Integrated Crop Production

IntegratedIntegrated CropCrop

ProductionProduction

practicepractice

2525thth--2626thth OctoberOctober 20102010

TaxonomyTaxonomy

MonocotyledonopsidaMonocotyledonopsida

PoaceaePoaceae ((GramineaeGramineae))

DicotyledonopsidaDicotyledonopsida

PolygonaceaePolygonaceae

AmarantaceaeAmarantaceae

ChenopodiaceaeChenopodiaceae

CompositaeCompositae

CruciferaeCruciferae ((BrassicaceaBrassicacea))

EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbiaceae

PapaveraceaePapaveraceae

CucurbitaceaeCucurbitaceae

LinaceaeLinaceae

CannabinaceaeCannabinaceae

FabaceaeFabaceae

GrainGrain cropscrops

Species:Species:

WheatWheat

RyeRye

OatsOats

BarleyBarley

TriticaleTriticale

MaizeMaize

RiceRice

SorghumSorghum

MilletMillet

BuckwheatBuckwheat

GrainGrain cropscrops: : flourflour cancan be made of be made of thethe graingrain

CategoriesCategories::

MonocotMonocot grainsgrains//

CerealsCereals

CerCer. . inin earear / / paniclepanicle

BreadBread--cerealscereals

CerealsCereals

barley

wheatrye

SeedSeed and and earear//spikeletspikelet

CerealsCereals

winter barley

wheat

rye

spring barley

oats

triticale

EurostatEurostat [ha][ha]

2007 2008 2009

Cereal 2765000 2908200 2875400

Wheat 1111300 1130200 1141800

Winter wheat 1092800 1112400 1119000

Spring wheat 10600 9400 9100

Durum wheat 7900 8500 13800

Rye 39800 43600 40500

Barley 321500 329600 321400

Winter barley 182700 200500 195800

Spring barley 138800 129000 125600

Oats 60000 61200 52100

Maize 1078800 1191800 1166600

Sorghum 4700 3900 4300

Triticale 130400 131200 124800

Other cereals 15900 13900 21100

Rice 2600 2500 2700

CerealsCereals inin thethe WorldWorld

1400 1400 millionmillion ha ha croplandcropland

680680--700 700 millionmillion ha ha cerealscereals

22002200--2300 2300 millionmillion t t yieldyield

700 700 millmill. t . t maizemaize, 600 , 600 millmill. t . t wheatwheat, 600 , 600 millmill. t . t ricerice

2300 2300 millionmillion t / 6500 t / 6500 millionmillion peoplepeople = 0,35 t/= 0,35 t/capcap. .

(350 kg)(350 kg)1 kg / 1 kg / dayday / / capcap. . cerealcereal consumptionconsumption

UsageUsage

1 kg 1 kg wheatwheat –– 800 g 800 g flourflour –– 1,4 kg 1,4 kg breadbread

ForFor 1 kg of 1 kg of meatmeat ((porkpork, , poultrypoultry) ) –– 33--4 kg 4 kg cerealcereal

WheatWheat

ProductionProduction cyclecycle of of wheatwheat

precropprecrop –– givengiven yearsyears cultureculture–– postcroppostcrop

ElementsElements of of technologytechnology::

Species and Species and subspeciessubspecies choosingchoosing

SoilSoil managementmanagement

NutrientNutrient managementmanagement

SowingSowing

PlantPlant protectionprotection//keepingkeeping

HarvestingHarvesting

Post Post harvestharvest

PlacePlace inin spacespace and and inin cropcrop rotationrotation

Climatic and soil demandClimatic and soil demand

Continental climate, Continental climate, --20 20 -- +40 +40 ooCC

Precipitation: min 300 mm, 500Precipitation: min 300 mm, 500--600 is optimal600 is optimal

Soil: almost every soil type in Hungary, but culture state is Soil: almost every soil type in Hungary, but culture state is important!important!

Precrop demandPrecrop demand

Good: Fabacea, rape, lentil, ect.Good: Fabacea, rape, lentil, ect.

Should be early harvested and not high water consumerShould be early harvested and not high water consumer

Monoculture: max 2 years (Rhodamsted)Monoculture: max 2 years (Rhodamsted)







SowingSowing




GenealogyGenealogy

diploiddiploid tetraploidtetraploid hexaploidhexaploid(alakor)(alakor) ((tönketönke)) (tönköly)(tönköly)nn--77 nn--1414 nn--2121

Wild Wild wheatwheat T. T. boeticumboeticum T. T. dicoccoidesdicoccoides

T.T. aegilopsaegilops T. T. timopheevitimopheevi

CultCult.,., T.monococcumT.monococcum T. T. dicoccumdicoccum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp

withwith glumeglume speltaspelta

T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp

vavilovivavilovi

awnlessawnless T. durumT. durum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspssp

wheatwheat T. T. turgidumturgidum vulgarevulgare

T. T. turanicumturanicum T. T. aestivumaestivum sspsspT. T. polonicumpolonicum compactumcompactumT. T. carthlicumcarthlicum T. T. sphaerococcumsphaerococcum

MacKey nyománMacKey nyomán







SowingSowing










SowingSowing




NutrientNutrient management management forfor wheatwheat

PhosphorusPhosphorus and and potassiumpotassium shouldshould be be givengiven inin autumnautumn

1/4 1/4 oror 1/3 of N 1/3 of N beforebefore sowingsowing, , thethe less less inin springspring timetime inin oneone orortwotwo partsparts broadcastedbroadcasted byby topdressingtopdressing

Total Total demanddemand forfor 1 t 1 t yieldyield withwith sideside--productproduct::

NN 27 kg27 kg

PP22OO55 11 kg11 kg

KK22OO 18 kg18 kg

CaOCaO 6 kg6 kg

MgOMgO 2 kg2 kg

MicroelementsMicroelements

EffectEffect of N of N fertilisationfertilisation

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

N - 0 N - 60 N - 120 N - 180 N - 240 N - 300

t/h

a

kg/ha

Winter wheat N demand without irrigation(Bocz-Pepó-Pepó, 1983)

Mv-10

Baranjka

Jubilejnaja

N. Rana 2







SowingSowing




SowingSowing of of wheatwheat

OptimalOptimal numbernumber of of germsgerms 44--5 5 millionmillion / ha/ ha

Less Less –– betterbetter qualityquality

More More –– higherhigher quantityquantity

ExtremityExtremity: 2,8: 2,8--7,5 7,5 millionmillion / ha/ ha

DepthDepth: 3: 3--5 cm5 cm

RowsRows: 10: 10--15 cm15 cm

Time: Time: OctoberOctober







SowingSowing




ProtectionProtection

AbioticAbiotic harmsharms::

FrozeningFrozening (3 (3 typestypes))

WaterWater balancebalance problemsproblems

Weeds:Weeds: Not so big problam as wheat has a Not so big problam as wheat has a

high density on fieldhigh density on field

Perennial weeds, if annuals appeares Perennial weeds, if annuals appeares that means management problemsthat means management problems

Bromus spp., PapaBromus spp., Papavver rhoes, er rhoes, Veronica spp, Galium aparine, Veronica spp, Galium aparine, Tripleurospermum inodorum, Apera Tripleurospermum inodorum, Apera spicaspica--ventiventi

Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus Cirsium arvense, Convolvulus arvensisarvensis

PestsPests:: ZabrusZabrus tenebrioidestenebrioides

OulemaOulema melanopusmelanopus

EurigasterEurigaster spsp

AnisopliaAnisoplia spsp..

DipteraDiptera spsp..

DiseasesDiseases::

TilletisTilletis, , UstilagoUstilago

PucciniaPuccinia sppspp..

FusariumFusarium sppspp..

BlumeriaBlumeria graminisgraminis

SeptoriaSeptoria triticitritici







SowingSowing






UnderUnder 20% of 20% of humidityhumidity

InIn oneone stepstep withwith combinecombine


DependingDepending onon thethe aimaim of of useuse

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

VI.1. VI.3. VII.2. VIII.1.

nedvesség %

MilkMilk ripenripen

WaxWax ripenripen

FullFull ripeningripening

AreasAreas

QualityQuality parametersparameters

hlhl--wightwight

ThousandThousand kernel kernel weightweight

VitrousenessVitrouseness

ZelenyZeleny--indexindex

HagbergHagberg fallingfalling numbernumber

AlveographAlveograph (W)(W)

FarinographFarinograph

StarchStarch and and glutengluten

Carbohidrate (65-

68%) and other

components

Protein (13-16%)Gluten protein(28-

40%)

FallingFalling numbernumber

Refering to Refering to

enzyme activityenzyme activity

The appearance of The appearance of

active life active life

proceduresprocedures

FarinographFarinograph

The The structurestructure of of farinogramfarinogram

AA

BB CC

EETTDD

AA DoughDough consistenceconsistence

BB DurationDuration of of doughdough formationformation

CC DurabilityDurability of of doughdough

DD ElasticityElasticity of of doughdough

EE DeclineDecline of of doughdough consistenceconsistence

TT FarinographicFarinographic areaarea cmcm22AfterAfter RagasitsRagasits 19981998

The The farinogramfarinogram ofof

goodgood badbad

qualityquality wheatwheat

The The glutengluten contentcontent

1999

2001

EffectEffect of of splitsplit N N treatmenttreatment onon wheatwheat

qualityquality

33,6

64,3

35,6

71,6

41,6

82,2

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0 1x 2x

sikér % farinográfos érték

VitrousenessVitrouseness

The measurement of hlThe measurement of hl--weightweight

BarleyBarley

Spring Spring barleybarley, , winterwinter barleybarley

2 2 rowsrows, 6 (4) , 6 (4) rowsrows

DistinctionDistinction fromfrom wheatwheat::

SowingSowing timetime

HarvestingHarvesting timetime

AimAim of of useuse

RyeRye

DistinctionDistinction fromfrom wheatwheat

MorphologicalMorphological

TechnologicalTechnological ((sowingsowing, ,

harvestingharvesting))

AimAim of of useuse

TriticaleTriticale –– ryerye x x wheatwheat

hybridhybrid

Oats

One of the oldest cereals –used from the neolit

More inportance worldwidely than in Hungary

Feeding horse and rabbit

Oat-flakes – human consumption

SummarySummary of of cerealscereals

Area (ha)Area (ha) YieldYield UseUseSowing Sowing

timetimeHarvesting timeHarvesting time

WheatWheat 1-1.2 million 3.5-5.5 t/ha Bread, forage 1-20 of Oct.End of June –

middle of July

Winter Winter

barleybarley200 000 3.5-4 t/ha Forage

20 Sept-

5 Oct

Second part of

June

Spring Spring

barleybarley150 000 3-3.5 t/ha beer 1-20 Mars End of June

OatsOats 60-65 000 2-2.5 t/ha Forage25 Feb-

15 MarsMiddle of July

RyeRye 50 000 2-2.5 t/ha Forage, bread 20-30 Sept. Middle of July

CroppingCropping timetime

greengreen::

sowingsowing

redred::

harvestingharvesting

lightgreenlightgreen::

CroppingCroppingtimetime

ForFor potatopotato::

k: k: earlyearly

t: t: forfor storingstoring

Winter wheat

Winter barley

Spring barley

Rye

Oats

Triticale

Maize

Sunflower

Rape

Pea

Soya

Potato

Sugar beet

Alfalfa

Red clover

TestTest

QuestionsQuestions::

--ListList atat leastleast 5 5 cerealscereals!!

--WhatWhat areare optimaloptimal sowingsowing parametersparameters forfor wheatwheat??

Maize

Maize production in the world and in Hungary

One of the crops with the biggest area in Hungary – 1-1.3 million ha, and rising

That means the 1/3-1/4 of total cropping area

Used for:

Forage (grain, silage)

Industrial purposes (bioetanol!)

Human consumption

ha 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

World 138619753 139117201 138630474 143913593 147262766 147576740

Hungary 1192702 1258120 1205817 1144735 1190140 1196000

Botany of maize

Gramineae

Parents:

Unknown X teosinte

Monoecious, unisex flowers but bouth male and female on each plant

C4 photosynthesis

Short-day plant

Tropical origin

Subspecies:

Dent corn

Sweet maize (4-6 % of

free sugar)

Popcorn

Soft corn

Waxy corn

Flour corn

Pod corn

Morphology

•Very variable plant, lots of types,

first hybrids in 1930s

•In Hungary, grain producing dent

corn has the biggest importance

Ontogenesis

•In adequate conditions

(moisture, air, 10-12 Co) seed

begins to germinat

Vegetative part

•Root system

•Leafs (LAI - 3,5)

•Stam (40 % of total weight)

•Monocot plant

•Nodes and internodes

•One leaf/node

Generative part

Male part is a panicle

Fertilized by wind

Proterandria

Product

•Seeds are the product

- Basic food for monogastric animals (pig –

20-24%, poultry – 22-24%)

Harvesting, quality

Different harvestingmethods Whole ear

Grains (wet or dry)

CCM - corn cob mix

LKS - Liesch Kolben Schrot

Whole plant - silage

Seed

protein - 8-10% - few!

(-correlation with yield)

oil - 3-5 % - in germ

starch – 65-85% (25 % amiloze, 75% amilopectin)

free sugar 1,8 %

Hybrids

1. SC: (A x B) single cross

2. TC: (A x B) x C three-way cross

3. DC: (A x B)x(D x C) double cross

4. MC: …x (E x F) multi cross

SC has best performance but it has the most

expensive seed

Species and subspecies choosingSpecies and subspecies choosing

Big yield potential

FAO number

Stability of stem

High density toleration

Intensivity tolerance

Good manure reaction

Quality – depending on use

Ecological demands

- Short-day plant

- Temperature – optimal: 19-27 Co

- Water - 450-580 mm

- Good soil

- pH optimum: 6,6 – 7,5

- Ca in soil

- Irrigation

Precrops

May tolerate monoculture

+ : winter wheat, lucerne

medium: sunflower, tobacco

- : sugar beet, plants with high water demand

FAO number

Refering the lenght of breeding season and water

loosing

Has no dimension

9 groups (FAO 100-900), in Hungary 200-600

Higher FAO number means higher yield, but

500-600 hybrides can be used only in the

southern part of Hungary

Nutrient management

N 28 kg/t

P 11 kg/t

K 30 kg/t

Ca 8 kg/t

Mg 3 kg/t

P and K at the autumn time

N at spring

Organic manure has good effect

Sowing

By seed

Time – 10-30th April,

depending on soil temperature

Rows – 70-76 cm

Plant distance – density

toleration

Depht – 5-10 cm, soil moisture

FAO number

Aim of cropping (kernel/silo)

Cold-test

Protection

•Most important: weed control (mechanical,

chemical)

•Important weeds: Amaranthus,

Chenopodium, Ambrosia, Echinocloa,

Sorghum

•Triazin resistent weed varieties

•Pests:

•soil born, Helicoverpa, aphids,

Tanymecus, Ostrinia

•Diabrotica – new one, no more

monoculture

•Diseases:

•Not so important under our climate

•Ustilago, Fusatium, Sporiosorium,

MDMV

Harvesting, post harvest•Harvest time: from August to

November – depending on

FAO no

•Black layer

•Different harvesting methods

•Drying

•Optimal storage condition

Moisture content is at 14-

15%

Seed production

method SC TC DC

1st year A x B A x B A x B és C x D

2nd year AB x C AB x CD

product Seed for trading

FiberFiber cropscrops

FiberFiber cropscrops

In Hungary two of fiber crops can we used, but In Hungary two of fiber crops can we used, but

production of flax is more riskful because of production of flax is more riskful because of

it’s higher water demand. Hemp would be it’s higher water demand. Hemp would be

easier.easier.

Breeding fiber crops in tropical, subtropical Breeding fiber crops in tropical, subtropical

areas is most commun. Other species: cotton, areas is most commun. Other species: cotton,

kenaf, rami, yukka, jute, musa, Abutilonkenaf, rami, yukka, jute, musa, Abutilon

HempHemp (Cannabis (Cannabis sativasativa))

PhloemPhloem fiberfiber

RougherRougher thanthan flaxflax

UseUse forfor roperope, , sacksack, ,

pulppulp--textilstextils

SideSide--productproduct –– artificialartificial

woodwood forfor furnituresfurnitures

THC THC contentcontent

OriginOrigin

FromFrom middlemiddle--AsiaAsia

CannabinaceaeCannabinaceae familyfamily, Cannabis genus, Cannabis genus

YieldYield: 7,5: 7,5--9 t/ha, 9 t/ha, fiberfiber contentcontent: 23: 23--24%24%

MorphologyMorphology

The The rootsroots of of malemale cannabis cannabis areare weakerweaker

The The stamstam becomesbecomes more and more more and more woodywoody

ReacheReache thethe 100100--300 cm of 300 cm of highhigh and 3and 3--9 mm of 9 mm of diameterdiameter

The The longlong and and thinthin stemstem is is usefuluseful

Male Male hemphemp produceproduce betterbetter qualityquality

TipicalTipical leafsleafs

DividedDivided sexualitysexuality

TKW: TKW: 1717--25 g 25 g

ClimateClimate and and soilsoil demanddemand

Total Total heatheat demanddemand: : 18001800--2000 2000 ooCC

NeedNeed muchmuch heatheat

WaterWater demanddemand: 550 mm : 550 mm ((JuneJune and and JulyJuly is is

importantimportant!)!)

GratefulGrateful forfor goodgood soilsoil ((e.ge.g.: .: chernozemchernozem))

PrecropPrecrop: : monoculturemonoculture oror cerealscereals

NutritionNutrition managementmanagement

HighHigh nutritionnutrition demanddemand

N: N: forfor drymatterdrymatter

K: K: forfor qualityquality of of fiberfiber cellscells

P: P: strongnessstrongness and and flexibilityflexibility

N 15 kg/t , K 8 kg/t, P 4 kg/t.N 15 kg/t , K 8 kg/t, P 4 kg/t.

N N inin twotwo partpart

KK22SOSO4 4 is is betterbetter (Cl!)(Cl!)

SoilSoil management, management, sowingsowing

Need deep soilsNeed deep soils

Sowing time: end of march, beginning of aprilSowing time: end of march, beginning of april

Depht: 3Depht: 3--4 cm4 cm

Small row distanceSmall row distance

Density: 4 Density: 4 –– 4,5 million germs/ha4,5 million germs/ha

ProtectionProtection

No weedsNo weeds

Pests: Psylloides, Grapholita, OstriniaPests: Psylloides, Grapholita, Ostrinia

Diseases: Pythium, Sclerotinia, BotrytisDiseases: Pythium, Sclerotinia, Botrytis

Techniques: seed treatement, canopy treatementTechniques: seed treatement, canopy treatement

Desiccation Desiccation


Male Male hemphemp is is readyready 2020--25 25 daysdays earlierearlier

Time of Time of harvestingharvesting: : beginningbeginning ofof augustaugust

DesiccationDesiccation

SpecialSpecial harvesterharvester

CutCut thethe hemphemp

BindBind a a sheafsheaf

LetLet itit drydry ((toto 1212--14 % of 14 % of moisturemoisture) ) inin a a heapheap

MakeMake balesbales

TestTest

Questions:Questions:

--what the FAO number is?what the FAO number is?

ThankThank youyou forfor youryour

attentionattention!!

Köszönöm a figyelmet!Köszönöm a figyelmet!

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