THE DEP-ED INTEL FORMAT (PART 1)Easy, breezy, beautiful

Previous Format

TitleTable of ContentsList of Figures and Tables

Abstract

Previous Format Chapter 1 – The Problem and its

Setting Chapter 2 – Review of Related

Literature Chapter 3 – Materials and

Methods Chapter 4 – Results and

Discussion Chapter 5 – Conclusions and

Recommendations

Previous FormatAcknowledgmentBibliographyAppendices

Title Table of Contents List of Figures and Tables Abstract

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Research Plan Materials and Methods Treatments / General procedures

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Introduction Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Results and Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Bibliography Acknowledgments

Dep-Ed - Intel Format

Write what you mean, mean what you write

Writing with the Dep-Ed Intel Format

The Title

Brief Simple

Catchy Leading

TITLE

Make or Break partSays a lot about your research project

TITLE

Formulated before the start of the research

It may be revised and refined later if there is a need

TITLE

It must be brief and concise as possible.

Avoid the terms – a study of, an analysis of, an investigation of, etc.

Examples

The antimicrobial effect of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread

The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)

Improvements The antimicrobial effect of

Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) against Staphylococcus aureus

In vitro antrimicrobial activity of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract against Staphylococcus aureus

Antibacterial and phytochemical screening of Sampaguita (Jasminium sambac L.) leaves ethanolic extract

Improvements

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) as an alternative flour ingredient for bread

Analysis of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour as an alternative ingredient in breadmaking

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) flour and commercial flour in breadmaking: a comparative study

Improvements

The antifungal effect of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)

Screening of antifungal activity of Mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth on corn (Zea mays L.)

Characterization of corn (Zea mays L.) resistance against yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae L.) growth: An antifungal study via mango (Mangifera indica L.) fruit extract

Table of Contents

Lists the title of the different parts including the title of each important subdivision with the corresponding page number

Example

Introduction ------------------------------------------------- 5Background of the Study ------------------------------- 5Statement of the Problem ------------------------------ 7Significance of the Study ------------------------------- 8Scope and Limitations ----------------------------------- 9Review of Related Literature ------------------------- 10

The Mango: a versatile fruit --------------------- 11

Corn damage by yeast --------------------------- 13

Abstract

short concise

summary

250 words max

Abstract

Purpose of the studyBrief description of the methods

ResultsImportant conclusions

Abstract

Purpose of the studyAn introductory statement of the reason for investigating the topic of the project.

A statement of the problem or hypothesis being studied.

Abstract

Brief description of the methods A summarization of the key points and an

overview of how the investigation was conducted.

Omit details about the materials used unless it greatly influenced the procedure or had to be developed to do the investigation.

An abstract should only include procedures done by the student. Work done by a mentor (such as surgical procedures) or work done prior to student involvement must not be included.

Abstract

ResultsThis section should provide key

results that lead directly to the conclusions you have drawn.

It should not give too many details about the results nor include charts or graphs.

Important conclusions

Example - Title

POTENTIAL ANTIANGEONIC PROPERTY OF Cassia alata L. HEXANE EXTRACT ON THE EMBRYONIC BLOOD VESSELS OF DUCK, Anas dometicus EMBRYOS

Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an antitumor agent.

Hexane extract from the leaves of Cassia alata L. (akapulko) was evaluated for possible antiangiogenic effect on the extraembryonic blood vessels as well as on the embryos of ducks. 0.2 ml each of 10, 20, 30 and 40 X 10-6 g/ml dosages of crude hexane extract were administered to 3-day old duck using a modified windowing technique. Results were compared to the negative control that used phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the untreated set-ups. Duck embryos treated with the various concentrations of hexane extract inhibited blood vessels formation in a dose dependent manner. The embryos treated with the highest dose of 40 x 10-6 g/ml prevented the proliferation of extraembryonic blood vessels. The results suggest that Cassia alata hexane fraction could be a good candidate antiangiogenic agent that may confer its potential as an antitumor agent.

Describe the research design (or defend)

Provide enough details so that a competent worker can repeat the experiments

Research Plan

Research Plan

Materials and EquipmentTreatments / General

Procedures

Materials and EquipmentOverview of the Experiment

Population/Sample location Restrictions/Limiting conditions

Sampling technique Materials

Research Plan

Treatment / General Procedures Procedures Variables / Groups Statistical Treatment

Research Plan

Past Tense, active or passive voice.

Third Person perspective.Clear and not too wordy Include only what is necessary for one recreating the experiment to know.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

“...the weighing out of the agarose was

undertaken until 5g was measured out and

the agarose was then later added to the

Solution...”

Example:

“...5g agarose was added to the solution...”

Example:

Materials and equipment utilized during the experiment should be mentioned throughout the procedure as they are used.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi) Leaves and Fruit Extract:Its Antibacterial Effect on

Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus,

and Salmonella enteritidis

Example

Materials and Equipment Distilled Water Kamias fruits (Sample) Blender Cheesecloth Bottles Refrigerator

WRONG!

Materials and EquipmentPreparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)

fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.

CORRECT

For materials, include the exact specifications and quantities. Avoid the use of trade names – use chemical, generic, or scientific names.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Materials and EquipmentKamias fruits were collected from

the farm. Wilkin’s Distilled water was used to wash the fruits. Using a blender, the fruits were ground.

WRONG!

Materials and EquipmentPreparation of Kamias Fruit Extract One kilogram of Kamias (Averrhoa bilimbi)

fruit were gathered at Sta. Maria Farms in Zamboanga City. The fruits were then washed with distilled water and sun-dried. Using a kitchen blender, the fruits were ground and extracted leaving behind residues. The residues were then extracted once more with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias fruit extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees C for 24 hours.

CORRECT

Do not explain too much about why you have used a certain method. You can put these explanations into your Results section. 

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.

Example

Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Washing is very important because it will remove contaminants from the leaves which may affect the result of the experiment. These contaminants can be bacteria, fungi, or protists. Distilled water is the gold standard in washing the samples according to studies.

WRONG!

Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

CORRECT

Be precise. If something was heated or cooled, give the temperature.

“How” or “how much” should be answered in your methods.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

One kilogram of Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. All of the resulting Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

CORRECT

Do not include any results.Make use of figures and tables, they are the most efficient way to convey bulky detailed information.

General Guidelines in writing the Research Plan

Materials and Equipment

Treatment and General Procedures

Research Plan

Study SitePreparation of ExtractsPreparation of Test Organisms

Materials and Equipment

Study SiteThis study was conducted at the Department of Science and Technology - Zamboanga City. The specimens of E. coli, S. aureus and S. enteritidis were obtained at the Department of Science and Technology…

Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Extracts

Kamias leaves and fruits were gathered at the EAAB (Edwin Andrews Air Base), Sta. Maria, Zamboanga City. The leaves were then washed with distilled water and dried. Using a pair of scissors, the leaves were cut into pieces. Using a blender, the leaves were ground into a fine powder. The resulting powder was then extracted with the use of cheesecloth. The Kamias leaves extract was then poured and sealed in a sterilized bottle and stored in the refrigerator at 4 degrees Centigrade for 24 hours.

Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Test Organisms

The test organisms namely Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enteritidis were taken from pure cultures using spread method, and were provided by the DOST-Zamboanga City. The laboratory officer-in-charge assisted the researchers in spreading the bacteria from pure cultures to two test tubes filled with nutrient agar. These test tubes were incubated at 35.5 degrees centigrade for 24 hours.

Materials and Equipment

Preparation of Treatments

The different concentrations of the leaves and fruits extracts were prepared and they were named :Treatment A - 100% water served (negative control); Treatment B - 100% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment C - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias leaves extract; Treatment D - 100% antibiotic (positive control); Treatment E - 100% Kamias fruit extract and; Treatment F - 50% Distilled water and 50% Kamias fruit extract.

Treatment and General Procedures

Microbiological Assay... With the use of syringe, 0.5 mL of each bacterial specimen was transferred to its corresponding petri dish. The specimens were spread evenly using cotton buds…

Treatment and General Procedures

Statistical AnalysesThis study utilized both descriptive and inferential statistics in analyzing and interpreting the data. Mean was chosen as the measure of central tendency. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Scheffe’s Test were conducted to analyze and interpret the results.

Treatment and General Procedures

Introduction Informs the reader of the problem under study

Sets the scene for the project

Background of the Study Statement of the Problem Significance Scope and Limitations Review of Related Literature

Introduction

Background of the Study

•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3

Background of the Study

•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3

Background of the Study

•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3

Background of the Study

•Warm-up•Introduce the problem1•Statement•Scope / Limits2•Purpose•Challenge the readers3

Statement of the ProblemThis is one of the most important parts of a research report. This is the focus of the study and all questions should be categorically answered.

Statement of the Problem

Statement of the Problem

Specific Questions

Specific Questions

Significance of the StudyContributions may be viewed from the point of the target beneficiaries like the researcher himself, service providers, client, implementors, the community, etc.

Significance of the Study

The results of this study could help them realize . . .

The useful and relevant information acquired from the study will encourage them to continue . . .

The study will encourage them to . . .

Significance of the StudyThis study will enhance involvement in the . . .

Results could help benefit . . .

It will also serve as basis in the study of . . .

Significance of the StudyThis study will also afford the management to know ..

Similar organizations will benefit from the study in …

Researches may find the study useful as …

Significance of the Study This study will contribute to … The results hopefully, will be of value

to … Through this study, students will

become aware of … The results of this study will provide

some insights and information on how they …

The findings may also serve as a guide to …

Scope and Limitations

Scope = coverage

Subjects

samples

facilitiesTime frame area

Objectives

issues

ScopeThe study will focus on …The coverage of this study . The study covers the…The study focuses on … It includes … It is concerned with ..The study consists of …

Scope and Limitations

Limitations = constraints

Not within the control of the researchers

Not covered by the study

LimitationsThis study is limited to …The study does not cover ….The investigators limited this research to …

It does not seek to include …

REVIEW OF RELATED LIT AND STUDIES

Last part of the “Introduction”

THE REVIEW

THE REVIEW

It aims to gain insight into the aspects of the problem that are critical and controversial.

This part provides the investigator a background regarding the aspects which have been studied and not yet studied.

THE REVIEW

The researcher compares between what should be read and included in the study and what should not be read.

The investigator is required to read all literature and studies partially and closely related to the study.

THE REVIEW

RRL

conceptual

Readings, concepts, etc

research

Studies, findings, etc

THE REVIEW

In research writing, review of related Literature is divided into two parts.

(1) Related Readings and Literature (Conceptual)

(2) Related Studies (Research)

Tell me why...

WHY DO WE REVIEW?

WHY DO WE REVIEW?

Eliminate “reinventing the wheel”

Reveals gaps in knowledgeProvide basis for research design

Places your study in perspective

Evaluate various studies

No to in toto

HOW DO WE REVIEW?

HOW DO WE REVIEW?

It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme.

It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words.

The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth blending — of selected articles built around the key words of your study.

HOW DO WE REVIEW?

It is a narrative - flows from the beginning to the end with a single, coordinated theme.

It is synthetic - born out of the synthesis of many research studies. You will analyze research reports by key words.

The final product will be a synthesis — a smooth blending — of selected articles built around the key words of your study.

Sources of Data

WHAT WILL WE REVIEW?

SOURCES OF DATA

Primary• Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like

Secondary

• Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like

SOURCES OF DATA

Journals Current, hot, popular Written by experts who have done research

Focused

SOURCES OF DATA

Journals Current, hot, popular Written by experts who have done research

Focused

SOURCES OF DATA

ScienceDirectBioMed CentralPubMedPNAS

SOURCES OF DATA

Plos BiologyLandes BioscienceSpringer (SpringerLink)Phil Journ SciPhil Agri SciScience Diliman

SOURCES OF DATA

Primary

• Journal Articles, Interviews, Lectures, Conferences, the like

Secondary

• Books (usually), encyclopedia, dictionaries, the like

THE library

SOURCES OF DATA

Books In-depth coverage Written by specialists/scientists

Some are not current

Logically and coherently arranged

SOURCES OF DATA

Encyclopedia Answers specific factual questions

Written by specialists/scientists

Some are not current

THE internet

SOURCES OF DATA

The internet is a convenient and easy source of info but there is a need to assess the reliability of the sources.

How does information get onto the Web anyway?

1994 – 1995 - most of the information on the internet was posted by scientists, educators, students and the government.

Later - commercial use of the Web has exploded and so has the posting of hobby pages or personal home pages.

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Wikipedia Is a “wiki” site Maintained by the public Questionable reliability in some articles

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Posts by educational groups High school projects

College projects

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Info by the Government Statistics Studies

www.dost.gov.ph www.denr.gov.ph

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Non-profit organizations provide information relevant to their key issues.

greenpeace.org

SOURCES OF DATA in the WWW

Full-text versions of works whose copyright has expired

Why?

BUT, why do we sometimes find it difficult to search the net?

What’s missing?

The problem is not that of "finding anything" but finding a particular thing.

When your search term in one of the popular search engines brings back 130,000 hits, you still wonder if the one thing you're looking for will be among them.

What’s missing?

Copyrighted books

Most journal articles

magazines

newspapers

summaries

How to search?

Learn how search syntax works Search Help

Use Advanced Search File type Date Country, etc.

Search Syntax

Use “ ” marks.Example: air pollution vs. “air pollution”

Example: botox vs. Botox

Advanced Search

Very useful, saves time, more refined search

Different in journal databases and in search engines (Google, etc.)

Search Syntax

Use “filetype:pdf”Scientific journals free

Descriptors

Found below the abstract of journal articles

Help you search for similar documents

SOURCES OF DATA

Reading criticallyReasoning analytically

Should be done whether the materials they use are in print or electronic