Intended learning outcomeIntended learning outcome
The student should learn at the end of this The student should learn at the end of this lecture principles of Gastrointestinal lecture principles of Gastrointestinal Radiology.Radiology.
GASTROINTESTINAL RADIOLOGYGASTROINTESTINAL RADIOLOGY
1. Liver Lesions – Haemangioma and HCC1. Liver Lesions – Haemangioma and HCC
2. CT Colonography2. CT Colonography
3. Small bowel - CT, MRI or fluoroscopy?3. Small bowel - CT, MRI or fluoroscopy?
4. Rectal tumor – MRI staging4. Rectal tumor – MRI staging
5. Anal fistula – MRI imaging5. Anal fistula – MRI imaging
Topics to be covered
Liver – Haemangioma (US)Liver – Haemangioma (US)
Atypical
Liver Haemangioma CT Liver Haemangioma CT A) Pre-contrastA) Pre-contrast
B) Arterial phaseB) Arterial phase
C) Portal venous phaseC) Portal venous phase
D) Delayed phaseD) Delayed phase
CT – we will not do delayed phase unless haemangioma suspected.Please specify “? haemangioma” on request form.
Haemangioma SummaryHaemangioma Summary Common- often incidentalCommon- often incidental US – Echogenic -no halo. No colour flow.US – Echogenic -no halo. No colour flow. Aytpical – hypo-echoic in fatty liverAytpical – hypo-echoic in fatty liver
- mixed echotexture- mixed echotexture CT – C- low densityCT – C- low density
C+ peripheral vessels (uneven)C+ peripheral vessels (uneven) C+ PV /delay progressive fill-inC+ PV /delay progressive fill-in
Small haemangioma fill in immediately and Small haemangioma fill in immediately and cannot be distinguished from metastates.cannot be distinguished from metastates.
MRI features similar to CT post GadoliniumMRI features similar to CT post Gadolinium
CT -HCC CT -HCC pre contrastpre contrast
Arterial enhancement Arterial enhancement (central and early)(central and early)
Washout on portal venousWashout on portal venousindicates fast flow indicates fast flow
HCC SummaryHCC Summary
US - usually heterogeneous Usually HepB +ve with US - usually heterogeneous Usually HepB +ve with raised alpha FPraised alpha FP
CT – C- low densityCT – C- low density C+A – central early contrast (high flow rate)C+A – central early contrast (high flow rate) C+PV – washout cf with liverC+PV – washout cf with liver
– – may have a capsulemay have a capsule
MR – intracellular fat on T1 out of phaseMR – intracellular fat on T1 out of phase - similar perfusion characteristics to CT- similar perfusion characteristics to CT
MRI IMAGES of LIVERMRI IMAGES of LIVER
Look at CSF first to tell if T1 or T2Look at CSF first to tell if T1 or T2 T1-in/out. T1-in/out. T1 are grey. Fluid is dark. Black outlineT1 are grey. Fluid is dark. Black outline
T2-incl HASTE.T2-incl HASTE. More definition. Fluid is bright.More definition. Fluid is bright.
Gadolinium – always with T1Gadolinium – always with T1
Fatty liver with sparingFatty liver with sparing
Same pt - out of phase T1 MRISame pt - out of phase T1 MRI
Same patient - CT non-contrastSame patient - CT non-contrast
CT COLONOGRAPHYCT COLONOGRAPHY
DissectionStrip, anus to caecum
Endoluminal(for fun only)
800/40 windowAxial to loops
OrientationOverview
Advantages / disadvantagesAdvantages / disadvantages Sensitivity and specificity is of the order of 90 % Sensitivity and specificity is of the order of 90 %
for 10 mm polyps.for 10 mm polyps. Easy, quick and well tolerated.Easy, quick and well tolerated. Beats barium enema hands down.Beats barium enema hands down. Safer than optical colonoscopy Safer than optical colonoscopy Approx. half the price of optical colonoscopyApprox. half the price of optical colonoscopy No intervention possible as in optical CyNo intervention possible as in optical Cy At present for “Ba enema” indications, but is likely At present for “Ba enema” indications, but is likely
to be used for screening in future.to be used for screening in future. Radiology manpower training required.Radiology manpower training required. Radiation dose equivalent to Ba Enema Radiation dose equivalent to Ba Enema
Incidence of Colonic Perforation at CT Colonography: Review of Existing Data and Implications for Screening Asymptomatic Adult Source: International Working Group on Virtual Colonoscopy
Total VC studies considered 21,923
Symptomatic Perforation Rates for VC* 0.005%
Total Perforation Rates for VC 0.009%
Perforation Rates for Conventional Colonoscopy 0.1-0.2%
Pickhardt 2007
Longer tube and patient can apply air Longer tube and patient can apply air themselvesthemselves
Lateral topogramLateral topogram
workstation layoutworkstation layout
Incomplete air column -Excess fluid Incomplete air column -Excess fluid
SupineSupine ProneProne
Can rotate image volume to view as a Ba enema in 3D
Diverticular diseaseDiverticular disease
4 mm Polyp4 mm Polyp
Ileo-caecal valveIleo-caecal valve
Residualtagging
Arrow pointsTo caecum
Caecal pole
Dirty Caecum- Dirty Caecum- not fully open on supine or prone viewsnot fully open on supine or prone views
54 yr54 yrRecomm Recomm opticaloptical colonoscopycolonoscopy
The dirty caecumThe dirty caecum
Complex Folds at flexuresComplex Folds at flexures
RadiationRadiation Barium enema 6 – 8 mSvBarium enema 6 – 8 mSv CTC estimate of 7.6 mSv with low mAs. CTC estimate of 7.6 mSv with low mAs.
Increased noise, but high resolution Increased noise, but high resolution improves definition of small polypsimproves definition of small polyps
Thin slice, limit tube currentThin slice, limit tube current Background radiation is 2.4 MSv/yearBackground radiation is 2.4 MSv/year
Small Bowel ImagingSmall Bowel Imaging
< 35 yrs – MRI for radiation reasons< 35 yrs – MRI for radiation reasons However if pre-surgical workup–fluoroscopyHowever if pre-surgical workup–fluoroscopy CT Enteroclysis – only difference from CT is CT Enteroclysis – only difference from CT is
negative contrast in bowel. No advantage to negative contrast in bowel. No advantage to do if recent normal CT.do if recent normal CT.
MR Small bowel – breath-hold sequences, MR Small bowel – breath-hold sequences, dynamic change between sequences. Good dynamic change between sequences. Good soft tissue differentiation. +/- Gadoliniumsoft tissue differentiation. +/- Gadolinium
Normal Fluoroscopic EnteroclysisNormal Fluoroscopic Enteroclysis
Jejunal intubationLow density bariumPumped in to distendIntubation 10 minStudy 20 min
Terminal ileumTerminal ileum
Skip lesions - Proximal Skip lesions - Proximal
Follow-throughFollow-throughtime-consumingtime-consumingflocculationflocculationStrictures may Strictures may be hiddenbe hiddenIs superseded Is superseded by other testsby other tests
Enteroclysis- same patientEnteroclysis- same patient
Intra-luminal massIntra-luminal mass
CT EnteroclysisCT Enteroclysis
Tumor shows up against negative contrast in bowel. Positive contrast could hide it
Histo- GIST
CT ENTEROCLYSISCT ENTEROCLYSIS
Jejunum often thick-walled
Can evaluate bowel wall due to negative contrast in lumen and IV contrast in wall.
Evaluates stomach well also
Plus standard CT
Reserved for older patients due to radiation dose
MRI Small BowelMRI Small Bowel Good for Crohns patients with multiple studies Good for Crohns patients with multiple studies
and large radiation dose over time.and large radiation dose over time. Coronal TRUFICoronal TRUFI Coronal TRUFI fat saturationCoronal TRUFI fat saturation Coronal HASTECoronal HASTE Axial HASTEAxial HASTE Coronal T1Coronal T1
MRI MRI ENTEROCLYSISENTEROCLYSIS
TRUFITRUFI
Normal- HASTE sequenceNormal- HASTE sequence
Terminal ileumTerminal ileum
Cutaneous fistulaCutaneous fistula
Post Gadolinium T1 fat sat
Caecum / TICaecum / TI
Crohns diseaseCrohns disease
NormalNormal
FAT SATURATION
Sag, axial and coronalSag, axial and coronal
Normal anal canal - sagittalNormal anal canal - sagittal
Subcutaneous External sphincter
Puborectalis
Internal sphincter
Normal anal canal - axial at PRNormal anal canal - axial at PR
mucosa
Internalsphincter
Fat in inter-sphincteric space
Pubo-rectalis= upper externalsphincter
Normal anal canal - coronalNormal anal canal - coronal
Internal Sphincter
Puborectalis
ExternalSphincter
Post Gad fat saturation T1Post Gad fat saturation T1Drain in situDrain in situ
ANTERIOR
POSTERIOR
UC - mucinous tumourUC - mucinous tumour
UC - mucinous tumourUC - mucinous tumour
Anal canal tumourAnal canal tumour
Text BookText Book
David Sutton’s RadiologyDavid Sutton’s Radiology Clark’s Radiographic positioning and Clark’s Radiographic positioning and
techniquestechniques
AssignmentAssignment
Two students will be selected for Two students will be selected for assignment.assignment.
QuestionQuestion
Describe role of adequate preparation in Describe role of adequate preparation in CT colonoscopy?CT colonoscopy?
Thank YouThank You