorescent light flicker or

glare

!= *hich is the internal air qualit& recommended upper limit for percentage of occupants

detecting an& odourF

! 3#

2 =#

4 4#

= 2#

3 3

!3 ;dours are measured b& what unitsF

! ;le-s

2 5anger-s

4 >ecipol

= ;lf

3 Millilitres per square metre of floor area

!6 ir qualit& within a building depends uponN

! @umber of people indoors

2 %ow man& and where air pollutants are found

4 7elative humidit& of room air

= >r&+bulb air temperature

3 8lants, animals and furnishings in the building


50/503

!" Indoor odours, vapours and gases come fromN

! Ingress from outdoor environment

2 The air conditioning s&stems

4 The basement car park of the building

= %umans, animals, plants and furnishings within the building

= >ust, pollen and materials in wastepaper bins

!A Indoor odours, vapours and gases come fromN

! )leaning fluids used overnight

2 @ew furniture, carpets, floor coverings, sealants and adhesives

4 ;ld furniture, carpets and floor coverings

= 8ersonal h&giene products

3 )igarette smoke, diesel engine e$haust, road tar, painting work being done and

creosote used on roofing

! *hat is the likel& outcome from inadequate outdoor air ventilationF

! )omfortabl& warm houses and offices

2 9ess draught

4 Suppression of house dust mites, condensation and mould growth due to warmer

environment

= Inadequate removal of house dust mites, condensation and potential mould growth

3 9ower energ& costs

2# *hat is the likel& outcome from inadequate outdoor air ventilationF

! 7educed fire risk


51/503

2 9ower cost ducted ventilation s&stem

4 Suppression of ha1ardous pollutants such as o$ides of nitrogen from vehicles, volatile

organic compounds from furnishings and possible mould growth

= E$cess of ha1ardous pollutants such as o$ides of nitrogen from vehicles, volatile

organic compounds from furnishings and possible mould growth

3 7educed contamination produced from tobacco smoke

2! *hich of these can affect asthma sufferersF

! E$cess of outside air ventilation

2 %ouse dust mites and mould spores

4 *arm indoor air

= %umid and warm indoor air

3 Matters other than those related to ventilation

22 *hich of these is not a contaminant of indoor air qualit& KI'?F

! Tobacco smoke

2


52/503

= @itrogen trio$ide

3 ;$&gen

2= *hich of these is not a contaminant of indoor air qualit& KI'?F

! )igar smoke

2 )arbon dio$ide

4 Ben1ene, toluene, formaldeh&de and eth&lene gl&col

= )arbon tetrachloride

3 @;$

23 *hen carbon dio$ide level in occupied rooms is sensed for control of ventilation

airflow, what is the ma$imum set point used, appro$imatel&, in parts per million, ppmF

! !##

2 "##

4 23#

= !###

3 3### Khealth limit of );2 in air?

26 *hat is radonF

! Solar flare particles passing through the Earth-s atmosphere

2 5ire e$tinguishant

4 5luorinated h&drocarbon refrigerant

= 7adioactive gas from granite ground

3 7apidl& deca&ing radioactive isotope


53/503

2" *hat form of reduction occurs when ventilation removes tracer gas or contaminantF

! ;ne air change eliminates it

2 9inear rate of deca&

4 9ogarithmic rate of deca&

= E$ponential rate of deca&

3 8ol&nomial rate of deca&

2A *hich is not true about viruses and bacteria within buildingsF

! 8eople and animals bring bacteria indoors

2 Indoor potted plants are a source of bacteria

4


54/503

2 Breathing onto others

4 measuring instrument

= Tasting them in our mouth

3 ;lfactor& response

4! 7egarding indoor odour qualit&N

! The decimetre is the measuring unit for odour

2 Indoor air qualit& is measured on the decibel scale

4 Indoor odour is ver& difficult to measure because it cannot be seen

= Measurement remains a sub(ective science

3 Sick buildings have odorous air

42 )oncentration of odorous pollutants is measured b&N

! @umber of people per !## m2 of floor area in the building

2 ge profile of the occupants

4 ;utdoor air ventilation rate in litreCs per person

= >ecipol units

3 ;lf units

44 *e perceive odours b& using which unitsF

! Blockage of nasal passagewa&s

2 ;lf units

4 >ecibel units

= >ecipol units

3 )onsensus of agreement among occupants


55/503

4= The decipol unit isN

! Basic unit of sound

2 %ow we evaluate pollutants through olfactor& sensation

4 The name of a sound level meter

= Same as the humans- sniff test

3 taste test on the scale of ! to !#

43 ;ne olf isN

! ver& sick building

2 ;ne person sniffing a single odour for !# seconds

4 Emission rate of biological effluents from one person

= Standardi1ed emission from !# m2 of building or material surface area

3 Emission rate of biological effluent from !# kg of 8ol&acr&lonitrile K8@? resin at

room temperature

46 ;lf refers toN

! standard unit of odour from an& source

2 ;le 5anger who devised comfort measurements

4 ;lfactor& sensors in the nose

= @umber of ;lfs refers to different levels of human activit&

3 .nits used for tasting odours

4" Biological effluentN

! Is too complicated to be measured


56/503

2 )omes from man& sources within the working environment

4 5rom one office worker in a !## m2 working space is standardi1ed at !# olf

= Is counteracted b& plants within the occupied building, particularl& with open atria

3 *e walk into the building with odours on our clothes

4A Biological loadingN

! 5rom one office worker is around #!# olfCm2

2 ;f a smoker while smoking is around 23# olfCm2

4 ;f a smoker when not smoking is around 6# olfCm2

= *ithin a g&mnasium in use is around !!# olfCm2

3 *ithin a low pollution office building with an absence of smoking is around #2#

olfCm2

4 Satisfactor& air qualit& ma& be deemed whenN

! !## of the full+time occupants are satisfied

2 A3 of the full+time occupants are satisfied

4 3# of the full+time occupants are satisfied

= )omplaints cease

3 ;dours have been eliminated

=# ir qualit& within a buildingN

! Is easil& achievable

2 )annot be achieved in buildings over !3 &ears old

4 >eteriorates with building age

= Is a compromise between conflicting requirements and cost


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3 ;nl& needs simple instrumentation to anal&se

=! E$cellent air qualit& in a buildingN

! Ma& need ver& high room air change rates

2 Ma& need outside air to be collected from the roof of a tall cit& centre building

4 Ma& be unachievable when the building is located in a polluted outdoor industrial

environment

= )an be improved with air filtering equipment

3 Mainl& impractical due to its high cost

=2 *here does dust and dirt appear in ducted ventilation and air conditioning s&stemsF

! Blown through air ducts, deposited in rooms and removed b& cleaning and vacuuming

2 7etained in air handling unit air filters

4 @owhere but in air filters

= ;n fan blades and casings

3 Inside air ducts and in all items of plant

=4 *hat can be done to maintain the health and safet& of the internal surfaces of ducted

ventilation and air conditioning s&stemsF

! 7eplace aged air ducts

2 Increase air velocit& to blow deposits out of ducts and terminal units outside of

occupied hours

4 )hange air filters regularl&

= Internal visual inspection, compressed air brushing, scraping and vacuum cleaning

3 @othing more than maintaining air filters to keep air and ducts clean


58/503

== *here can sinusitis, asthma, pneumonia and skin dermatitis originateF

! Mould spores in warm, humid, unclean air and water building services s&stems

2 )ontaminated outdoor air

4 9ow air humidit&

= )ontact with people with breathing infections

3 *arm, humid air in crowded buildings or transportation

=3 %ow can e&e and nasal irritations occurF

! irborne infections from other people

2 *arm, humid air within the building

4 *arm, low relative humidit& air within buildings

= )logged air conditioning filters

3 E$cessive dust in room air

=6 *hat can cause e&e and nasal irritations to occurF

! 9ow relative humidit& or volatile organic compounds K


59/503

=" %ow can heat leakages due to inadequate thermal insulation and damaged pipes or

cables be detectedF

=A %ow can building designers help users feel comfortable in their workplaceF

! 8rovide perfect indoor air conditions

2 Meet ever&one-s e$pectations

4 8rovide some means of individual control over their microclimate

= 9ink each workstation to the building management s&stem computer so that the control

s&stem polls user feedback and ad(usts set points accordingl&

3 Minimi1e greenhouse gas emissions and regularl& surve& users- comfort responses to

minimi1e complaints

= State the factors that are taken into account when designing for the provision of

ventilation with outdoor air

3# 9ist the atmospheric pollutants that are likel& to be present within normall& occupied

buildings Identif& those pollutants that are used for the design of the ventilation s&stem,

the filtration equipment, acoustic insulation and general maintenance during occupation

3! State wh& continuous logging is of value to the energ& audit engineer, the

environmental s&stem design engineer, the building designer and building occupants,

giving reasons for &our statements

32 *here does poor indoor air qualit& come fromF


60/503

34 *hat is the human thermal comfort related toF

! Sleeping c&cle

2 Metabolic activit&

4 Time of da&

= )lothing

3 9ocation

3= %uman thermal comfort is related toN

! >r&+bulb air temperature

2 ;utdoor relative humidit&

4 *ind vector

= ge

3 )rowding

33 *here does 9egionella disease originateF

! The 5rench 5oreign 9egion

2 >rains and sewers

4 )old+water storage tanks

= %ot+water storage c&linders

3 erosols from cooling towers, shower heads, spra& taps, spa baths and humidifiers

36 *here does 9egionella disease originateF

! @aturall& occurring bacteria in soil and water

2 7ainwater

4 .nclean air conditioning ducts


61/503

= Stored water in building services s&stems

3 )arpet dust

Heat transer

3" *hich are correct about heat transferF

! 9atent heat transfer changes the dr&+bulb temperature of air

2 9atent heat transfer does not affect the dr&+bulb temperature of air

4 9atent heat transfer occurs when a mass of water is evaporated into air

= 9atent heat transfer means it cannot be measured with a thermometer

3 9atent heat transfer is an imaginar& concept

3A *hich are correct about heat transferF

! Sensible heat transfer means it is making common sense

2 Sensible heat transfer is rare

4 Most heat transfers are of the sensible categor&

= Sensible heat transfer takes place from a higher temperature to a lower temperature

3 Sensible and latent heat transfers tend to cancel each other out

3 7adiation heat transferN

! .ses a formula including the number 36" $ !#+A

2 >oes not include the emissivit& of emitting or receiving surfaces

4 Ignores the surface area of the emitting surface

= .ses absolute temperatures

3 )alculates the heat transferred in kilo(oules



62/503

6# 7adiation heat transferN

! ;nl& occurs between closel& spaced flat surfaces

2 Is from a warmer to a cooler surface

4 Must have an air space to transfer the radiation across

= )annot be absorbed b& an&thing

3 ;ccurs between surfaces that can see each other at an& angle and distance

Humidit*

6! *hich is correct about air humidit&F

! Moisture in room air finds it own wa& out of the building

2 Moisture gained b& room air will alwa&s condense somewhere and drain awa&

4 Moisture within building air will alwa&s condense into liquid at the lowest surface

temperature location

= @atural ventilation does not remove moist air from a building

3 ;nl& mechanical e$haust s&stems remove moist air from a building

62 *hich is correct about air humidit&F

! Sources of moisture in a building include people, washing and toilet facilities, animals

and rain ingress

2 ll buildings are watertight

4 The structure of a building alwa&s keeps water and moisture out

= Building materials are impervious to moisture transfer

3 )racks through structures and gaps around doors and windows never let moisture enter

the building



63/503

64 *hich are correct about air humidit&F

! Moisture in room air is not important

2 8eople en(o& humid air conditions

4 8eople prefer relative humidit& to be within the =#:"# range for comfort

= ;utdoor air can become saturated with moisture during rainfall

3 Saturated outdoor air is alwa&s comfortable

6= *hich are correct about air humidit&F

! E$haling breath produces latent heat gain to the room air

2 Moisture evaporation from breathing causes condensation on cold windows

4 Moist air is unhealth& for humans so we must e$hale it

= 8eople are the onl& source of moisture output within an occupied building

3 ll open water surfaces indoors create humidit&


! Spra&ing water into room air heats up the room

2 Evaporating water consumes sensible heat energ&

4 Evaporating water consumes latent heat energ&

= room with a relative humidit& of 23 feels humid

3 Ever& air conditioning s&stem must have a humidifier s&stem


! Spra&ing water into room air lowers the room air dr&+bulb temperature

2 room with a relative humidit& of A3 does not feel uncomfortabl& humid

4 The .D has a dr& atmospheric climate all through the &ear


64/503

=


65/503

"# *hat is air percentage saturationF

! *ater suspended in air relative to same quantit& of liquid water

2 mount of moisture in air above a base of 1ero

4 bsolute moisture content of humid air

= Same as relative humidit&

3 ratio

"! *hat is air humidit&F

! .ndesirable propert&, removed b& ventilation

2 .nwanted moisture

4 cause of discomfort

= 5inel& divided droplets of water in air

3 Steam from a kettle or cooking

"2 *hat is humidit& in airF

! Superheated steam at the air dr&+bulb temperature

2 Superheated steam at the air wet+bulb temperature

4 Steam at low partial pressure

= )ontamination in clean air

3 *et steam at ver& low pressure and temperature, mi$ed in with air, producing wet+bulb

depression

Measuring instruments

"4 Sling ps&chrometerN

! Is a ps&chiatrist suspended out of a window



66/503

2 )ontains thermocouples

4 Is a paper and pencil test conducted on (ob+seekers

= Is an outdated instrument

3 .ses both wet+ and dr&+bulb mercur& in glass thermometers

"= *et+bulb thermometerN

! @o such thing

2 >r&+bulb mercur& in glass thermometer immersed in a water tank

4 >oes not work in humid air

= .sed inside a 4A mm diameter black copper globe

3 Mercur& in glass thermometer having a wet cotton sock covering the sensing bulb

"3 >ifference between dr&+ and wet+bulb thermometer readingsN

! )alled the wet+bulb depression

2 Measures room atmosphere depression

4 .sed to find the vapour pressure of the room air

= *et+bulb temperature is alwa&s higher than the dr&+bulb temperature due to evaporative

heat transfer

3 >r&+bulb temperature is alwa&s higher than the wet+bulb temperature due to evaporative

heat transfer

"6 Data thermometerN

! @ot used an& more

2 Measures 5eng Shui Data factor for a building

4 .sed to measure the cooling effect of room air temperature and velocit&


67/503

= Time taken for the alcohol in the bulb to rise between two marks is taken as the cooling

power of the room air

3 9ow cost, reliable, calibrated and non+electronic wa& to assess the cooling power of

room air, but is outdated

"" n anemometer isN

! 5or measuring fan vane angles

2 5or assessing animosit& towards the room conditions

4 calibrated device to measure air speed in a room, outdoors or an air duct

= rotating vane with thermistor or heated wire sensor

3 ;nl& to be used b& qualified personnel

"A *hich is not used for temperature sensingF

! %eat+sensitive pads stuck to surfaces

2 Mercur& in glass thermometers

4 )opper+constantan thermocouple wires

= Thermistor

3 9asers

" *hich is not used for temperature sensingF

! Touching the surface b& hand

2 Microwave emissions and a mobile sensor

4 Bur&ing a sensor beneath the surface of plaster and concrete

= Infra+red non+touch radiation sensing

3 )lamping thermocouple sensors to pipes


68/503

A# *hich is not used for temperature sensingF

! rial scanning from a helicopter, plane or balloon using infra+red recording camera

2 Manufacturing industr& uses non+touch infra+red scanning on production lines

4 Satellite scanning images

= Infra+red scanning displa&s where buildings have wasteful hot surfaces

3 .ltraviolet data loggers

A! *hich is not true about temperature sensingF

! Is rarel& done

2 Ever& pro(ect has permanent logging

4 )omputer+based building management s&stems log temperature data

= Infra+red scanning finds damaged and leaking thermal insulation

3 ;f great value to the energ& auditor

A2 *hat does one need to find the mean radiant temperature of an enclosureF

! Data thermometer

2 0lobe thermometer

4 >r&+ and wet+bulb thermometers

= Surface temperature thermocouples, dr&+bulb thermometer and a measuring tape

3 Silvered globe thermometer and anemometer

A4 *hich instruments are used to find wind chill inde$F

! Data thermometer

2 0lobe and wet+bulb thermometers


69/503

4 Sling ps&chrometer and anemometer

= Thermal comfort meter

3 Thermistor anemometer and silvered wet+bulb thermometer

Sic $uilding s*ndrome

A= *hat does SBS stand forF

! Sick building service

2 Speciali1ed Broadcasting Service

4 Sports+based service

= Sick building standard

3 Sick building s&ndrome

A3 *here does sick building s&ndrome appl&F

! In architectural design failures

2 In perception that e$terior design of a building does not fit in successfull& with e$isting

local architecture

4 Interior of a building that looks to be designed b& a sick mind

= 8olluted interior atmosphere

3 8oor qualit& e$ternal environment makes users of the building susceptible to airborne

upper respirator& ailments and overall sickness

A6 *hat is SBSF

! Stabili1ed basement substructure

2 Sick building substitute

4 Sick building s&ndrome



70/503

= Speciali1ed biological standard for a building such as nuclear, biological or chemical

weapons manufacturing facilit&

3 Submarine basic s&stem

A" *hich factors are not included in an SBS assessmentF

! Industrial pollution of outdoor air

2 Tobacco smoke

4 Too low an occupanc& densit& in a large space

= ir bacteria

3 @oise

AA *hich factors are not included in an SBS assessmentF

! ge of the workforce

2 ampness indoors

2 Bod& odour

4 8ol&vin&l chloride vapour

= >ust and debris in wor

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Instructors Manual 6th Edition

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