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WEB DESIGNMater of Arts in Communication Design
Interaction
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA 2 Interaction
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
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Read & write
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Like in volley!
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
• User’s has control• Command languages• Query languages• Line editors• Adventure game
• Computer has control• Q&A• Advisory system
• Conversations• Eliza
Interaction 9
Paradigms
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Command languages
Interaction
$pwd/usr/roberto$lsfilea fileb filec$rm filea$
(Unix)
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Query languages
Interaction
GIVE THE NAMES OF ALL EMPLOYEES WHO HAVE JOBS WORKING AS A SECRETARY IN THE CITY OF CHICAGO.
PRINT THE NAME OF ANY EMPLOYEE WITH CITY=CHICAGO AND JOB=SECRETARY THE NUMBER OF RECORDS TO RETRIEVE IS 30
SMITHJONESBROWN...
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Adventure games
Interaction
You are standing at the end of a road before a small brick building. Around you is a forest. A small stream flows down a gully.
ENTER BUILDING
You are inside a building, a well house for a large spring. There are some keys on the ground here. There is a shiny brass lamp nearby. There is a bottle of water here.
GET WATER
Okay
GET KEYS
Okay(Adventure, 1975)
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Expert systems
Interaction
(1) Patient’s name: (first-last)
**FRED SMITH
(2) Sex:
**MALE
(3) Age:
**55
(4) Have you been able to obtain positive cultures from a site at which Fred Smith has an infection?
**YES
(5) What is the infection?
**PRIMARY-BACTEREMIA
(6) Please give the date and approximate time when signs of symptoms first appeared
(Mycin)
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Eliza (anni ’70)
Interaction
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Interaction, a definition
Interaction
Mutual and simultaneous activity on the part of both participants usually working towards some goal but not necessarily. Stewart Brand, The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at M.I.T. (Penguin, 1988), p. 46
Andy Lippman, MIT
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Lippman on Interactivity, corollaries• Interruptibility• Graceful degradation• Limited look ahead• No default• Impression of infinite database
Interaction 17
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Interruptibility
• Lippman contrasts the ability of any participant to interrupt the others with alternating (turn taking). He proposes a model of interaction closer to a conversation than a lecture. He refers to the granularity of the interactive system to raise the question of the human interval where participants understand they are not being ignored (e.g. word, sentence, paragraph). See phatic function in Jakobson's model of communication.
Interaction
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Graceful degradation
• Something the system cannot handle crops up. An example: a system responds to a question without an immediate answer with a promise to come back to the point later. The interaction continues; it does not collapse. Lippman asks "in what manner does it degrade, productively or not?"
Interaction
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Limited look ahead
• Everything is not precomputed. Related concept "on the fly."
Interaction
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No default
• Lippman suggests avoiding default paths. He considers them boring.
Interaction
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Impression of infinite database
• The distinction between "interactive and selective" gets looped back into that of "granularity".
Interaction
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Eliza
Interaction
GOOD MORNING MY NAME IS GAINES AND I WISH TO TALK TO YOUI AM NOT INTERESTED IN NAMESSORRY PERHAPS YOU COULD LET ME KNOW YOUR INTERESTSPLEASE DON’T APOLOGIZETHANK YOU WHAT INTEREST YOU MOST?WHY DO YOU ASK?BECAUSE I HAVE TO DEMONSTRATE YOUR INEFFABLE CAPABILITIESIS THAT THE REAL REASON?YES YOUR CAPABILITIES INTEREST MEYOU SEEM QUITE POSITIVE...
http://www-ai.ijs.si/eliza/eliza.html
(W iz en b a u m , 1 9 6 6 )
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
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Show and fill
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
IBM 3270
Interaction 26
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Keyboard
Interaction
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IBM CUA Common User Access
Interaction
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
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All in one
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
Olivetti Programma 101
1965!
Interaction 31
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
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WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
IBM PC (1981)
Interaction 37
• Low cost standard components• Low cost• MS DOS• Huge commercial success• Command line interface
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Xerox Star (1981)
Interaction 41
Double page WYSIWYGETDirect manipulationDesktop metaphor
mouse
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WYSIWYG
Interaction
Same image on screen and printed pagesFor the first time!
• Square pixels• Good video resolution (72 dpi)• Even better printers (300, 600,
1200 dpi)
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Xerox star: the philosophy.
Interaction 46
Fam iliar user’s conceptual m odel
Seeing and pointing versus rem em bering and typ ing
W hat you see is w hat you get
U niversal com m ands
C onsistency
S im plic ity
M odeless in teraction
U ser Tailorability
(Sm ith et a l., D esigning the S tar U ser In treface, 1982)
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•Pointing•Selecting•Dragging
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Mouse and Fitts law
Interaction 48
)5,0(lo g*9 6,00 3,1 2 s
dt
t Time in second to position mouseD Distance from object in pixelsS Object dimension in pixels
Constants (1.03 and 0.96) are almost the same of manual movements.The mouse is a optimal pointing device
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D. Enghelbart (1964)
Interaction
(D .Engelbart)
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Direct Manipulation
Interaction 51
• Visibility of Object and Actions• Rapid, reversible, incremental
actions• Replacement of complex command-
language syntax with direct, visual manipulation of the object of interest.
Schneiderman (1983)
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WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
Desktop metaphor
Interaction 53
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WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
Apple Macintosh (1984)
Interaction 55
“The com puter for the rest of us”
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Windows (1985)
Interaction 59
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1.0
Interaction
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2.0
Interaction
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3.1
Interaction
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95
Interaction
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7
Interaction
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8
Interaction
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
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Always connected
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
August 6, 1991
Interaction 68
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WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDA
WEB: point and click
• Hypertext• Active text, bottons, links• Forms• Multimedia
Interaction 71
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Vannevar Bush (July 1945)
Interaction
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Hypertext: link
Interaction
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Talmud
Interaction 75
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1960 Jan Dec1966
Nov1973
Oct1980
Sep1987
Aug1994
Jul2001
Jun2008 2015
Today
Teletype
Video terminal
PC
Tablet & Smartphone
Browser e cloud
Augmented reality
WEB DESIGN NABA 2014 Roberto DADDAInteraction 86
Computer & realitytogheter
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Roberto Dadda
[email protected]+39 338 775 22 03Twitter, facebook, linkedin: robertodadda