Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works eses esis/Dissertation Collections 1973 Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV System Addition to the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation System Cliſton Olson Follow this and additional works at: hp://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses is esis is brought to you for free and open access by the esis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in eses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Olson, Cliſton, "Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV System Addition to the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation System" (1973). esis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
Transcript
Rochester Institute of TechnologyRIT Scholar Works
Theses Thesis/Dissertation Collections
1973
Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV SystemAddition to the Rochester Gas and ElectricCorporation SystemClifton Olson
Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses
This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Thesis/Dissertation Collections at RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusionin Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected].
Recommended CitationOlson, Clifton, "Insulation Coordination on a 115 kV System Addition to the Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation System" (1973).Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROCHESTER, NEW YORK
June, 1973
ifv
ABSTRACT:
The Transient Network Analyzer is used to determine the maximum
magnitude and duration of transient and sustained overvoltages which can
occur on a system during any change of state. Where a change of state
may be the energization or deenergization of a line by operating a circuit
breaker, the occurrence of a fault condition or a sudden loss of load.
These overvoltages are then used to establish equipment needs and duties,
design alternatives which meet these requirements and establish acceptable
operating procedures. With these established, the transient voltage
magnitudes are then used to establish the transmission line Basic
Insulation Level and the minimum lightning arrester requirements, which
in turn establish the station Basic Insulation Level (B. I. L. ).
INTRODUCTION:
The Rochester Gas and Electric Corporation operates a franchise
territory which includes 2, 300 square miles and serves over 250, 000
customers. The net system generating capability is 457 MW steam,
420 MW nuclear, 53. 1 MW hydro and 42. 5 MW gas turbine for a total
generation capability of 972. 6 MW with a net peak load to date of 855 MW.
Associated with this generating capability is a transmission system
consisting of 163. 1 miles of 115 kV overhead line and 18. 6 miles of 115 kV
underground cable and several 115 kV switching stations.
-2-
This study was performed to determine the specifications as
presented in the abstract for the proposed Station 23 located at State
and Commercial Streets in Downtown Rochester, New York. This
system addition is shown in Figure 1. Station 23 is a 115/11. 5 kV,
74 MVA transformer with its associated 11. 5 kV distribution equipment
and the 115 kV pipe cable termination apparatus. The station is supplied
from a 115 kV switching station (Station 42), located at Blossom and
Yarmouth Roads through 4. 2 miles of 115 kV pipe cable.
THEORY:
The occurrence, magnitude and duration of system overvoltages
have a direct bearing on the electrical design and protection of a transmission
system. The effective protection of substations against voltage surges is
a vital aspect of system design. Surge protection entails two main objectives,
one to limit lightning voltages and the other to limit switching surges to
levels which will not damage the apparatus insulation, and will assure
continuity of service. However, with the continuous refinement in the
protection against lightning, the increases in voltage levels and operating
power levels, the improved protection and lowered insulation strength, the
switching surge has become of paramount importance.
Overvoltages are classified according to their respective time
durations. These classifications being transient, dynamic or sustained,
and steady state. The steady state overvoltages are caused by the
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-3-
"ferranti-effect"of the capacitive charging gradient in the power cable.
The sustained overvoltages (overvoltages which prevail for many cycles or
until some subsequent switching operation removes the cause) are produced
by faults on the system. Transient overvoltages are caused by some
switching operation and are characterized by high magnitudes for a few
cycles, then subsiding to near normal values. The major production of
these switching surges are from the energizing or deenergizing of
transmission lines.
A transmission line is made up of a series of lumped resistances,
capacitances and inductances. These values are distributed along the
circuit with each elemental length having its own specific values. A
typical method of representing the transmission line would be with the
diagram shown below.
EP Sin u>*t
R L,
:c
T/Wr&CL-
Cm-i
/
:Cm
iM>A
Each of these sections of line actually is an RLC circuit and behaves
in a manner similar to the basic RLC circuit. If a voltage is applied to
the transmission line, the first capacitor C^_ is charged to the instantaneous
applied voltage. The capacitor C^ will then discharge through the
resistance R^ and inductance Lj_, charging capacitor C2- This process
-4-
taking a finite time. The process then continues until the capacitance
C]\j-1 has been charged. Capacitor CN-1 then discharges through RN
and LN into capacitor C,,. If the terminal is open circuited, capacitor C^
has no place to discharge and since the source Is still connected, the
continuous charging and processes has continued, there is now a voltage
buildup at the terminal. This produces a voltage wave traveling back up
the line towards the source, which is similar to a reflection coefficient of
plus one for an open circuited line. At the source, capacitor C^ will
discharge through the source with the source holding the supply terminal
voltage constant, charging C]_ and starting the process again. This will
continue until the oscillation is damped out by the resistive components or
until the circuit configurations have changed.
The magnitude of the overvoltage produced is dependent upon the
circuit termination, with the open circuit and the unloaded transformer
terminations being the most severe. The open circuit energization cases
studied on the TNA would follow an analysis similar to the one above
except that it would be three phase. Ih the single phase case, neglecting
the resistances which are very small in a cable system, the maximum
possible transient was 2 Ep. Lithe three phase case, this magnitude
of 2 Ep would be further increased due to the sequential closing of the
three breaker contacts and the coupling between phases. Ih general, to
yield the maximum overvoltage, the first phase contact is energized near
its'maximum. This will produce the maximum transient in the phase
-5-
energized and also, by coupling, in the other two phases. The second and
third phases are then closed (within a180
limitation from the initial
energization) at or near their respectively coupled peaks. The randomness
of the breaker closing and the associated coupling greatly effects the magnitude
of the switching surge. If the line is terminated in a transformer, another
degree of complexity is added in that the transformer may go from a state
of unsaturation to one of saturation. This condition may produce a resonance
condition building up the transient voltages even higher.
This randomness of energization of a three phase system and the
saturation of connected transformers along with the fact that on a digital
computer the positive, negative and zero sequency networks would have to
be modeled, have made the use of digital computers extremely difficult.
In deenergizing the line, the charging current of the line or the
magnetizing current of the transformer are interrupted. A trapped charge
is left on the line capacitance. This charge maintains a potential on the line
contact of the breaker while the source contact will have alternating plus
or minus potential associated with the 60 cycle wave. This fixed potential
on one contact and alternating potential on the other contact may produce
a voltage differential across the contacts of the breaker more rapidly
than the increasing in the insulation strength of the breaker gap (increasing
contact separation). If this happens, the breaker will restrike, closing
in on a charged line and producing extremely high voltage surges.
-6-
The second type of overvoltage examined in this study is the
sustained or fundamental frequency overvoltage produced during a
system fault. Overvoltages produced under fault conditions are a
function of the type of fault and the system grounding. The most severe
fault from a standpoint of overvoltage is the single line to ground fault
(SLGF). In the past, this sustained overvoltage was the magnitude used
in sizing surge arresters,1 since using symmetrical components, it is
possible to calculate the voltage magnitudes. A calculation using symmetrical
components duplicating the most severe fault case IA is shown in Appendix B.
The surge arrester is a self restoring insulating device, which is
placed as near the equipment which it is to protect as possible. The
arrester must conduct the high currents of a lightning stroke to ground
without building up a high voltage potential (IR drop across the arrester).
This requires that the arrester have a low resistance to ground. During
a transient condition, the arrester must also discharge when the voltage
approaches the designed protective level of the arrester. This requires
the arrester to conduct a current to ground for a much longer period of
time, requiring a high resistance to ground in order to limit current and
prevent damage to the arrester. The ability to do this is accomplished by
making the arrester from two basic building blocks. 3The two elements are
a gap, capable ofwithstanding power voltages and a valve element capable
of suppressing the current following the discharge of the surge. This
valve element is the variable resistance element usually made from thyrite
or a similar compound.
The arrester protective level is the level which the voltage across
the arrester should never exceed before or after the arrester sparkover.
Upon discharge, when the current through the arrester drops to a sufficiently
low value, the gaps reseal, stopping the discharge current flow. Since the
arrester is applied line-to-ground, the required reseal rating of the
arrester is fixed by the maximum sustained overvoltage on ths system.
When this reseal rating is established, the protective level (manufacturer
specified from standards specifications) can be determined.
A group of representatives of the manufacturers and utilities have
established a set of standards governing insulation levels for transformers
and related equipment. These standards are known as "Basic InsulationLevels"
(B.I.L. ) and are recognized throughout the industry. In order to insure a
reliable system, a 15% margin between the surge arrester sparkover and 83%
of transformer B.I.L. has been accepted as an industry standard.
In coordinating the insulation of the transformers and the surge arresters,
it is desirable to use the minimum rated arrester thereby limiting the surge
voltage to the greatest degree. This will provide for reductions in apparatus
insulation levels and their associated costs.
The following table shows the typical values associated with
coordinating a 115 kV transformer ans surge arrester.
-8-
SUMMARY OF LIGHTNING ARRESTER RATINGS AND
PROTECTIVE CHARACTERISTICS ( 115'
KV SYSTEM)
L.A. Rating (3)
LAA-:i.rnzm LwzLtcninr-', .,
4urr:e S-oarE-pver fciyd,]Jro;;ect,ivo Level (1^)
Minimum BIL Protected
kv (k-b) ln KV P.U.
TNA
Volts KV P.U. Volts KV
i
Margin
StepDown
90
96
108
120
127
136
153
170
1.36
1.45
1.63
1.81
50.3
53.8
60.7
65.8
165
176
199
221
2.26
2.4l
2.72
3.02
64.1
69.3
78.0
86.6
350
350
350
450
36.8
28.3
13.7
32.4
2
2
2
.1
, ,
NOTES :
1. All volts and kV are crest values unless otherwise specified.
2. All per un:.t on nominal line -to-ground b.'ise (l p.u. =315 X
/2~
= 93.9 kV) .
rr3. Reseal: Except as described on the following pages, the reseal value of
the lightning arrester shall be equal- to the crest value of its rating.
4. Based on Type 1 lightning arrester.
5. BIL; $ Margin. When a suitable margin between the protective level of a
lightning arrester and the insulation, level ofthe'
terminal apparatus and
equipment is chosen, the insulation level of such equipment can be readilydetermined. A minimum of 15$ margin between switching surge protective
level and 83$ of transformer BIL has been generally accepted by industry.
-9-
TBANSIENT NETWORK ANALYZER
The TNA is a three phase analog system, with each element of the
actual system represented by a model component. The TNA uses plug
boards which may be pre-patched. The power for the model system is
supplied from a three phase low impedance sine wave generator with
constant voltage and the ability to add impedance to represent system
equivalents. Transmission lines are represented by tnree phase,
L-section equivalents composed of series resistances and inductances
and shunt capacitances.
With a number of sections being connected in series to represent
the actual line impedance. Power transformers are modeled by actual
multiple winding transformers whose saturation characteristics are
identical to the power transformers with switchable reactances to
represent saturation.
Power circuit breakers are represented by electronic, synchronously
driven rotating drum switches. The surge arrester is modeled by an
electronically controlledvoltage- sensitive circuit in series with a non-
liniar resistance, the characteristics of which are adjusted to duplicate
the actual surge arrester.
The system configuration to be studied is modeled and patched on
the TNA plug boards and the switching operations to be investigated are
predetermined. For each system configuration and each switching operation,
-10-
the breaker contact closing time is manually adjusted with respect to the
source sine wave and with respect to the other contacts in order to produce
the most severe transient voltages. When the resultant transient voltage
is of sufficient magnitude to operate the surge arrester, then the model
arrester would be sparked over, modifying the transient voltage. The
arrester discharge current and the modified transient waves are observed.
When examining the sustained overvoltage condition present during
system fault condition, an actual short to ground is placed on one of the
phases of the system model to represent a single line to ground fault.
RESULTS-
The tests performed are summarized in Table I. With the results
tabulated for each case in Appendix A.
In cases IA, IB, 2A and 2B, single line to ground faults were applied
to the 115 kV bus at Station 23. The 115 kV breaker at Station 42 being
faster than the lower voltage breakers was considered to open first. The
fault was then to be interrupted by the slower breakers I and J for the
respected cases. The type of grounding was varied on the step down
transformers in order to size the required surge arrester reseal ratings.
The results showed that if the transformers were connected with the high
side ungrounded that there wasn't an available arrester to handle the
required duty at Station 23.
11-
In cases 3A through 9B the system was tested for all possible cases
of energization. The resultant maximum voltages were recorded and are
shown in Appendix A along with the observed wave shapes taken from an
oscilloscope. It is observed that the transients were not severe and a
96 kV surge arrester would be adequate at Station 23. The natural frequency
oscillations of the line can be observed during the first half cycle after
energization.
In cases 10A through 13B the system was deenergized for all possible
conditions. Cases 11 and 13 showed the transient results obtained when the
single line to ground faults were cleared. These cases pointed out the
need for a 115 kV breaker at Station 23 if the transformer was connected
with a high side delta. Again, the transients encountered during deenergization
were not severe and a 96 kV surge arrester could be used at Station 23 if the
transformer was high side grounded. The natural frequency oscillations
of the line can be observed to damp out after the breaker has opened.
The maximum switching surges obtained on the system were as
follows:
Location Case No. Voltage Magnitude (p. u. )
Station 23 - 115 kV 4A, 5A, 6A 1.77
Station 23 - 34. 5 kV 6B 1. 39
Station 23 - 11. 5 kV 5B 1. 65
-12-
OBSERVATIONS
The maximum transient produced during the energizing or de-
energizing of transmission system is dependent upon the point on the
source sine wave at which the switching operation takes place and upon
the relative sequence of operation of the individual poles of the operation
circuit breaker.
The sustained overvoltage on a transmission system during fault
condition is a function of the system grounding. The more effective the
grounding (lower zero sequence impedance to positive sequence impedance)
the lower the sustained overvoltage. However, the lower the effective solid
grounding, the higher the fault current. Therefore, there must be a
"trade-off" between reducing the overvoltages (less insulation costs) and
reducings the fault current (lower equipment duty, lower costs).
CONCLUSIONS
The Station 23 transformer was initially included in the study as
a 115 kV delta to 11. 5 kV grounded wye unit. However, with this configuration,
if a single line to ground fault should occur on the 115 kV line and the
Station 42 breakers open before the Station 23 breakers, the voltages on
the unfaulted phases could be as high as 2. 4 per unit. This condition would
require a surge arrester with a rating in excess of 120 kV, the maximum
arrester rating for a 115 kV system.
-13-
The above condition was eliminated by reversing the transformer
connection to 115 kV grounded wye/11. 5 kV delta. This configuration
removed the need for 115 kV breakers and reduced the surge arrester
requirements at Station 23 to 96 kV, but will require the addition of
grounding transformers on the 11. 5 kV bus to provide a ground current
source for single line to ground fault protection.
Therefore, it is recommended that the Station 23 transformer be
115 kV grounded wye to 11. 5 kV delta and that grounding transformers be
installed on the 11. 5 kV bus sections at Station 23. The 115/34 kV option
was eliminated during the conduction of the study due to matters not
pertaining to the study.
The surge arresters presently in use throughout the system studied
appeared adequate. It is recommended that a 96 kV surge arrester be
applied on the three phases at Station 23 to protect the transformer and
its'associated equipment. This would allow the use of a 350 kV B. I. L.
transformer at Station 23.
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APPENDIX B
In order to duplicate the most severe cast (IA) which results from
the application of a single line to ground fault on the 115 kV delta connected
side of the transformer while the transformer is energized from the 34.5 kV
equivalent source, the equivalent circuit (Figure 6.3, Peterson) will be used.
By using symmetrical components the equivalent circuit can be reduced from
that shown in (a) to (b). Then, do to the fact that the positive and the
negative sequence impedances are equal, the circuit can further be reduced
to that shown in Figure (c).
System Impedance (34.5 kV)
Is = jo. 0800
Transformer Impedance
Xt = jo. 0774 on 30 MVA base
Xt = jo. 2580 on 100 MVA base
Cable Susceptance
b = 276.4 uf/mile= 1160.88 uf
Xc = 1 = 1 = 1
WC 2TTf C 2TT(60MH60.88)
Xc = 2.2852 ohms
Xc = 0.0173 on 100 MVA base
from Figure (c), formula 6.3, page 130 - Peterson
Xco
V = emax (1+2 (xc 1/2 + Xco)
0.0173
V = 1.05 (1+2 (0.0087 + 0.0173) )
V = 1.05 (1+2 (0.6654) ) = 2.45 pu
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FROrV. FIGURE >,-i,
PETERSOtO PAE 133
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Peterson, H. A., "Transients in Power Systems " JohnWileyand Sons, 1951.
2. Report by AIEE Working Group on Switching Surges - Parts I, II, III
AIEE Conference Paper.
3. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1971 Surge Protection of Power
Systems. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Chapter 2.
4. Westinghouse Electric Corporation, 1950. Electrical Transmission
and Distribution Reference Book. East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania,Chapter 16.
5. Bewley, L. V., "TravelingWaves on Transmission
Systems"
Dover Publications, Inc. , 1951.
6. Diesendorf, W-,"Overvoltages on High Voltage Systems",
