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Integumentary,Integumentary,Integumentary,Integumentary, Skeletal, Skeletal, Skeletal, Skeletal,

andandandandMuscular SystemsMuscular SystemsMuscular SystemsMuscular Systems

By: Mrs. Bailey

Biology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content Standards4. 4. 4. 4. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization

of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and

function of organs determine their relationships within body

systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform

its normal functions.

4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal, smooth

and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons) works

with other systems to support and allow for movement.

Recognize that bones produce both red and white blood cells.

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary System• Skin

• Hair

• )ails

• Sebaceous glands

• Sweat glands

Integumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary SystemIntegumentary System

• Protection

• Sensation

• Regulate Body Temperature

• Vitamin D production

• Remove waste products

FunctionsFunctions

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SkinSkinSkinSkin• EpidermisEpidermis – outerouter layer of skin

1. Contains keratinocyteskeratinocytes – make keratin (waterproof)

2. Contains melanocytesmelanocytes – make melaninmelanin (brown pigment)

3. Contains )O blood vessels.

• DermisDermis – middle middle layer of skin

1. Contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, nerve endings,

glandsglands, sensory receptors, smooth muscles, and hair

follicles.

• HypodermisHypodermis – inner layer of skin - contains

adipose tissue.

HairHairHairHairHairHairHairHair• Covers almost every body surface.

• Protection from cold, UV light and dirt/

particles entering

nose, ears, & eyes.

• Produced by cells

rapidly dividing at the

at base of the

hair folliclehair follicle.

Made up of dead cells filled with keratin!Hair Shaft

Sebaceous

gland – makes

sebum (oil)

Arrector pili

muscle

Hair Follicle

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• )ail Body – visible part of the nail

• )ail Root – part of the nail hidden

by the cuticle – where nails GROW!

• Cuticle – skin fold covering the root

of the nail

• Lunula - crescent shaped white area

under the proximal nail bed

• )ail Bed – the formative layer of

cells at the base of the fingernail or

toenail; the matrix.

NailsNailsNailsNailsNailsNailsNailsNailsTightly packed, hard, keratinized cells NailsNailsNailsNails

Where nails

grow from!

• Bones

• Cartilage

• Ligaments

Skeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal SystemSkeletal System• Protection: encases most internal organs

• Support: allows body positions

• Movement: muscle attachments for movement

• Formation of blood cells: blood cells are released from bone marrow

• Mineral Storage: CalciumCalcium, , PhosphorusPhosphorus

Functions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of BoneFunctions of Bone

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206 bones

in an adult!

Axial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial SkeletonAxial Skeleton

• Skull

• Vertebral column

• Rib cage

Supports the central axis of the body.

Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton

• Arms/Legs

• Pectoral girdle

• Pelvic girdle

Types of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of BonesTypes of Bones

• Long

• Short Skull

• Flat

• Irregular

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Shape & Function– Long Bones

Act as levers -- Femur, Humerus

– Short Bones

Offer support and shock absorption --

Carpals, Tarsals

– FlatProtect and offer large muscle attachment sites --

Skull, scapula, ribs, and sternum

– Irregular – often in groups; have specialized functions

-- Vertebral bones, facial bones

Types of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone TissueTypes of Bone Tissue

Compact BoneCompact BoneCompact BoneCompact Bone

Cancellous BoneCancellous BoneCancellous BoneCancellous Bonea.k.a. Spongy Bone

dense and ““““solid”””” in appearance

open space partially filled by an assemblage of

needle-like structures.

Great strength – minimum weight!

(Haversian canal)

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•• When level of blood calciumWhen level of blood calcium , PTH is released by

the parathyroid glands …

1. Tells osteoclasts to break down bone and release calcium

into the blood.

2. Tells kidneys to reabsorb more calcium from the urine.

3. Stimulates vitamin D synthesis.

•• When level of blood calciumWhen level of blood calcium , calcitonin is released

by the thyroid gland …

1. Tells osteoblasts to make more bone to remove calcium

from the blood.

2. Inhibits osteoclasts.

Regulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium LevelsRegulation of Blood Calcium Levels

)egative Feedback Loop!

Red Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone MarrowRed Bone Marrow• It is a special type of

connective tissue and is

found in the central canal

of certain long bones and

in the spaces of spongy

bone in some areas.

• It is the site of blood cell site of blood cell

productionproduction.

CartilageCartilageCartilageCartilageCartilageCartilageCartilageCartilage• Dense, fibrous, and

extremely flexible.

• Skeleton of embryo.

• )etwork of fibers made

up of collagencollagen and

elastinelastin.

• OssificationOssification:

Cartilage ���� Bone

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

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13.

14.

15.

19.

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21.

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24.

16.

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18.

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Types of Joints• Immovable joints

– Fixed joints – no movement

– Example: Sutures of skull

• Slightly moveable joints

– Small amount of restricted movement

– Example: Joints between vertebrae

• Freely moveable joints

– Permit movement in 1 or more directions

– Example: Shoulder joint

Types of

Freely Movable Joints

Ball and

Socket Joint

Hinge Joint

Types of

Freely Movable Joints

Saddle Joint

Pivot Joint

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Joint capsuleJoint capsuleJoint capsuleJoint capsulesac enclosing a joint.

Synovial membraneSynovial membraneSynovial membraneSynovial membrane moist

membrane which lines the inner surface

and secretes synovial fluid (lubricates

and nourishes the joint).

MenisciMenisciMenisciMenisciCartilage disks that act as a cushion

between the ends of bones. They

usually divide the joint cavity in two.

BursaeBursaeBursaeBursaeFound in some freely movable

joints – A sac of synovial

membrane filled with synovial

fluid. Associated with bony

prominences. KNEE & ELBOW

BursitisInflammation of a bursa

ArthritisInflammation of one or

more joints

Skeletal muscles

Muscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular SystemMuscular System

Quadriceps

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2.

3.

4.

5.

6.7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

Function of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of MusclesFunction of Muscles1. Movement1. Movement

2. Maintain posture2. Maintain posture

3. Stabilize joints3. Stabilize joints

4. Generate heat4. Generate heat

Function Function ofof Skeletal Muscle Skeletal Muscle TissueTissue

Excitability (Irritability) – ability to receive

and respond to a stimulus.

Contractility – ability to shorten

when an adequate stimulus is received.

Extensibility - ability to lengthen when it is

relaxed and not being stimulated.

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A very special organelle!

Filled with

acetylcholine

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Belly of muscle

Muscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle ActionsMuscle Actions

Muscles

work in

opposing

pairs!

Skeletal muscles

are always found in

antagonistic pairs

Point at which the muscle

attaches to a relatively stable

part of the skeleton.

Point at which the muscle

attaches to the skeletal

part which is moved when

it contracts.Joint as

““““fulcrum””””

Muscles that

move a body

part DO )OT

lie over that

part, but instead

lie close to it!Bone as

““““lever””””

Biology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content StandardsBiology Content Standards4. 4. 4. 4. Anatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyAnatomy and PhysiologyBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad ConceptBroad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization

of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and

function of organs determine their relationships within body

systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform

its normal functions.

4.5 Explain how the muscular/skeletal system (skeletal,

smooth and cardiac muscle, bones, cartilage, ligaments,

tendons) works with other systems to support and allow for

movement.

Recognize that bones produce both red and white blood

cells.