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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014

PRODUCTION OF ALKALINE SOLUTIONFROM PLANT PRODUCTS

Ekakitie A O1* and Osakwe A A1

Alkaline solution has been produced from Plantain hust (both ripe and unripe) maize cob and oilpalm husk. The alkaline solution produced when ashed that is at 500oC was most concentrated.Alkaline solution concentration production is in that order. 500°C>300°C>200°C. The temperatureeffect on the production or alkaline has brought out the necessity of roasting at a recommendedtemperatures. From analysis, the action present was N5+.

Keywords: Alkaline, Solution, Plant, Product, Production

*Corresponding Author: Ekakitie A O cyrilotois@gmail.com

INTRODUCTIONGenerally, there is an alarming rise in coat of

materials, laboratory reagents are not left out in

this regard. Despite the high cost of reagents,

the demand for alkaline solution in laboratory

titrations in secondary schools has risen,

moreover, the price have gone up, therefore,

making many schools handicap in carrying out

titrations. Although some schools can afford this

making them to be over populated because most

parents will want their children to offer courses

on science, chemistry being one. On the other

hand, some schools are under—populated

because of inability to buy some of the reagents

necessary in practical work. As a result of this

research project is being carried out mainly to

develop awareness and broaden the knowledge

1 Novena University Ogume, Nigeria.

Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014

ISSN 2319-5991 www.ijerst.comVol. 3, No. 3, August 2014

© 2014 IJERST. All Rights Reserved

Research Paper

of the chemistry teacher on how to improvise

alkaline for titration. Alkaline solution can be

produced from local waste—Musa paradisiacal

(plantain) husk, both the ripe (A) and the unripe

(B) Zea mays (Maize) cob (C) and Elaesis

quineensis (oil palm) husk (D), this will in no doubt

go a long way to alleviate the problem of

inadequacy of alkaline solution far titration in the

schools.

BRIEF HISTORY OF LOCALWASTE A B C AND DBotanically, there is no distinction between

banana and plantain, except that the storage of

carbohydrate in fruit takes the form of starch,

whereas in banana, it is in the form of sugar. The

plantain is an important article of diet in the

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014

Cameroon end southern Nigeria. It is mainly grown

as a compound crop and as such receives

manuring with household refuse. Zea mays I is

the widely grown crop of Niger and Benue rivers.

Some are grown as far as the north of Zaria. Much

is harvested as green cobs in the early crop. It

requires rich soil and 20-31 ins of rain in the

growing season. The main products of oil palm

is palm oil and palm kernel oil used locally and

for overseas industries for soap making. A B and

C are also used for the same purpose.

MATERIALS AND METHODSPreparation of Alkaline Solution FromLocal Waste (A B C D) Requirement

A, B, C and D

Reagents

Distilled Water

Procedure

These local waste (A B C and D) ware roasted at

200oC, 300°C, 400°C and ashed at 500oC

complete ashing was done within 6 h. During the

roasting process the original color of specimen A

B C and D turned black as follows:

A Changed from yellow to black

B Changed from green to black

C Changed from white to black

D Changed Prom brown to black

But on complete ashing all the black turned

ash white. 1.0 g mass was taken from the different

samples, after grinding into powder form by using

the motor and pestle. This mass taken from each

sample was put in 200 mL volumetric flask and

distilled water was added to make up 200 mL.

The different flasks were shaken properly,

followed by filtration of each sample. The solution

(alkaline) produced at 300°C from each sample

ware very turbid. Attempted decolonization with

animal charcoal failed. Standard solution of Hal was

prepared Specimens A B C and D distilled water gave

sodium hydroxide and trioxocarbonate (IV) acid.

Equation for Reaction

a. Na2CO3(S) + 2H2O(c) 2NOH (mq) +

H2CO3 (ag). The hydroxide produced ionizes

completely in solution, while the trioxocarbonate

(IV) acid is only partially ionized. The resulting

solution is alkaline to litmus because the

number of hydroxide ions exceeds that of

hydrogen.

b. N2OH (aq) Na+ (aq) + OH (aq).

(10 and 11)

I H2CO3 (aq) 2H + Cap) + CO23

aq. (10)

Test for Cation

Flame Test

The platinum wire was cleaned by dipping it in

concentrated hydrochloric acid rind it was heated

in the non-luminous zone of the bunsen flame.

This was repeated until no more color was

irnparted to the flame. The platinum wire was

moistered with concentrated Hal and dipped in

small portion of the isolated alkaline solution. And

it was heated again in the non-luminous zone of

the flame. The color imparted on the flame was

noted.

Specimen Observation Inference

A Golden Yellow Na + Present

B Golden Yellow Na+ Present

C Golden Yellow Na+ Present

D Golden Yellow Na+ Present

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014

This procedure was carried out on specimen

A B C and D.

Test Observation Inference

A + 2MnsOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent

9 + 2MNOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent

C + 2MneOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent

D + 2MnaOH No reaction NH4+ radical absent

Turbid

Test For Ammonium Radical

Test Observation Inference

Specimen A B C D +Sodium carbonate heat No ppt K+ absentfor five minutes

+ 2 ethanoic acid blue litmus to red acidicTest with litmus paper

+ equal volume or no yellow ppt K+ absentsodium cobalt nitrite

Test Preservation Inference

Specimen fl 8 C D + Na ppt IExcess ammonium suspectedPhosphate, boil for 5 min

+ Zinc carbonate ppt formed CO2 present

Filtrate + 2 drops No yellow pptof con HNO3 cool well PO 2-

3 absent

One drop of phosphatefree solution + drops yellow ppt Na+confirmedof zinc urany1 acetale

reagent stirred

Test Observation Inference

Specimen A B C D + 2 No white or Fe2+ absentdrops of O.5M Kfe (CN)6 pale blue ppt

Specimen A B C D + 2 No deep blue ppt Fe2+ absentdrops of Freshly prepared (tumbull’s blueK3 Fe (CN)6 Solution

Specimen A B C D + 2 No red blue Fe2 + absentdrop of 0.5m KCMS coloration

Specimen + 1ml 2NH4OH no white or pale Fe2+ absentgreen ppt

Confirmatory Test for Cation

Potassium

Sodium

Test Observation Inference

Specimen A B C D + 2 no deep blue ppt Fe3+ absentdrop 0.5m K4 Fe (CN)6(Prussian blue)

Specimen A B C D + 2 no deep brown Fe3+ absent

drops of Freshly prepared solution K3Fe (CN)6 Solution solution

Specimen A B C D + 2 no intense blood Fe3+ absentdrops of 0.5M KCNS red coloration

Specimen A B C D + 1ml no red brown ppt Fe3+ absent2 NH4OH

Iron II

Iron III

Action on Litmus Paper

The solution of A B C and D produced from the

ash turned red blue litmis paper blue quickly.

Solutions produced at 0oC turned red litmus blue,

but not as quickly as those produced at 500°C

(ashed). Those at 300°C turned red litmus to blue

slightly, but solutions produced at 200°C were very

reluctant to turn red litmus blue. The cation

present was Na+.

Quantitative Analysis

Determination of Alkalinity of SpecimenA B C D

Reagent:

Specimen A B C and D

Standard Hal of 0.16 M

Methyl orange

Apparatus:

Restort stand

Burette

Pipetle

Conical flask

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014

Titration of 0.16 Hal Against A B C D

Procedure

Readings Rough 1st (cm3) 2nd (cm3) 3rd (cm3)

Final reading 2.50 4.50 6.40 8.330

Initial reading 0.00 2.50 4,50 6.40

Vol of acid 2.50 2.00 1.90 1.90

Vol of base 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00

Example:

Specimen A at 400oC

Average volume of acid.

Equation for reaction

2.0 1.90 1.901.93

3

2NaOH + HCl 2NaCl + 2H2O

Molarity of Acid MA = 0.16 M

Molarity of Base MB = X

Volume of Acid VA = 1.963 cm3

Volume of Base VB = 25.00 cm3

31.93 0.16 0.3088

25 25

VA MAX

VB

Molarity specimen A, X = 0.0124 M

3/Concentration is g dmMolarity

Molecular Mass

Concentration = Molarity X Molecular mass.

Molarity of specimen A = 0.124 M

Molecular mass = 40 g

Concentration = 0,124 x 40 = 0.494 g/dm3

(14 and 20)

The volume of 0.16 Hal used for determining

the alkalinity of specimens A B C and D at different

temperature were determined as i9 the example

given above. The different molarities and

concentration are else calculated as shown

above.

Temperature A (cm3) B (cm3) C (cm3) D (cm3)

200°C 1.28 2. 30 0.26 1.32

300°C 1.50 3.4 1.00 1.20

400°C 1.93 5.13 1.51 1.53

500°C 6.26 18.65 4.03 9.63

These are illustrated or recorded in Tables 1,

Temperature A (m) B (m) C (m) D (m)

200°C 0.008 0.015 0.0017 0.009

300°C 0.0096 0.022 0.0064 0.0077

400°C 0.012 0.032 0.010 0.010

500°C 0.040 0.119 0.025 0.062

2 and 3.

Temperature A(g/dm3) B(g/dm3) C(g/dm3) D(g/dm3)

200°C 0.320 0.600 0.067 0.338

300°C 0.384 0.88 0.256 0.3072

400°C 0.49 1.288 0.327 0.390

500°C 1.603 4.770 1.034 2.430

Volume of HCL Used (Table 1)

Molarity of Alkaline Solution (Table 2)

Concentration of Alkalinity (Table 3)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONWhen these local wastes were roasted, Na2CO3

was formed which was one of the component

commonly present in soda ash. On carrying out

qualitative analysis, the cation present was found

to be Na+, Na2CO3 + 2H2O 2NaOH + H2CO3.

After filtration, the major compound left was

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Int. J. Engg. Res. & Sci. & Tech. 2014 Ekakitie A O and Osakwe A A, 2014

2NaOH. Filter paper was used to test the

concentration of the alkalinity, the ashed samples

alkaline solution turned red litmus blue quickest

than all others. During signified the equivalent

point, methyl orange WAS the indicator used. The

equivalent point showed that neutralization had

taken place, whereby salt and water were formed

2NaOH + 2HCl > 2NaCl + 2H2O. Tables 1, 2 and

3 showed that the concentration of alkalinity

produced at different temperatures are in that

order and i+ showed that the concentration of the

alkaline solution produced at 500°C is much, while

that produced at 200°C is the least.

The concentration of the alkaline produced

from each waste increased linearly end steadily

with increase in temperature but rose to a high

peak when ashed at 500°C. This is because most

organic compounds were burnt away allowing

much inorgant component to be concentrated.

The work in this research project is not yet

exhausted; therefore attempts should be made

by other research students to crystallize sodium

metal from these alkaline solution produces from

these local wastes. Further research analysis

should be performed on the necessary

techniques to be adopted to decolorize the

alkaline solution produced at 300oC. Research

students are also advised to try and produce

alkaline solution and other chemical reagent from

different types of local waste, that can he of great

use in laboratory titration.

CONCLUSIONThen these local wastes were roasted, soda ash

was formed which was made up of carbonate of

sodium. On analysis Na+ was confirmed present.

Conclusively, when the alkaline solution produced

from these local wastes were quantitatively

analyzed, the caution present was found to he

Na+ and concentration of alkaline solutions

increase with increased in temperature.

RECOMMENDATIONSince this research project is aimed at creating

awareness or to enlighten and broadening the

knowledge of secondary schools chemistry

teachers on how to improvise alkaline solution

for laboratory titrations, therefore complete ashing

is recommended. Although the volume of acid

used is much because of the concentration of

the alkaline solution, however, the alkaline solution

can be diluted with more distilled water, then the

volume of acid used for neutralization will then

be reduced. Roasting at 400°C is also

appreciated, since a little volume of the acid will

be needed to neutralize the alkaline solution. This

19 particularly necessary when availability of

instrument to carry out complete ashing is not

within the reach of’ the teacher. On the other hand,

roasting at 300°C is not recommended because

the solution was highly turbid and color change

cannot easily be noticed by the students.

However, there is no doubt that the research

project is successful, except for the fact that the

muffle furnace was not reading the correct

temperatures, and there was no competent

electrician to put it in order.

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