+ All Categories
Home > Documents > Insulin and Urine

Insulin and Urine

Date post: 14-Apr-2018
Category:
Upload: sudheendranadhan-kv
View: 215 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
8
4 2 . T h e Detection o f Insulin i n Urine y Margery Cutting,* From t h e Biochemical Department, King's College Hospital, London an d Horton Emergency Hospital, EpsoM (Reieived 1 8 March 1942) T he presence o r absence o f insulin i n the urine of either normal o r diabetic persons i s still a matter o f dispute, f o r t h e findings o f t h e various investigators ar e conflicting. Best & Scott [1923] claimed that insulin w a s eliminated by t he kidneys under certain conditions. They found that the equivalent o f 80 0 m l . o f normal urine, when injectedinto a depan creatized dog, depressed t h e blood sugar considerably over a long period, but they were unable t o recover a n y insulin from t h e urine of diabetic patients unless they were having insulin treatment. Partos [1929] cited evidence that insulin w a s a normal component o f both human a n d rabbit urines though h e could not detect i t i n urine from diabetic patients. Weiler etal. [1934] have confirmed these findings an d Kozuka [1927] isolated a blood sugar-depressing substance (which h e believed t o b e insulin) from normal urine b u t could n o t extract i t from diabetic urine unless t h e patient was receiving insulin a n d no t excreting sugar. Brugsch & Horsters [1930] found a n insulin-like substance i n t he urine o f both normal an d diabetic subjects. I n contradiction t o t h e above series o f findings Lawrence e t al. [1930] a n d Uberrack & Zell [1931] were unable to recover an y insulin from t he urine o f either normal or diabetic persons, although they employed t h e same method a s Partos. Fisher & Noble [1923] were unable detect a n y insulin i n normal urine o r t h e urine o f diabetic patients (excepting those w h o h ad been treated with insulin), though they demonstrated that t h e kidney w a s capable of excreting i t b y injecting large amounts ( 4 0 units) into t h e circu- lation o f normal dogs under veronal anesthesia a n d recovering almost t h e entire quantity from t h e urine. Bruger & Friedman [1938] have performed similar experiments o n rabbits a n d their results a r e i n agreement with those o f Fisher & Noble, a s also r e those o f Goadby & Richardson [1940] injected 4 0 units o f insulin into rabbits a n d with- drew samples o f blood a t varying time intervals. This blood when injected into another fasting rabbit w a s found t o . depress t h blood sugar. They considered that this action w a s d u e t o t h e injected insulin a n d found that t he hypoglyeaemic activity gradually disappeared, being absent after 9 0 min., although when th e kidneys were excluded from t h e circulation t h e activity lasted much longer. These conflicting opinions m a y well b e d u e t o t h e fact that only a f e w o f t h e workers have investigated sufficiently critically t he methods they have employed t o detect t h e presence o f insulin in urine a n d i n only o n e instance (Goadby & Richardson) d o experi- ments appear t o have been carried o u t t o determine t h e smallest amount o f insulin that could be detected b y t he method adopted. T h e present paper describes attempts made t o find o u t under what conditions insulin c a n b e recovered from urine a n d h o w f a r such methods can b e made quantitative. EXPERIMENTAL Detection o f hypoglycaemic activity i n extracts A rabbit that h a d been starved f o r a t least 1 8 h r . w a s removed t o a b o x i n t h e laboratory, where i t wa s allowed t o rest f o r 4 5 min. before t h e experiment wa s commenced. T he usual precautions were taken t o avoid fluctuations o f t he blood sugar a s f a r a s possible. * Halley Stewart Research Fellow during t h e early part o f this work. ( 3 7 6 )
Transcript

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 1/8

4 2 . The D e t e c t i o n o f I n s u l i n i n U r i n e

By Margery C u t t i n g , * From t h e B i o c h e m i c a l D e p a r t m e n t , K i n g ' s C o l l e g e H o s p i t a l ,

L o n d o n a n d H o r t o n E m e r g e n c y H o s p i t a l , EpsoM

( R e i e i v e d 1 8 M a r c h 1 9 4 2 )

T h e p r e s e n c e o r a b s e n c e o f i n s u l i n i n t h e u ri ne o f e i t h e r n o r m a l o r d i a b e t i c p e r s o n s i s s t i l la m a t t e r o f d i s p u t e , f o r t h e f i n d i n g s o f t h e v a r i o u s i n v e s t i g a t o r s a r e c o n f l i c t i n g . B e s t &S c o t t [ 1 9 2 3 ] c l a i m e d t h a t i n s u l i n w a s e l i m i n a t e d b y t h e k i d n e y s u n d e r c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s .T h e y f o u n d t h a t t h e e q u i v a l e n t o f 8 0 0 m l . o f n o r m a l u r i n e , when i n j e c t e d i n t o a d e p a n -c r e a t i z e d d o g , d e p r e s s e d t h e b l o o d s u g a r c o n s i d e ra b l y o v e r a l o n g p e r i o d , b u t t h e y w e r eu n a b l e t o r e c o v e r a n y i n s u l i n f r o m t h e u ri ne o f d i a b e t i c p a t i e n t s u n l e s s t h e y w e r e h a v i n gi n s u l i n t r e a t m e n t . P a r t o s [ 1 9 2 9 ] c i t e d e v i d e n c e t h a t i n s u l i n w a s a n o r m a l c o m p o n e n t o f

b o t h human a n d r a b b i t u r i n e s t h o u g h h e c o u l d n o t d e t e c t i t i n u r i n e f r o m d i a b e t i c

p a t i e n t s . W e i l e r e t a l . [ 1 9 3 4 ] h a v e c o n f i r m e d t h e s e f i n d i n g s a n d Kozuka [ 1 9 2 7 ] i s o l a t e d ab l o o d s u g a r - d e p r e s s i n g s u b s t a n c e ( w h i c h h e b e l i e v e d t o b e i n s u l i n ) f r o m n o r m a l u r i n e b u tc o u l d n o t e x t r a c t i t f r o m d i a b e t i c u r i n e u n l e s s t h e p a t i e n t w a s r e c e i v i n g i n s u l i n a n d n o te x c r e t i n g s u g a r . B r u g s c h & H o r s t e r s [ 1 9 3 0 ] f o u n d a n i n s u l i n - l i k e s u b s t a n c e i n t h e u r i n e

o f b o t h n o r m a l a n d d i a b e t i c s u b j e c t s .I n c o n t r a d i c t i o n t o t h e a b o v e s e r i e s o f f i n d i n g s L a w r e n c e e t a l . [ 1 9 3 0 ] a n d U b e r r a c k &

Z e l l [ 1 9 3 1 ] w e re u n a b l e t o r e c o v e r a n y i n s u l i n f r o m t h e u r i n e o f e i t h e r n o r m a l o r d i a b e t i cp e r s o n s , a l t h o u g h t h e y e m p l o y e d t h e s a m e m e t h o d a s P a r t o s . F i s h e r & N o b l e [ 1 9 2 3 ]w e r e a l s o u n a b l e t o d e t e c t a n y i n s u l i n i n n o r m a l u r i n e o r t h e u r i n e o f d i a b e t i c p a t i e n t s

( e x c e p t i n g t h o s e who h a d b e e n t r e a t e d w i t h i n s u l i n ) , t h o u g h t h e y d e m o n s t r a t e d t h a t t h e

k i d n e y w a s c a p a b l e o f e x c re t i n g i t by i n j e c t i n g l a r g e a m o u n t s ( 4 0 u n i t s ) i n t o t h e c i r c u -

l a t i o n o f n o r m a l d o g s u n d e r v e r o n a l a n e s t h e s i a a n d r e c o v e r i n g a l m o s t t h e e n t i r e q u a n t i t yf r o m t h e u r i n e . B r u g e r & F r i e d m a n [ 1 9 3 8 ] h a v e p e r f o r m e d s i m i l a r e x p e r i m e n t s o n r a b b i t s

a n d t h e i r r e s u l t s a r e i n a g r e e m e n t w i t h t h o s e o f F i s h e r & N o b l e , a s a l s o a r e t h o s e o f

G o a d b y & R i c h a r d s o n [ 1 9 4 0 ] who i n j e c t e d 4 0 u n i t s o f i n s u l i n i n t o r a b b i t s a n d l a t e r w i t h -

d r e w s a m p l e s o f b l o o d a t v a r y i n g t i m e i n t e r v a l s . T h i s b l o o d when i n j e c t e d i n t o a n o t h e r

f a s t i n g r a b b i t w a s f o u n d t o . d e p r e s s t h e b l o o d s u g a r . They c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h i s a c t i o n

w a s d u e t o t h e i n j e c t e d i n s u l i n a n d f o u n d t h a t t h e h y p o g l y e a e m i c a c t i v i t y g r a d u a l l y

d i s a p p e a r e d , b e i n g a b s e n t a f t e r 9 0 m i n . , a l t h o u g h when t h e k i d n e y s w e r e e x c l u d e d f r o mt h e c i r c u l a t i o n t h e a c t i v i t y l a s t e d much l o n g e r .

T h e s e c o n f l i c t i n g o p i n i o n s may w e l l b e d u e t o t h e f a c t t h a t o n l y a f e w o f t h e w o r k e r sh a v e i n v e s t i g a t e d s u f f i c i e n t l y c r i t i c a l l y t h e m e t h o d s t h e y h a v e e m p l o y e d t o d e t e c t t h e

p r e s e n c e o f i n s u l i n i n u r i n e a n d i n o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e ( G o a d b y & R i c h a r d s o n ) d o e x p e r i -m e n t s a p p e a r t o h a v e b e e n c a r r i e d o u t t o d e t e r m i n e t h e s m a l l e s t amount o f i n s u l i n t h a t

c o u l d b e d e t e c t e d b y t h e m e t h o d a d o p t e d . T h e p r e s e n t p a p e r d e s c r i b e s a t t e m p t s made t o

f i n d o u t u n d e r w h a t c o n d i t i o n s i n s u l i n c a n b e r e c o v e r e d f r o m u r i n e a n d how f a r s u c hm e t h o d s c a n b e made q u a n t i t a t i v e .

E X P E R I M E N T A L

D e t e c t i o n o f h y p o g l y c a e m i c a c t i v i t y i n e x t r a c t s

A r a b b i t t h a t h a d b e e n s t a r v e d f o r a t l e a s t 1 8 h r . w a s r e m o v e d t o a b o x i n t h e l a b o r a t o r y ,w h e r e i t w a s a l l o w e d t o r e s t f o r 4 5 m i n . b e f o r e t h e e x p e r i m e n t w a s c o m m e n c e d . T h eu s u a l p r e c a u t i o n s w e r e t a k e n t o a v o i d f l u c t u a t i o n s o f t h e b l o o d s u g a r a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e .

* H a l l e y S t e w a r t R e s e a r c h F e l l o w d u r i n g t h e e a r l y p a r t o f t h i s w o r k .

( 3 7 6 )

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 2/8

INSULIN DET ERMINATION IN URIN E

Two 0 - 1 m l . s a m p l e s o f b l o o d w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h e m a r g i n a l e a r v e i n a n d a knownv o l u m e o f t h e e x t r a c t u n d e r i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s i n j e c t e d i n t r a v e n o u s l y . F u r t h e r 0 4 1 m l .

s a m p l e s o f b l o o d w e r e c o l l e c t e d a t 1 0 , 2 0 , 3 0 , 4 5 , 6 0 , 7 5 a n d 9 0 m i n . i n t e r v a l s a f t e r t h e

i n j e c t i o n a n d t h e b l o o d s u g a r s s u b s e q u e n t l y e s t i m a t e d b y t h e m e t h o d o f H a g e d o r n &J e n s e n [ 1 9 2 3 ] .

T h e b l o o d s u g a r c u r v e s g i v e n i n t h i s p a p e r r e p r e s e n t t h e a v e r a g e r e s p o n s e o f t h r e e o r

m o r e r a b b i t s .U n f o r t u n a t e l y ,

o w i n g t o t h e w a r , t h e n u m b e r o f a n i m a l sa v a i l a b l e f o r t h i sw o r k h a s b e e n r a t h e r l i m i t e d . I f t h e r e s p o n s e t o a n y i m p o r t a n t p r e p a r a t i o n w a s b e i n g

i n v e s t i g a t e d o r i f t h e r e s u l t s w e r e i n d e c i s i v e m o r e r a b b i t s w e r e u s e d . T h e e n c i r c l e d f i g u r ea d j o i n i n g e a c h c u r v e d e n o t e s t h e n u m b e r o f a n i m a l s e m p l o y e d .

T h e s m a l l e s t q u a n t i t y o f i n s u l i n t h a t w i l l g i v e a s a t i s f a c t o r y d e p r e s s i o n c u r v e w a sf o u n d t o b e 0 - 2 u n i t . T h e r e s p o n s e i n t h i s c a s e w a s , o n t h e a v e r a g e , a d e p r e s s i o n o f

2 5 m g . / 1 0 0 m l . ( m i n . 1 8 , m a x . 3 6 ) i n 2 0 o r 3 0 m i n . f r o m t h e t i m e o f i n j e c t i o n , f o l l o w e d

1 2 0

e 8 0 4

90

8 0

7 0

6 0 L s | 1 1 10 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 I - O

T i m e i n m i n .

F i g . 1 . C u r v e A . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e r e s u l t i n g a f t e r i n j e c t i o n o f 0 * 2 u n i t i n s u l i n d i r e c t l y . C u r v e B . B l o o ds u g a r c u r v e r e s u l t i n g a f t e r i n j e c t i o n o f 5 m l . o f 1 0 m l . e x tr a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m n o r m a l u r i n e . 0 4 u n i to f i n s u l i n w a s a d d e d t o t h e 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t .

b y a r e t u r n t o f a s t i n g l e v e l i n 9 0 m i n . T h e a v e r a g e r e s p o n s e o f 7 r a b b i t s i s s h o w n i nF i g . 1 , c u r v e A . S m a l l e r q u a n t i t i e s o f i n s u l i n d o n o t p r o d u c e s a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s , i t b e i n gu n w i s e t o a t t a c h much s i g n i f i c a n c e t o a f a l l i n b l o o d s u g a r o f l e s s t h a n 2 0 m g . / 1 0 0 m l . , a st h e f a s t i n g l e v e l may w e l l v a r y w i t h i n + 1 0 m g . d u r i n g t h e . 9 0 m i n . o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t ,

e v e n when n o i n j e c t i o n h a s b e e n m a d e . A l l t h e r e s u l t s h a v e b e e n c o m p a r e d w i t h t h i sc u r v e .

P r e p a r a t i o n o f e x t r a c t s f o r i n j e c t i o n

S i n c e t h e p r e s e n c e o f i n s u l i n i n u r i n e i s u n c e r t a i n , i n a l l p r e l i m i n a r y e x p e r i m e n t s s m a l lq u a n t i t i e s o f t h e c r y s t a l l i n e m a t e r i a l w e r e a d d e d t o t h e u r i n e b e f o r e c o m m e n c i n g t h e

p r e p a r a t i o n o f t h e e x t r a c t .D i r e c t i n j e c t i o n o f u r i n e . 1 0 m l . s a m p l e s o f u ri n e ( c on t a i ni ng 2 - 1 0 u n i t s i n s u l i n p e r

1 0 0 m l . ) w e r e i n j e c t e d d i r e c t l y i n t o a n u m b e r o f r a b b i t s . T h i s m e t h o d w a s f o u n d t o b e

u n s a t i s f a c t o r y a n d w a s a b a n d o n e d b e c a u s e t h e t o x i c s u b s t a n c e s p r e s e n t p r o d u c e d a ni n i t i a l r i s e i n b l o o d s u g a r . T h e r i s e w a s u s u a l l y f o l l o w e d b y a d e p r e s s i o n t o a f i g u r e b e l o wt h a t o f t h e f a s t i n g l e v e l . T h e s i g n i f i c a n c e o f t h i s f a l l a f t e r t h e p r e l i m i n a r y r i s e w a s u n -

c e r t a i n a n d i t w a s d e e m e d t h a t t h e m e t h o d w o u l d n o t b e a v e r y s a t i s f a c t o r y o n e f o rd e t e c t i n g s m a l l a m o u n t s o f i n s u l i n .

A l c o h o l i c e x t r a c t i o n . I n s u l i n i s s o l u b l e i n 8 0 O a q u e o u s a l c o h o l [ C o l l p , 1 9 2 3 ] - a n d t h i s

f a c t w a s u s e d b y P a r t o s [ 1 9 2 9 ] a s t h e b a s i s o f h i s m e t h o d f o r e x t r a c t i n g i t f r o m u r i n e . I n

3 7 7

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 3/8

t h e p r e s e n t i n v e s t i g a t i o n e x t r a c t s w e r e p r e p a r e d b y t h i s m e t h o d f r o m 1 0 0 m l . o f u r i n e t o

w h i c h 1 0 u n i t s o f i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d . When t h e e n t i r e e x t r a c t s w e r e i n j e c t e d t h e y

p r o d u c e d a m a r k e d f a l l i n t h e b l o o d s u g a r o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l r a b b i t s , b u t w h e n s m a l l e rq u a n t i t i e s o f t h e e x t r a c t w e r e i n j e c t e d i t b e c a m e a p p a r e n t t h a t o n l y a p o r t i on o f t h e

i n s u l i n h a d b e e n r e c o v e r e d .P r e c i p i t a t i o n o f t h e i n s u l i n w i t h a m m o n i u m s u l p h a t e . D o i s y e t a l . [ 1 9 2 3 ] s h o w e d t h a t

i n s u l i n c o u l d b e f a i r l y c o m p l e t e l y p r e c i p i t a t e d f r o m a q u e o u s s o l u t i o n b y h a l f - s a t u r a t i o nw i t h ammonium s u l p h a t e a n d t h e y made u s e o f t h i s f a c t i n t h e i r m e t h o d f o r i s o l a t i n g i tf r o m f r e s h p a n c r e a s . F i s h e r & N o b l e [ 1 9 2 3 ] e m p l o y e d t h i s , p r i n c i p l e f o r e x t r a c t i n g i n s u l i nf r o m u r i n e , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y t h e i r p a p e r d o e s n o t i n c l u d e a n y d e t a i l s o f t ec h n iq u e.

T h i s t y p e o f m e t h o d h a s o n e c o n s i d e r a b l e a d v a n t a g e i n t h a t g l u c o s e i s n o t a d s o r b e d o n

t o t h e p r e c i p i t a t e when e x t r a c t s a r e p r e p a r e d f r o m d i a b e t i c u r i n e s c o n t a i n i n g s u g a r .I f , h o w e v e r , a n a l c o h o l i c e x t r a c t i o n p r o c e s s s u c h a s t h a t o f P a r t o s i s e m p l o y e d w i t h a u r i n e

c o n t a i n i n g s u g a r , t h e s u g a r i s e x t r a c t e d a s w e l l a n d m u s t b e r e m o v e d by f e r m e n t a t i o n

o r o t h e r m e a n s b e f o r e t h e f l u i d c a n b e t e s t e d f o r i t s p o w e r t o l o w e r t h e b l o o d s u g a r . To

a s s i s t t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n o f s m a l l a m o u n t s o f i n s u l i n t h e a u t h o r a d d e d a s m a l l q u a n t i t y o f

f r e s h l y c o l l e c t e d r a b b i t ' s p l a s m a t o t h e u r i n e s o t h a t a b u l k y p r e c i p i t a t e f o r m e d w h i c h

i t w a s h o p e d w o u l d c a r r y down t h e i n s u l i n b y e n t r a i n m e n t .E x p e r i m e n t s o n t h e s e l i n e s p r o v e d s u c c e s s f u l a n d b e c a m e t h e b a s i s o f t h e p r o c e d u r e

f i n a l l y a d o p t e d w h i c h i s d e s c r i b e d i n d e t a i l b e l o w .

D e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f m e t h o d

R e a g e n t s a n d a p p a r a t u s : Ammonium s u l p h a t e ( c r y s t a l l i n e ) . A . R . H C I . B o r i c a c i d

b u f f e r o f p H 8 - 0 ( p r e p a r e d b y t a k i n g 0 - 6 2 g . b o r i c a c i d , 8 m l . N / l 1 0 N aOH a n d 6 5 m l .

0 8 5 % N a C l a n d d i l u t i n g t o 2 0 0 m l . ) [ m o d i f i e d f r o m C o l e , 1 9 3 3 ] . B r o m o c r e s o l g r e e n

i n d i c a t o r . L o v i b o n d c o m p a r a t o r a n d d i s k ( f o r b r o m o c r e s o l g r e e n , r a n g e 3 . 6 - 5 . 2 ) . R a b b i t ' s

p l a s m a f r e s h l y c o l l e c t e d . H a g e d o r n a n d J e n s e n b l o o d s u g a r r e a g e n t s .T h e u r i n e w a s f i r s t a d j u s t e d t o p H 5 0 w i t h H C I , u s i n g a L o v i b o n d c o m p a r a t o r a n d

b r o m o c r e s o l g r e e n a s i n d i c a t o r . 0 . 5 m l . o f r a b b i t p l a s m a w a s a d d e d t o a 1 0 0 m l . s a m p l e o f

u r i n e a n d t h i s w a s h a l f - s a t u r a t e d w i t h ammonium s u l p h a t e by t h e a d d i t i on o f 3 2 g . o f

t h e c r y s t a l l i n e s a l t . T h e m i x t u r e w a s s t i r r e d w e l l t o b r i n g t h e s a l t i n t o s o l u t i o n a n d t h e

u r i n e w a s k e p t i n a warm p l a c e ( a b o u t 3 7 0 ) i n o r d e r t h a t t h e r e s u l t i n g p r e c i p i t a t e s h o u l d

f l o c c u l a t e .T h e p r e c i p i t a t e w a s c o l l e c t e d b y i f i l t e r i n g t h e u r i n e t h r o u g h a n o . 4 2 Whatman f i l t e r

p a p e r o n a B i i c h n e r f u n n e l a n d a l l o w i n g t o d r y ( o n t h e f i l t e r p a p e r ) i n a d e s i c c a t o r . T h i s

p r e c i p i t a t e , w h i c h c o n t a i n e d t h e i n s u l i n , c o u l d b e l e f t i n t h e d e s i c c a t o r f o r a t l e a s t 4 d a y s

w i t h o u t l o s i n g i t s a c t i v i t y . B e f o r e a s s a y i t w a s w a s h e d o f f t h e i f i t e r p a p e r w i t h 1 0 m l . o f

a b o r a t e b u f f e r s o l u t i o n a t pH 8 - 0 a n d t h e n g r o u n d u p w e l l w i t h t h i s s o l u t i o n i n a m o r t a r .

S o m e o f t h e s o l i d m a t e r i a l d i d n o t d i s s o l v e a n d w a s r e m o v e d i n t h e c e n t r i f u g e . T h e

s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d c o n t a i n i n g t h e a c t i v e i n s u l i n w a s i n j e c t e d i n t o t h e t e s t a n i m a l s .

T h e e f f e c t o f p H o n p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d e l u t i o n . T h e i s o e l e c t r i c p o i n t o f i n s u l i n i s n e a r t o

p H 5 - 0 [ H a r r o w & S h e r w i n , 1 9 3 4 ] . I t w a s e x p e c t e d t h e r e f o r e , t h a t t h e optimum pH f o rp r e c i p i t a t i o n w o u l d b e i n t h e t e g i o n o f t h a t p o i n t a n d t h i s w a s f o u n d t o b e s o i n p r a c t i c e .F i g . 2 s h o w s t h e c u r v e s o b t a i n e d when t h e p r e c i p i t a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t a t v a r y i n g p H .

I n e a c h c a s e t h e e x t r a c t w a s made f r o m 1 0 0 m l . o f u r i n e t o w h i c h 2 u n i t s o f i n s u l i n h a d

b e e n a d . d e d a n d 5 m l . o f t h e f i n a l 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t w e r e i n j e c t ed i nt o t h e r a b b i t . I t w i l l b e

s e e n t h a t t h e r e s p o n s e r e s u l t e d i n a s m a l l e r d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e b l o o d s u g a r a s t h e pH o f

t h e u r i n e w a s l o w e r e d .E l u t i o n w a s e f f e c t e d w i t h a b u f f e r s o l u t i o n a t pH 8 - 0 . I t w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h i s pH

w a s s u f f i c i e n t l y f a r r e m o v e d f r o m t h a t a t w h i c h p r e c i p i t a t i o n h a d t a k e n p l a c e t o d i s s o l v et h e i n s u l i n . S a t i s f a c t o r y r e s u l t s w e r e o b t a i n e d , b u t a c i d i f i c a t i o n o f t h e s o l u t i o n p r o d u c e d

M . CUTTING7 8

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 4/8

INSULIN DE TER MI NATION IN URIN E

a s m a l l p r e c i p i t a t e a n d i t s e e m e d t h a t t h i s m i g h t b e a p o s s i b l e w ay o f r e m o v i n g f u r t h e r

i m p u r i t i e s . A c c o r d i n g l y n i n e e x t r a c t s w e r e p r e p a r e d f r o m d i f f e r e n t n o r m a l u r i n e s a n de a c h d i s s o l v e d i n 1 0 m l . o f b u f f e r s o l u t i o n ( p H 8 . 0 ) ; 0 - 4 u n i t o f i n s u l i n was a d d e d t o e v e r y

1 3 0

1 2 0

e 9 0 _

° 8 0 A®

7 0

6 0 , I0 1 0 . 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 0 0

T i m e i n m i n .

F i g . 2 . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e s o b t a i n e d f r o m e x t r a c t s p r e p a r e d f f r o m u r i n e s o f d i f f e r i n g pH. I n e a c h c a s e 2 - 0u n i t s w e r e a d d e d t o 1 0 0 m l . u r i n e b e f o r e e x t r a c t i n g a n d 5 m l . o f t h e 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t i n j e c t e d . C u r v e A .p H 5 0 . C u r v e B . p H 4 - 0 . C u r v e C . p H 3 0 .

9 0

8 0 [

7 0 1

T i m e i n m i n .

F i g . 3 . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e s o b t a i n e d f r o m e x t r a c t s o f d i f f e r i n g pH. 0 - 4 u n i t i n s u l i n a d d e d t o 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t

p r e p a r e d f r o m 1 0 0 m l . u r i n e a n d 5 m l . o f t h e e x t r a c t i n j e c t e d i n e a c h c a s e . C u rv e A . pH 8 - 0 . C u r v e B .

p H 4 0 . C u r v e C . p H 3 - 0 .

o n e a n d t h e n t h r e e w e r e a d j u s t e d t o pH 4 * 0 , t h r e e t o pH 3 - 0 a n d t h e r e m a i n i n g t h r e e w e r e

k e p t a s c o n t r o l s . A f t e r t h e s e a d j u s t m e n t s t h e e x t r a c t s w e r e k e p t f o r 3 0 m i n . a n d w e r e

t h e n c e n t r i f u g e d . 5 m l . o f t h e s u p e r n a t a n t f l u i d w e r e u s e d f o r a s s a y i n e a c h c a s e . T h e

3 7 9

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 5/8

r e s u l t s , w h i c h a r e g i v e n i n F i g . 3 s h o w t h a t a b e t t e r r e s p o n s e i s o b t a i n e d w i t h o u t a c i d i f i -c a t i o n . I t i s p r o b a b l e t h a t a s m a l l a m o u n t o f i n s u l i n i s c a r r i e d down w i t h t h e p r e c i p i t a t ee s p e c i a l l y a t p H 4 * 0 . T h e e x t r a c t s w e r e a l w a y s l e f t o n t h e f i l t e r p a p e r i n t h e d e s i c c a t o ru n t i l t h e d a y o f a s s a y a n d t h e n t h e y w e r e d i s s o l v e d i m m e d i a t e l y b e f o r e i n j e c t i o n . I n t h i sw ay a n y l o s s t h a t m i g h t o c c u r f o l l o w i n g t h e d i s s o l v i n g o f t h e i n s u l i n i n a n a l k a l i n es o l u t i o n w a s e l i m i n a t e d a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e .

Q u a n t i t a t i v e a s p e c t s o f i n s u l i n r e c o v e r y

N o r m a l u r i n e w i t h o u t a d d e d i n s u l i n . I f P a r t o s a n d b t h e r w o r k e r s who t h i n k a s h e d o e s

a r e c o r r e c t , i n s u l i n i s a n o r m a l c o m p o n e n t o f u r i n e a n d t h e e x t e n t o f r e c o v e r y o f a d d e di n s u l i n c a n n o t b e a s c e r t a i n e d w i t h o u t s o m e k n o w l e d g e o f t h e t o t a l amount p r e s e n t i n t h e

o r i g i n a l s p e c i m e n . E x t r a c t s w e re p r e p a r e d i n t h e a b o v e manner f r o m many s a m p l e s o f

1 3 0 _

* ~~~~120 - _ g

1 1 0 _

u D 9 0 _b o

0o 8 0 _

7 0 _

6 0 I .0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0 9 0 1 O O

T i m e i n mi.

F i g . 4 . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e r e s u l t i n g f r o m e x t r a c t s p r e p a r e d f r o m n o r m a l u r i n e t o w h i c hn o i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d .

u r i n e c o l l e c t e d f r o m n o r m a l s u b j e c t s t o w h i c h no i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d . I n s o m ei n s t a n c e s 2 4 - h r . s p e c i m e n s w e r e u s e d a n d a t o t h e r t i m e s t h e e x t r a c t was p r e p a r e d f r o m a

f r e s h 2 - o r 3 - h r . s a m p l e . T h e b l o o d s u g a r c u r v e r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e a v e r a g e r e s p o n s e o f 1 3

r a b b i t s i s s h o w n i n F i g . 4 . The c u r v e s a l m o s t i n v a r i a b l y s h o w e d a s m a l l r i s e d u r i n g t h e

f i r s t 2 0 m i n . a n d i n o n l y o n e i n s t a n c e was t h e r e a n y d e p r e s s i o n o f t h e b l o o d s u g a r . Fromt h e s e r e s u l t s i t s e e m s u n l i k e l y t h a t t h e r e i s a n y i n s u l i n i n n o r m a l u r i n e .

N o r m a l u r i n e w i t h a d d e d i n s u l i n . S m a l l q u a n t i t i e s o f p r o t e i n a n d o t h e r s u b s t a n c e s i n

t h e e x t r a c t b e s i d e s i n s u l i n m i g h t a l t e r t h e r e s p o n s e o f t h e r a b b i t t o 0 - 2 u n i t i n s u l i n , b u t i np r a c t i c e t h i s w a s n o t f o u n d t o b e t h e c a s e . 0 - 2 u n i t was a d d e d t o h a l f ( 5 m l . ) t h e e x t r a c t

p r e p a r e d f r o m 1 0 0 m l . n o r m a l u r i n e a n d t h i s was i n j e c t e d i n t o a r a b b i t . The a v e r a g e

r e s p o n s e o b t a i n e d f r o m t h r e e s u c h e x p e r i m e n t s d i f f e r s l i t t l e f r o m t h e e f f e c t o f i n j e c t i n g0 - 2 u n i t d i r e c t l y ( F i g . 1 , c u r v e s A , B ) a n d e i t h e r c u r v e c a n b e u s e d f o r c o m p a r i s o n w i t h

t h o s e r e s u l t i n g f r o m a t t e m p t s t o r e c o v e r i n s u l i n a d d e d t o u r i n e .E x p e r i m e n t s w e r e n ow c a r r i e d o u t i n o r d e r t o a s s e s s t h e amount o f i n s u l i n t h a t was

r e c o v e r e d b y t h i s m e t h o d when 2 u n i t s were a d d e d t o 1 0 0 m l . o f u r i n e . E x t r a c t s w e r e

p r e p a r e d i n t h e manner d e s c r i b e d a b o v e a n d t h e v o l u m e o f f l u i d f o r i n j e c t i o n made u pt o 1 0 m l . T h e n 5 , 2 a n d 1 m l . ( e q u i v a l e n t t o t h e o r e t i c a l r e c o v e r i e s o f 1 , 0 - 4 a n d 0 - 2 u n i t

r e s p e c t i v e l y ) w e r e i n j e c t e d i n t o d i f f e r e n t r a b b i t s . F i g . 5 s h o w s t h e r e s p o n s e s o b t a i n e d a n d

M . CUTTING8 0

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 6/8

INSULIN DET ERMINATION IN URIN E

i f t h e c u r v e C i s c o m p a r e d w i t h t h o s e i n F i g . 1 i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t m o s t o f t h e i n s u l i n h a s

b e e n r e c o v e r e d . H o w e v e r , i t w a s h o p e d t h a t i t w o u l d b e p o s s i b l e t o r e c o v e r q u a n t i t i e ss m a l l e r t h a n 2 u n i t s / 1 0 0 m l . a n d s o s p e c i m e n s o f u r i n e c o n t a i n i n g 0 5 a n d 0 - 2 5 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l .

w e r e t a k e n a n d e x t r a c t s p r e p a r e d f r o m t h e m . H a l f t h e e x t r a c t f r o m t h e f o r m e r ( i . e .

e q u i v a l e n t t o 025 u n i t ) a n d t h e e n t i r e e x t r a c t f r o m t h e l a t t e r ( m a d e u p t o 5 m l . o n l y i n

1 2 0

6~~~~~~~~~

i o o

9 0 _

6 0I

00

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 . 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 P ) 9 0 L Q D X

T i m e l i n m i n .

F i g . 5 . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e s r e s u l t i n g a f t e r i n j e c t i n g v a r y i n g q u a n t i t i e s o f a 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m

1 0 0 m l . u r i n e t o w h i c h 2 0 u n i t s i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d . C u r v e A . 5 - 0 m l . C u r v e B . 2 0 m l . C u r v e C .

1 . 0 m l .

1 2 0

110\/

1 0 0 -

6 0

0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0

T i m e i n m i n .

F i g . 6 . C u r v e A . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e o b t a i n e d a f t e r i n j e c t i n g h a l f e x t r a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m 1 0 0 m l . n o r m a l u r i n e

t o w h i c h 0 5 u ni t i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d . C u r v e B . B l o o d s u g a r c u r v e o b t a i n e d a f t e r i n j e c t i n g e n t i r ee x t r a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m 1 0 0 m l . u ri ne t o w h i c h 0 - 2 5 u n i t i n s u l i n h a d b e e n a d d e d .

t h i s c a s e ) w e r e u s e d f o r a s s a y . T h u s , i n t h e o r y , e a c h s h o u l d c o n t a i n t h e same amount o f

i n s u l i n . T h e r e s u l t s a r e s h o w n i n F i g . 6 - a n d i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t t h e t w o c u r v e s a r e v e r y

s i m i l a r , t h e r e s p o n s e i n t h e f i r s t c a s e b e i n g a maximum d e p r e s s i o n o f 2 8 m g . a n d i n t h e

s e c o n d c a s e 2 6 m g . , r e a c h e d i n 3 0 a n d 2 0 m i n . r e s p e c t i v e l y . A g a i n , t h e s e t w o c u r v e s a r e

v e r y s i m i l a r t o t h o s e s h o w n i n F i g . l a n d s u g g e s t t h a t m o s t i f n o t a l l , o f t h e i n s u l i n i s

r e c o v e r e d b y t h i s - t e c h n i q u e a n d , f u r t h e r m o r e , t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e t e c t t h e p r e s e n c e o f

i n s u l i n i n u r i n e , e v e n when i t i s t h e r e i n q u a n t i t i e s a s s m a l l a s 0 - 2 5 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l .

3 8 1

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 7/8

M . CUTTING

S t a b i l i t y o f i n s u l i n i n u r i n e

I n a l l t h e e x p e r i m e n t s s o f a r d e s c r i b e d , t h e e x t r a c t s h a v e b e e n p r e p a r e d i m m e d i a t e l y

a f t e r t h e a d d i t i o n o f i n s u l i n t o t h e u r i n e . When c o l l e c t i n g s p e c i m b n s f r o m human s u b j e c t s

i t i s n o t a l w a y s p o s s i b l e t o commence t h e e x t r a c t i o n i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r t h e s p e c i m e n h a s

b e e n v o i d e d a n d t h i s i s , o f c o u r s e , p a r t i c u l a r l y t h e c a s e when 2 4 h r . s p e c i m e n s h a v e t o b e

e x a m i n e d f o r t h e p r e s e n c e o f i n s u l i n . T h e q u e s t i o n a r i s e s a s t o w h e t h e r t h e i n s u l i n b e c o m e si n a c t i v a t e d o n l o n g s t a n d i n g i n u r i n e . I f t h i s w e r e s o i t w o u l d b e a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n

o f t h e v a r y i n g r e s u l t s o b t a i n e d b y t h e e a r l i e r w o r k e r s .

T h i s p o s s i b i l i t y h a s b e e n e x a m i n e d i n t h e f o l l o w i n g w a y s . S e v e r a l 2 4 h r . s p e c i m e n s

w e r e c o l l e c t e d b y d i f f e r e n t n o r m a l s u b j e c t s b u t e a c h s p e c i m e n t h a t w a s p a s s e d w a s h a l v e d

i m m e d i a t e l y . T o o n e h a l f i n s u l i n w a s

a d d e d s t r a i g h t away ( t h e a m o u n t 1 4 0

v a r i e d f r o m 0 . 5 t o 2 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l . i nt h e d i f f e r e n t c o l l e c t i o n s ) . No i n s u l i n 1 3 0

w a s a d d e d t o t h e o t h er h a l f , w h i c h /w a s u s e d a s a c o n t r o l . E x t r a c t s w e r e 1 2 0 B

p r e p a r e d f r o m b o t h p o r t i o n s a s soon

a s t h e 2 4 h r . c o l l e c t i o n h a d b e e n \ ©

c o m p l e t e d . When h a l f t h e e x t r a c t \ A

f r o m t h e c o n t r o l w a s i n j e c t e d t h e \

b l o o d s u g a r d i d n o t f a l l , w h e r e a s w o

when t h e o t h e r e x t r a c t w a s i n v e s t i - ag a t e d b y e m p l o y i n g a n amount f o r e 9 0

0

i n j e c t i o n t h a t w o u l d t h e o r e t i c a l l y \ /c o n t a i n 0 - 2 5 u n i t , t h e r a b b i t ' s b l o o d s o 8 0 _s u g a r s h o w e d o n t h e a v e r a g e a f a l lo f 2 5 m g . w i t h i n 3 0 m i n . ( s e e F i g . 7 , 7 0

c u r v e A , w h i c h s h o w s a t y p i c a l r e -s p o n s e ) i n d i c a t i n g t h a t n o a p p a r e n t 6 0--o s s o f i n s u l i n o c c u r s d u r i n g t h e 0 l o 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0

c o l l e c t i o n o f a 2 4 h r . s a m p l e when T i m e i n m i n .

t h i s i s a n a l y s e d i m m e di a t e l y . Some F i g . 7 . C ur v e A . B lo o d s u g a r c u r v e r e s u l t i n g f r o m i n j e c t i o no f t h e s e s p e c i m e n s were l e f t i n t h e * o f 5 m l . o f 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m 2 4 h o u r l y s p e c i m e ni c e c h e s t f o r 5 - 7 d a y s and t h e n a o f u r i n e c o n t a i n i n g 0 - 5 u n i t i n s u l i n p e r 1 0 0 m l . C u r v e B .

s e c o n d e x t r a c t p r e p a r e d , o f w h i c h R e s p o n s e a f t e r i n j e c t i n g 5 m L o f 1 0 m l . e x t r a c t p r e p a r e d f r o m' ~ ~ ~ t h e s a m e u r i e 5 d a y s l a t e r .t h e s a m e q u a n t i t y was u s e d ' f o ri n j e c t i o n . F i g . 7 s h o w s t h e r e s u l t o f o n e s u c h e x p e r i m e n t . I n t h i s c a s e t h e o r i g i n a ls p e c i m e n s c o n t a i n e d 0 - 5 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l . , a n d t h e e x t r a c t s w e r e made u p t o 1 0 m l . , o f w h i c h

5 m l . w e r e u s e d f o r i n j e c t i o n . C u r v e A s h o w s t h e e f f e c t when t h e e x t r a c t w a s - p r e p a r e di m m e d i a t e l y , w h e r e a s c u r v e B s h o w s t h e r e s p o n s e t h a t i s o b t a i n e d i f t h e s p e c i m e n i s

k e p t i n t h e i c e c h e s t f o r 5 d a y s b e f o r e c o m m e n c i n g t h e e x t r a c t i o n a n d i t i s a p p a r e n t t h a t

s o m e l o s s h a s t a k e n p l a c e .I n o t h e r e x p e r i m e n t s i n w h i c h v a r y i n g q u a n t i t i e s o f i n s u l i n ( 0 - 2 - 2 u n i t s / 1 0 0 m l . ) h a v e

b e e n a d d e d t o s p e c i m e n s o f n o r m a l u r i n e , w h i c h . h a v e b e e n k e p t f o r 2 4 h r . a t r o o m t e m -

p e r a t u r e b e f o r e c o m m e n c i n g t h e e x t r a c t i o n o f i n s u l i n , t h e r e d o e s n o t a p p e a r t o b e a n y

m e a s u r a b l e l o s s o f a c t i v i t y . T h i s i s p r o b a b l y t h e maximu m l e n g t h o f t i m e t h a t i t i s s a f et o l e a v e t h e s p e c i m e n b e f o r e c o m m e n c i n g t h e ammonium s u l p h a t e p r e c i p i t a t i o n a n d

s u b s e q u e n t e x t r a c t i o n o f i n s u l i n .F i n a l l y t h e r e i s a p o s s i b i l i t y t h a t i n s u l i n may b e d e s t r o y e d i n t h e u r i n e w h i l e i n t h e

b l a d d e r , w h e r e t h e h i g h e r t e m p e r a t u r e m i g h t l e s s e n i t s s t a b i l i t y . A c c o r d i n g l y s p e c i m e n s

3 8 2

7/30/2019 Insulin and Urine

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/insulin-and-urine 8/8

INSULIN D E T E R M I N A T I O N IN U R I N E 3 8 3

o f u ri ne c on t a i n in g 2 u n i t s / 1 0 0 m l . w e r e i n c u b a t e d a t 3 7 0 f o r 1 h r . b e f o r e c o m m e n c i n gt h e e x t r a c t i o n . A s s a y s w e r e made a n d s h o w e d t h a t t h e r e i s l i t t l e l i k e l i h o o d o f a n y l o s sd u e t o t h i s c a u s e i n v i v o , a s c u r v e s i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h o s e s h o w n i n F i g . 5 w e r e o b t a i n e d .

CONCLUSIONS

T h e e x p e r i m e n t s d e s c r i b e d a b o v e h a v e s h o w n t h a t i t i s q u i t e p o s s i b l e t o d e t e c t t h e

p r e s e n c e o f 0 * 2 5 u n i t o f i n s u l i n i n 1 0 0 m l . u ri n e e v e n 2 4 h r . a f t e r i t h a s b e e n v o i d e d . Ont h e o t h e r h a n d when e x t r a c t s w e r e p r e p a r e d f r o m n o r m a l u r i n e t o w h i c h n o i n s u l i n h a d

b e e n a d d e d a n d i n j e c t e d i n t o f a s t i n g r a b b i t s , n o f a l l i n b l o o d s u g a r r e s u l t e d . T h i s s u g g e s t s

t h a t i n s u l i n i s n o t a c o m p o n e n t o f n o r m a l u r i n e , o r i f i t i s , m u s t b e p r e s e n t i n q u a n t i t i e ss m a l l e r t h a n 0 - 2 5 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l .

Up t o t h e p r e s e n t i t h a s n o t b e e n p o s s i b l e t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e u r i n e o f e i t h e r u n t r e a t e d

d i a b e t i c p er s o n s , o r d i a b e t i c s r e c e i v i n g i n s u l i n , e x c e p t i n g o n e p a t i e n t who w a s v e r y

r e s i s t a n t t o i n s u l i n t h e r a p y a n d w a s h a v i n g 2 4 0 u n i t s o f i n s u l i n p e r d a y . Tw o 2 4 l h r .

s p e c i m e n s w e r e c o l l e c t e d f r o m t h i s p a t i e n t a n d e x a m i n e d i n t h e m a n n e r d e s c r i b e d a b o v e

b u t n o i n s u l i n w a s d e t e c t e d i n e i t h e r . I t i s n o t p o s s i b l e t o d r a w a n y c o n c l u s i o n s f r o m t h i so n e c a s e b u t i t i s h o p e d i t w i l l b e p o s s i b l e t o c a r r y o u t m o r e w o r k a l o n g t h e s e l i n e s a n d

make t h i s t h e s u b j e c t o f a f u t u r e c o m m u n i c a t i o n .

SUMMARY

1 . A m e t h o d f o r d e t e c t i n g t h e p r e s e n c e o f i n s u l i n i n u r i n e h a s b e e n d e s c r i b e d a n d

i n v e s t i g a t e d .2 . I t h a s b e e n s h o w n t h a t i t i s p o s s i b l e t o d e t e c t t h e p re s e n c e o f 0 - 2 5 u n i t i n s u l i n p e r

1 0 0 m l . when t h i s i s a d d e d i n v i t r o .3 . I n s u l i n a d d e d t o u r i n e c o u l d b e r e c o v e r e d 2 4 h r . l a t e r w i t h o u t a p p a r e n t l o s s o f

a c t i v i t y , n o r w a s t h e a c t i v i t y d e s t r o y e d b y i n c u b a t i n g a t 3 7 0 f o r 1 h r .4 . No i n s u l i n c o u l d b e d e t e c t e d i n n o r m a l u r i n e a n d , i f p r e s e n t , must b e t h e r e i n a m o u n t s

l e s s t h a n 0 - 2 5 u n i t / 1 0 0 m l .

I s h o u l d l i k e t o e x p r e s s my t h a n k s t o Dr C . H . G r a y f o r s u g g e s t i n g a n d s u p e r v i s i n g t h i sw o r k a n d t o Dr J . P a t t e r s o n f o r h i s many h e l p f u l s u g g e s t i o n s a n d e n c o u r a g e m e n t . Is h o u l d a l s o l i k e t o t h a n k t h e H a l l e y S t e w a r t T r u s t f o r a p e r s o n a l g r a n t . T h e r a b b i t s u s e d

i n t h e s e e x p e r i m e n t s w e r e p a i d f o r o u t o f a g r a n t f r o m t h e M e d i c a l R e s e a r c h C o u n c i l t o

t h e d i a b e t i c c l i n i c o f K i n g ' s C o l l e g e H o s p i t a l f o r r e s e a r c h o n d i a b e t e s .

R E F E R E N C E S

B e s t , C . H . & S c o t t , D . A . [ 1 9 2 3 ] . J . A m e r . m e d . A 8 s . 8 1 , 3 8 2 .

B r u g e r M . & F r i e d m a n ,B .

[ 1 9 3 8 ] . P r o c . S o c . e x p . B i o l . ,N . Y . ,

3 8 , 8 4 0 .B r u g s c h , T . & H o r s t e r s , H . [ 1 9 3 0 ] . A r c h . e x p . P a t h . P h a r m . 1 4 8 , 3 0 9 .

C o l e , S . W. [ 1 9 3 3 ] . P r a c t i c a l P h y s i o l o g i c a l C h e m i s t r y . C a m b r i d g e : W. H e f f e r a n d S o n s , L t d .

C o u l i p , J . B . [ 1 9 2 3 ] . J . b i o t . C h e m . 5 5 , P r o c . x v i i .D o i s y , E . A . , S o m o g y i , M . & S h a f f e r , P . A . [ 1 9 2 3 ] . J . b i o l . C h e m . 5 5 , P r o c . x x x i .

F i s h e r , N . F . & N ob l e , B . E . [ 1 9 2 3 ] . A m e r . J . P h y s i o l . 6 7 , 7 2 .G o a d b y , H . K . & R i c h a r d s o n , J . S . [ 1 9 4 0 ] . J . P h y s i o l . 9 7 , 4 1 7 .

H a g e d o r n , H . C . & - J e n s e n , B . N . [ 1 9 2 3 ] . B i o c h e m . Z . 1 3 5 , 4 6 .H a r r o w , B . & S h e r w i n , C . P . [ 1 9 3 4 ] . T h e C h e m i s t r y o f t h e H o r m o n e s , p . 5 1 . L o n d o n : B a i l l i e r e , T i n d a l l a n d

C o x .

K o z u k a , K . [ 1 9 2 7 ] . T o h o k u J . e x p . M e d . 9 , 1 3 0 .L a w r e n c e , R . D . , M a d d e r s , K . & M i l l a r , H . R . [ 1 9 3 0 ] . B r i t . J . e x p . P a t h . 1 1 , 1 1 7 .P a r t o s , A . [ 1 9 2 9 ] . P f t u r . A r c h . g e s . P h y s i o l . 2 2 1 , 5 6 2 .

U b e r r a c k , K . & Z e l l , F . [ 1 9 3 1 ] . B i o c h e m . Z . 2 3 9 , 4 2 .

W e i l e r , E . , C a s i e l l o , A . & B e r c o f f , S . [ 1 9 3 4 ] . A c t . t r a b . V . c o n g r . n a c . m i d . 4 , 9 2 6 . ( F r o m C h e m . A b s t r .n o . 3 5 5 8 . )

B i o c h e m . 1 9 4 2 , 3 6 2 5


Recommended