Lessons learnt after the Prestige, 14.11.03 Olaf Trieschmann, BfG Seite 1
Integration of satellite images into the aerial surveillance:
Fusion of Aircraft and Satellite Borne Remote Sensing to Improve the Observation of Oil
Spills over the European seas
Lessons learnt after the Prestige, 14.11.03 Olaf Trieschmann, BfG Seite 2
Contents
Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG)Oil spill surveillance from spaceAirborne surveillance activitiesOCEANIDESDiscussion on
the specific properties and advantages of the individual sensors respectively the sensor systems. a decision schema on operating these systems
Proposal for a combined approach of airborne and satellite systems
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Surveillance tasksDeterring potential polluters
Protecting theenvironment Supporting
combating vessels
Maritime security Permanent sur-veillance activities
Multi purpose usage
Int. Co-operation
Collecting of evidence
Verification of spills
Ensuring technicalsustainability
Collecting statistical data
Prosecution of polluters
Documentation on location
Data storage
Quantifying
Classifying
Supporting for decision on combating
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Technologies/Sensors for Oil Spill Surveillance
Remote sensing devices: today most commonly used for oil spill detection and include a range of instruments.Collecting data requires different platforms and/or types of sensor depending on where the data is collected from: ground, air, or space:
Traditional
SLAR/SAR
LFS
IR/UV
FLIR
MWR
Air-borne
camera+
video+
GPS
Satellite
SAR
Visual
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Envisat's ASAR Image of Prestige Oil Spill
20.11.2002Credits: ESA
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Coverage statistics
Cumulated histogram of the coverage of the satellite images of the German territorial waters in the year 2003.
North Sea Baltic Sea
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
all
> 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 >
95
Coverage in %
Num
ber
of
over
pas
ses
Radarsat Noth Sea Envisat North Sea
Coverage ofthe aerial
surveillance
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
all
> 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 >95
Cover age in %
Num
ber
of o
verp
asse
s
Radarsat Balt ic Sea Envisat Balt ic Sea
Coverage ofthe aerialsurveil lance
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Coverage statistics - cont’d
Temporal distribution of the satellite overpasses in the summer 2004 (mean coverage of 56% to 58% in the)
North Sea Baltic SeaNorth Sea
0
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4
01.
07.
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08.
07.0
3
15.0
7.0
3
22.
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29.
07.0
3
05.
08.0
3
12.0
8.0
3
19.
08.
03
26.
08.0
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02.
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.03
09.0
9.0
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23.
09.0
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30.0
9.0
3
Date
Num
ber o
f ove
rpas
ses/
day
Baltic Sea
0
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4
01.0
7.03
08.0
7.03
15.0
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22.0
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29.0
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12.0
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19.0
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26.0
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02.0
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09.0
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16.0
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23.0
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30.0
9.03
Date
Num
ber
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over
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ses/
day
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Overview of the sensors on board of the Do228LM
Wide-range sensor (Line-scanner: ± 30 km)
Sideward Looking Airborne Radar (SLAR)
Narrow-range sensors (Line-scanner: ca. ± 250 m)
Infrared/Ultraviolet Scanner (IR/UV)Microwave-Radiometer (MWR)Laser-Fluoro Sensor (LFS)
Forward Looking Infrared Camera (FLIR)
Satellite Communication via Inmarsat
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Comparison of the sensor capabilities
Visual SLAR UV IR MWR LFS Satellite(RADARSAT)
Range @ 300m flightaltitude
approx.±3km
wide,±30km narrow, ±250m narrow, ±75m 300x300km
Classification capabilities no no yes nosensitivity on oil filmthickness N.A. N.A. >0.1µm >10µm 50µm to
2.5mm0.1 µm to 20µm N.A.
Spatial resolution high 60m by30m (perp.) 3.5m 3.5m >5m 10m pixel-to-
pixel distance 50m
Detection of oil spillsbelow surface no no yes no
Operating at night no yes no yes yes yes yesFilm thicknessdetermination
Appearanceof oil slick no yes, 50µm
to 2.5mmyes, 0.1 µm to20 µm no
Measuring geometry visual Line-by-line, 20 Hz Conical, 5Hz image
Impaired by no no clouds clouds no clouds, flightaltitude no
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Comparison of airborne and satellite data
Satellite:
+ Large-scale coverage
+ Provides alert functionality
+ 24 hours operation
+ Independent of weather condition
+ Monitoring of shipping routes
+ Providing long-term statistical data
- Low repetition rate or high number of satellites needed
- Lower spatial resolution
Airborne:
+ High spatial resolution
+ Ground truth capability
+ Classification of oil species
+ Determination of layer thickness
+ Evidence ensuring
+ Communication link between aircraft and vessel
+ Commandable
- Low spatial coverage
- Cost intensive
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OCEANIDES"Harmonised Monitoring, Reporting, And Assessment of Illegal Marine
Oil Discharges”
Evaluation of satellite information in terms of reliability andcompleteness of oil spill recognition in comparison with aircraft measurements,Definition of the nomenclature of the data, Providing time and space resolved statistical density information of spills and surveillance coverage,
Hot spotshighest incident rate
trends analysis on marine oil pollution
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Exerciseexercise on recognition reliability and completenesstaking the workflow of the aerial surveillance into account
Preparing aircraft
0hSatellite overpassAircraft is airborne
Oil slick detection and reporting
On location (centre of EEZ) Alerting of the coast guard 1h
Aircraft is on location 2h15min
Comparison, Evaluation
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preliminary resultsAttribute Radarsat-1 SAR Aircraft
Date/Time 15 July 2003 17:19 UTC
15 July 2003 19:24 UTC
Position 55° 29’ 02” N 005° 03’ 25” E
55° 28.3 N005° 06.0 E
Length x Width 8.1 x 0.8 Km 6.6 x 1.6 Km
Cover area NA 65%
Area 2.316 Km2 6.86 Km2
Volume NA 16.47 m3
Wind speed and direction
NA 3 bft from 96°
Orientation NW-SE NA
Probability High NA
Comments Oil platform (DAN F). Medium contrast slick.
End of Trace 55°28.4N 005° 00.1E Oil Rig DAN-FOX-C
Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatiale canadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.
Aircraft SLAR 19:24 UTC
Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Narrow Near15 July 2003 17:19:46 UTC
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Comparison Aircraft – Satellite (cont’d)
43%
57%YesNo
12 oil slicks were additionally found during the pollution control flights:
Verification of Oil Spills found by Satellites
Verified Number Yes 22 No 29 Not checked 46 Sum 97
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Envisat data copyright ESA/KSAT 2003
Envisat Wide Swath VV21 July 2003 19:54:43 UTC
Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatiale canadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.
Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Narrow Near21 July 2003 16:05:25 UTC
preliminary results
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Envisat Wide Swath VV21 July 2003 19:54:43 UTC
Envisat data copyright ESA/KSAT 2003
reported
Not reported
Radarsat-1 data copyright Canadian Space Agency/agence spatialecanadienne 2003.Processed and distributed by KSAT.
preliminary results
Radarsat-1 ScanSAR Narrow Near21 July 2003 16:05:25 UTC
Aircraft at 20:00 UTCVolume 0.008 m3
8 kts wind from 260° Aircraft at 23:26 UTCVolume 0.388 m3
10 kts wind from 220°
reported
not reported
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Proposal for an Integrated System
Coastguards, frontier guards
etc
real-time
national statistics
early warnings for clean-ups
Satellites Vessels Aircraft
hot spots
Regional sea-basin bodies, OSPAR, HELCOM etc
policing
European Environment Agency
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Decision Schema for Satellite/Airborne Surveillance
Task ? Coastline ? Platform
Compact coastline
Combating support Aircraft
SurveillanceLarge coastline Satellite
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Conclusion
For combating purposes a permanent airborne operation support isessentialA communication link between aircraft and vessel is necessaryThe advantages of a combined/co-ordinated surveillance approach is
1. an improved deterrent effect that will hopefully prevent pollution,2. a more rapid response to spills, which will minimise environmental
damage in coastal waters and on the coastline,3. provide information services that will keep the citizen informed, and4. a better statistical analysis of the spatial and temporal oil spill
distribution.Necessities:
1. International co-operation,2. International exercises, and3. Co-ordinated emergency planning.
Int. Sharing of surveillance capacities is desirable
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