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Chapter 2: Cell Structure & Organization

Cells = basic unit of living things

Protoplasm = cytoplasm + nucleus

Cells are surrounded by plasma membrane & contain many organelles in the

cytoplasm. Organelles cellular components = perform specific functions & enclosed by

own membranes.

Plant cell has cell walls which surrounds its plasma membrane.

Animal & Plant Cells

Organelles Function

Mitochondrion

Chloroplast

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Centriole

Golgi apparatus

Lysosome

Plasma membrane

Cell wall

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Nucleus

Vacuoles/ Vesicles

Ribosomes

Both mitochondrion and chloroplast have theirown DNA.

Organelles which possess double membrane are nucleus, mitochondrion and

chloroplast.

Mitochondrion can be found abundantly in the sperm cells, flight muscle cells,

meristemic cells, liver cells and kidney cells.

** Students are also required to know all the parts and its functions. Apart from that studentshave to know where the light and dark reaction happens in the chloroplast.

Compare and Contrast between animal and plant cells

Differences:

Animal Cells Plant Cells

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Similarities:

Contractile vacuole inParamecium sp. helps in the osmoregulation of the cell.

Paramecium sp. reproduces through binary fission.

Why Cell specialization is so important?

It enables cells to go through change, development, adaptation to it special structures andspecific functions.

Give rise to many different types of cells.

Enable human body to function systematically.

Organization of cells

Cell

Tissue

Organ

System

Organism

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Epithelial Tissues Muscle Tissues

Connectives Tissues

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Permanent Tissues in Plants

a) Epidermal tissue (root hair, guard cells, stomata)

b) Ground tissue (parenchyma tissue, collenchyma tissue, sclerenchyma tissue)

c) Vascular tissue (phloem, xylem)

Tissue Function

Collenchyma Provides support in herbaceous plant

Parenchyma Stores products of photosynthesis

Sclerenchyma Supports & strengthen plants

Xylem Transport water & mineral salts from roots to

leaves

Phleom Transport food from leaves to other parts of the

plant.

Epidermal tissue Protects plant from mechanical injuries

Meristemic tissue Divides active through mitosis to increase the

number of cells at shoot & root tips

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Regulation of Internal Environment

Internal environment = condition exist within the body of an organism (composition of the

interstitial fluid and blood plasma).

Internal environment made up ofphysical and chemical factors.

Physical factors = temperature, blood pressure, osmotic pressure

Chemical factors = salt, sugar content and pH

Homeostasis = maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment to enable body cells

to function at its optimum.

Two mechanisms are involved in bodys homeostasis: negative feedback (most mechanisms)

and positive feedback(child birth, sexual stimulation).

Negative feedback try to reduce the effect of changes towards the body.

Positive feedbackamplify the effect of changes towards the body.

Regulation of body temperature

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Notes:

Regulation of blood glucose level

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Regulation of blood osmotic level

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