IntelligenceIntelligence
Who is your prototype of a Who is your prototype of a highly intelligent person?highly intelligent person?Who is your prototype of a Who is your prototype of a person of low intelligence?person of low intelligence?
…….Then what is intelligence?.Then what is intelligence?
Intelligence: What is it…?Intelligence: What is it…?
►How do we define intelligence?How do we define intelligence? the ability to gather and use the ability to gather and use
information in productive waysinformation in productive ways►Why is there essentially no definitive Why is there essentially no definitive
definition of intelligence in the field of definition of intelligence in the field of psychology?psychology?
Intelligence is relativeIntelligence is relative......
““Intelligence is a socially constructed Intelligence is a socially constructed concept.concept.…thus is can be culturally specific.”…thus is can be culturally specific.”
What exactly does this mean?What exactly does this mean?
Theories on IntelligenceTheories on Intelligence
Charles SpearmanCharles Spearman (1863-1945) (1863-1945)► Factor AnalysisFactor Analysis: A statistical procedure that : A statistical procedure that
identifies clusters of related items on a test. identifies clusters of related items on a test. ►G factorG factor, or , or general intelligencegeneral intelligence (academic (academic
smarts)smarts) If you score high on one factor, or cluster (ie If you score high on one factor, or cluster (ie
verbal intelligence) then you tend to score higher verbal intelligence) then you tend to score higher than average on other factors (+correlation than average on other factors (+correlation between clusters)between clusters)
““Intelligence refers to a general single Intelligence refers to a general single ability”ability”
Prediction model for education, vocational levelsPrediction model for education, vocational levels
Theories on Intelligence…Theories on Intelligence…L.L. ThurstoneL.L. Thurstone (1887-1955) (1887-1955)► 56 tests / 7 clusters of 56 tests / 7 clusters of primary primary
mental abilitiesmental abilities ((early theory of early theory of multiple intelligencesmultiple intelligences))
1.1. Word fluencyWord fluency
2.2. Verbal comprehensionVerbal comprehension
3.3. Spatial abilitySpatial ability
4.4. Perceptual speedPerceptual speed
5.5. Numerical abilityNumerical ability
6.6. Inductive reasoningInductive reasoning
7.7. memorymemory
Theories on IntelligenceTheories on IntelligenceHoward GardnerHoward Gardner: 1970’s-80’s): 1970’s-80’s)►Multiple, independent intelligencesMultiple, independent intelligences
(Modern version of Thurstone) valued within (Modern version of Thurstone) valued within different culturesdifferent cultures
►Basis of theory: Basis of theory: Brain damage casesBrain damage casesSavant SyndromeSavant Syndrome : : Rain ManRain Man
Mental handicap, (autism, schizophrenia) but Mental handicap, (autism, schizophrenia) but island of brilliance!island of brilliance!
6x more common in males6x more common in males IQ 40-70IQ 40-70Examples, p. 9 MyersExamples, p. 9 MyersCommon component: limitless memoryCommon component: limitless memory
Gardner’s Multiple Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences…Intelligences…
►Verbal / linguisticVerbal / linguistic (Mark Twain)(Mark Twain)►Logical / mathematicalLogical / mathematical (Einstein)(Einstein)►Visual / spatialVisual / spatial (Picasso)(Picasso)►Bodily / KinestheticBodily / Kinesthetic (Michael (Michael
Jordan)Jordan)►Musical / RhythmicMusical / Rhythmic (Stravinsky)(Stravinsky)► InterpersonalInterpersonal (MLK)(MLK)► IntrapersonalIntrapersonal (Freud)(Freud)►NaturalNatural (Darwin)(Darwin)
Critics of GardnerCritics of Gardner
►So what is the So what is the chief criticismchief criticism of of Gardner’s multiple intelligences Gardner’s multiple intelligences theory?theory? ““Simply abilities, talents, skillsSimply abilities, talents, skills that do not that do not
constitute intelligence.”constitute intelligence.”
Theories on Intelligence….Theories on Intelligence….►Robert Robert SternbergSternberg►Three major intelligencesThree major intelligences ( (Triarchic Triarchic
theorytheory))AnalyticalAnalytical: academic problem-solving : academic problem-solving
(intelligence tests)(intelligence tests)CreativeCreative: reacting to novel situations / : reacting to novel situations /
generating novel ideasgenerating novel ideasPracticalPractical Intelligence: everyday tasks Intelligence: everyday tasks
(“street smarts”)(“street smarts”)
Emotional IntelligenceEmotional IntelligenceDaniel Goleman: Emotional IntelligenceDaniel Goleman: Emotional Intelligence (1995) (1995)
Originally called social intelligence (Gardner’s Originally called social intelligence (Gardner’s theories)theories)
4 components of EQ4 components of EQPerceive Perceive UnderstandUnderstandManageManageUseUse
What’s a better predictor of success, IQ orWhat’s a better predictor of success, IQ or
EQ?EQ?
Critics argue that Goleman stretched too far- Critics argue that Goleman stretched too far- abilities not specifically related to intelligenceabilities not specifically related to intelligence
Creativity and IntelligenceCreativity and Intelligence
►Creativity: The ability to produce Creativity: The ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.novel and valuable ideas.
Small +correlation between intelligence Small +correlation between intelligence and creativityand creativity
Above and below score of 120, correlation Above and below score of 120, correlation shrinksshrinks
Brain Size and IntelligenceBrain Size and Intelligence►Are people with bigger heads / brains Are people with bigger heads / brains
smarter?smarter?
+.15 correlation between head size and +.15 correlation between head size and intelligence scoresintelligence scores
+.44 correlation between brain size and IQ+.44 correlation between brain size and IQ
Developmental Psych and Developmental Psych and IntelligenceIntelligence
2 General Categories of Intelligence2 General Categories of Intelligence
Fluid IntelligenceFluid IntelligenceSpeedy, abstract reasoning Speedy, abstract reasoning
Peaks in the 20’sPeaks in the 20’s
Crystallized IntelligenceCrystallized Intelligence: : accumulated knowledge, verbal skillsaccumulated knowledge, verbal skills
Increases with ageIncreases with age
Assessing IntelligenceAssessing IntelligenceAlfred BinetAlfred Binet (1857-1911) (1857-1911)
Turn of century: France / Compulsory educationTurn of century: France / Compulsory education Vast diversity / problematicVast diversity / problematic Binet hired to assess how to meet students’ needsBinet hired to assess how to meet students’ needs Founded on idea that intelligence increases with age Founded on idea that intelligence increases with age
(maturation, but at slightly different rates)(maturation, but at slightly different rates)
Mental AgeMental Age Average performance level of each ageAverage performance level of each age (grade) (grade) 10 year old with mental age of 7: Means what?10 year old with mental age of 7: Means what? Used to predict students needs / performanceUsed to predict students needs / performance Not an intelligence test!! Measure to evaluate Not an intelligence test!! Measure to evaluate
educational level to facilitate learningeducational level to facilitate learning
Lewis Lewis TermanTerman 1877-1956 1877-1956Stanford ProfessorStanford Professor
►Stanford-Binet IQ TestStanford-Binet IQ TestModification of Binet’s work = Modification of Binet’s work =
“intelligence test”“intelligence test”Premise was that intelligence is Premise was that intelligence is
hereditaryhereditaryImmigration / Industrialization / WWIImmigration / Industrialization / WWIEugenics / Ideology / Racism cloaked by Eugenics / Ideology / Racism cloaked by
“objectivity”“objectivity”
11stst mass intelligence testing in history mass intelligence testing in history
► Intelligence QuotientIntelligence Quotient (IQ) (IQ)
IQ = IQ = Mental Age____Mental Age____ X 100X 100
Chronological AgeChronological Age
Dominant assessment tool of Dominant assessment tool of 1900’s1900’s
Works well for kids / not adultsWorks well for kids / not adults
Intelligence Tests TodayIntelligence Tests Today
►Mental ability score is assessed Mental ability score is assessed relative to the average relative to the average performance of the same ageperformance of the same age
Average = 100 (average score for age Average = 100 (average score for age is assigned a 100)is assigned a 100)
2/3 of scores fall between 85 and 1152/3 of scores fall between 85 and 115
Interesting Facts Interesting Facts AboutAbout IQ IQ (Meyers p. 4)(Meyers p. 4)
► True or False?True or False?
1.1. Your IQ is completely geneticYour IQ is completely genetic
2.2. Your IQ can change over time.Your IQ can change over time.3.3. Staying in school can elevate your IQ (Staying in school can elevate your IQ (Keep from slipping)Keep from slipping)
4.4. For each year stayed in school, IQ gain of approximately 3.5 points)For each year stayed in school, IQ gain of approximately 3.5 points)
5.5. IQ is influenced by birth order.IQ is influenced by birth order.6.6. IQ is related to breast feeding. (IQ is related to breast feeding. (3- 8 points by age of 3)3- 8 points by age of 3)
7.7. IQ evens out with ageIQ evens out with age
8.8. Intelligence is plural, not singular. Intelligence is plural, not singular. 9.9. (general agreement on spatial, verbal, analytical, practical)(general agreement on spatial, verbal, analytical, practical)
10.10. Cranial volume is correlated with IQCranial volume is correlated with IQ
11.11. Intelligence depends on context.Intelligence depends on context.
12.12. IQ’s have steadily risen over the last 80 yearsIQ’s have steadily risen over the last 80 years
Modern TestsModern Tests►Aptitude testsAptitude tests (assesses ability) (assesses ability)
Used to predict performance (Example?)Used to predict performance (Example?)
►Achievement testsAchievement tests Assess what you have learned (Example?)Assess what you have learned (Example?)
►SAT: aptitude test? SAT: aptitude test? +.82 correlation with general intelligence +.82 correlation with general intelligence
scoresscores
David WechslerDavid Wechsler►WAISWAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale:(Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale:
►WISCWISC (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children) age 7-16Children) age 7-16
►WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary WPPSI (Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence (4!)Scale of Intelligence (4!)
►WISCWISC 11 subtests = separate scores for each area 11 subtests = separate scores for each area
(Verbal IQ and Performance IQ)(Verbal IQ and Performance IQ) Excellent tool for identifying learning disordersExcellent tool for identifying learning disorders
WISCWISC
What does What does “Standardized”“Standardized” Test Test mean?mean?
►Test items have been Test items have been pilotedpiloted on on similar population of people as those similar population of people as those who will take the test (who will take the test (Standardization Standardization samplesample))
►Achievement normsAchievement norms have been have been establishedestablished
►PsychometricsPsychometrics: making / assessing : making / assessing teststests
Standardized tests must Standardized tests must have…have…
ReliabilityReliability:: Consistency of test as a Consistency of test as a means of measurement (consistency of means of measurement (consistency of scores)scores)Test-RetestTest-RetestSplit-Half ReliabilitySplit-Half Reliability: Randomly divide test in : Randomly divide test in
two ½’s- correlate performance on two ½’s two ½’s- correlate performance on two ½’s Equivalent Form ReliabilityEquivalent Form Reliability: different forms : different forms
of test of test Goal is +1Goal is +1
Standardized tests must Standardized tests must have…have…
ValidityValidity:: When a test measures what it When a test measures what it is supposed to measureis supposed to measure
►Content validity (Drivers license test, Content validity (Drivers license test, course exam)course exam)
►Criterion Related ValidityCriterion Related Validity Concurrent validity: measures current skill Concurrent validity: measures current skill
or knowledgeor knowledge Predictive validity: measure of future Predictive validity: measure of future
performanceperformance
Wechsler Intelligence ScoreWechsler Intelligence Score
The Flynn EffectThe Flynn Effect► IQ Tests have consistently risen over last 80 IQ Tests have consistently risen over last 80
yearsyears►Over 20 countries (20 point rise per Over 20 countries (20 point rise per
generation)generation)► Rise highest in the lowest economic countriesRise highest in the lowest economic countries► Rising nutrition, educational levelsRising nutrition, educational levels
Standardized TestsStandardized Tests
►Can a test be reliable if it is not valid?Can a test be reliable if it is not valid?
►Can a test be valid if it is not reliable?Can a test be valid if it is not reliable?
Aptitude TestsAptitude Tests
► Predictive power is strong from age 6-12 Predictive power is strong from age 6-12 ►Weakens in later yearsWeakens in later years► 6-12 = +.606-12 = +.60► SAT = +.50SAT = +.50►GRE = .30GRE = .30
►Why? Why? ► Range of students narrow as education / Range of students narrow as education /
ability level increaseability level increase
True or False?True or False?
►All tests are exclusive to their All tests are exclusive to their objectives. objectives.
Are achievement tests influenced by your Are achievement tests influenced by your intelligence?intelligence?
Are intelligence tests influenced by your Are intelligence tests influenced by your educational experience?educational experience?
Dynamics of intelligenceDynamics of intelligence
►At what age can we begin predicting At what age can we begin predicting intelligence?intelligence? Four-five (to predict adolescent, adult Four-five (to predict adolescent, adult
scores)scores) At age 7, intelligence scores begin to At age 7, intelligence scores begin to
stabilizestabilize Rule of thumb: consistency of scores Rule of thumb: consistency of scores
increase with ageincrease with age
Extremes of IntelligenceExtremes of Intelligence
Genetic Influences on IntelligenceGenetic Influences on Intelligence
Genetic Influences on Genetic Influences on IntelligenceIntelligence
►Genetic influences become more Genetic influences become more apparent over timeapparent over time
HeritabilityHeritability (Review) (Review)
►Used to explain extent to which Used to explain extent to which genetics influence differences in genetics influence differences in intelligence (between people)intelligence (between people)
►NeverNever to explain genes influence on to explain genes influence on intelligence!intelligence!
Nurture and IntelligenceNurture and Intelligence
►EnvironmentEnvironmentInteractionInteractionExperiencesExperiencesNutritionNutritionEducationEducation
Both genes and environment shape Both genes and environment shape intelligenceintelligence
Bias in TestingBias in Testing►When a test is less valid for some When a test is less valid for some
groups than for othersgroups than for others► Influential FactorsInfluential Factors
LanguageLanguageExperiences (cultural and economic)Experiences (cultural and economic)SchoolsSchools
Stereotype threatStereotype threat: when students : when students are made to feel stereotype, they are made to feel stereotype, they score lowerscore lower
One to consider….One to consider….
►As a parent, your 10 year old child has As a parent, your 10 year old child has just taken an IQ test. Would you tell just taken an IQ test. Would you tell him (or her) his score? Reflect him (or her) his score? Reflect carefully and explain your response.carefully and explain your response.
