Integ Muscle to Skeletal System

8/2/2019 Integ Muscle to Skeletal System

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is composed of bones, cartilages, andligaments joined tightly to form a strong,flexible framework for the body.

Cartilage- the forerunner of most bones inembryonic and childhood development,covers many joint surfaces in the matureskeleton.

Ligaments- hold bones together at the joints. Tendons- are structurally similar to ligaments

but attach muscle to bone.


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1. Support2. Protection

3. Movement4. Blood Formation

5. Electrolyte Balance

6. Acid-Base Balance

7. Detoxification


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Bones of the legs, pelvis, and vertebralcolumn hold up the body;

the mandible supports the teeth;

nearly all bones provide support for muscles;many other soft organs are directly orindirectly supported by nearby bones.


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Bones enclose and protect the brain, spinal cord,lungs, heart, pelvic viscera, and bone marrow.

Movement Skeletal muscles would serve little purpose if not

for the rigid attachment and leverage provided bybones.

Leg and arm movements are the most obviousexamples of skeletomuscular movement; a lessobvious one is that ventilation of the lungsdepends on movement of the ribs by skeletalmuscles.


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Red bone marrow is the major producer ofblood cells, including most cells of theimmune system.

Electrolyte balance The skeleton is the bodys main mineral

reservoir. It stores calcium and phosphateand releases them according to the bodysphysiological needs.


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Bone buffers the blood against excessive pHchanges by absorbing or releasing alkalinesalts.

Detoxification Bone tissue removes heavy metals and

other foreign elements from the blood and

thus reduces their effects on nervous andother tissues. It can later release thesemore slowly for excretion.


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is a connective tissue in which the matrix ishardened by the deposition of calciumphosphate and other minerals.

The hardening process is calledmineralization or calcification. Osseous tissue is only one of the tissues that

make up a bone.

Also present are blood, bone marrow,cartilage, adipose tissue, nervous tissue, andfibrous connective tissue.


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Bones are classified into four groups accordingto their shapes and corresponding functions:

1. Long Bones - are conspicuously longer thanwide; they serve as rigid levers that are acted

upon by the skeletal muscles to producebody movements.2. Short Bones - are more nearly equal in

length and width. They have limited motion

and merely glide across one another,enabling the ankles and wrists to bend inmultiple directions.


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3. Flat Bones - enclose and protect softorgans and provide broad surfaces for muscleattachment. They include most cranial bonesand the ribs, sternum (breastbone), scapula(shoulder blade), and os coxae (hipbone).

4. Irregular Bones - have elaborate shapesthat do not fit into any of the precedingcategories. They include the vertebrae andsome of the skull bones, such as the

sphenoid and ethmoid.


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A. Cells1. Osteogenic cells - occur in the endosteum,

the inner layer of the periosteum, and in thecentral canals.

They are stem cells that arise from embryonicfibroblasts. Osteogenic cells multiplycontinually and some of them differentiateinto the osteoblasts described next.

Osteoblasts arenonmitotic, so the onlysource of new osteoblasts is mitosis anddifferentiation of the osteogenic cells.


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2. Osteoblasts are bone-forming cells thatsynthesize the organic matter of the bonematrix and help to mineralize the bone.

Stress and fractures stimulate acceleratedmitosis and differentiation of osteogeniccells, and therefore a rapid rise in thenumber of osteoblasts.


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3. Osteocytes are former osteoblasts that havebecome trapped in the matrix they deposited.They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae whichare connectedto each other by slenderchannels called canaliculi.

The processes of neighboring osteocytes arejoined by gap junctions, which allow osteocytes

to pass nutrients and chemical signals to eachother and to transfer wastes to the nearest bloodvessels for disposal.

Osteocytes are strain sensors; when they detect

strain in a bone, they communicate thisinformation to osteoblasts at the surface, then itdeposit bone where needed.


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4. Osteoclasts are bone-dissolving cellsfound on the bone surface. They developfrom the same bone marrow cells thatproduce monocytes of the blood.


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by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter. The organic matter includes collagen and various

protein-carbohydrate complexes such as

glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, andglycoproteins. The inorganic matter is about 85%hydroxyapatite, a crystallized calcium phosphate

salt [Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2], 10% calcium carbonate(CaCO3), and lesser amounts of magnesium,sodium, potassium, fluoride, sulfate, carbonate,and hydroxide ions.


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Integ Muscle to Skeletal System

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