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Interaction of animal with its environment. 1 Structure of earthworm community in the suburbs of Fukuoka City Distribution of environments under study Maximum biomass of earthworm in various vegetation Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima Unsettled problem - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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1 Interaction of animal with its environment 1 Structure of earthworm community in the suburbs of Fukuoka City Distribution of environments under study Maximum biomass of earthworm in various vegetation Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima Unsettled problem a. Growth analysis on the population having a bi-modal distribution of weight, b. the individual without the male pore, b. The function of intestinal coeca c. Taxonomy problem of Pheretima of Fukuoka outskirts and Minamata 2. Population ecology of representative species Pheretima sp.(H- 1) population 1 The earthworm is born, lives, and dies a Number of individuals and weight distribution b. Population metabolism c. Daily fecal pellet production rate, daily food ingestion rate digestive efficienc y and assimilation efficiency 2 Relations between individuals of the same species Movement and dispersio n a mass emergence of Pheretima sp. (H-1) on fine day after rain b The structure o f habitat and the distribution pattern 3 Interaction of animal with its environment a Resource utilization and energy balance b The bio-economic life table c Interaction of animal with its environment
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Page 1: Interaction of animal with its environment

1

Interaction of animal with its environment

1 Structure of earthworm community in the suburbs of Fukuoka City       Distribution of environments under study       Maximum biomass of earthworm in various vegetation       Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima     Unsettled problem      a. Growth analysis on the population having a bi-modal distribution of weight, b. the individual without the male pore, b. The function of intestinal coeca

      c. Taxonomy problem of Pheretima of Fukuoka outskirts and Minamata

2. Population ecology of representative species Pheretima sp.(H-1) population    1 . The earthworm is born, lives, and dies

     a Number of individuals and weight distribution   b.   Population metabolism       c. Daily fecal pellet production rate, daily food ingestion rate digestive efficiency and assimilation efficiency

   2 . Relations between individuals of the same species ( Movement and dispersion )     a   mass emergence of Pheretima sp. (H-1) on fine day after rain    b   The structure of habitat and the distribution patt

ern  

   3 . Interaction of animal with its environment      a   Resource utilization and energy balance     b   The bio-economic life table    c   Interaction of animal with its environment

Page 2: Interaction of animal with its environment

2130.50078433.512393

Hokanken South 1991 - 2003

130.5933532.180103130.49995733.512697

IBPMinamata 1969-1971Hokanken North 1991 - 2003

Center of investigation or Sampling130.42389533.614515

130.4244133.614363

130.42445933.614529

130.42409433.614841

It consists of Grass area and Dicotylendonous area. Refer to slide x.

Quadrangle

130.42384233.627863 Hakozaki 1968

130.42406233.628403

130.42377233.628466130.45261633.619635

130.42361633.628542130.45371633.619719

130.42354133.628488130.45367933.620193

130.42361133.627934130.45278333.620157

Hexagon Quadrangle

Experiment field of university1971-74 Kumano1968East longitudenorth latitudeEast longitudenorth latitude

Coordinates in study area

Page 3: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Page 4: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Table 1-1 Distribution of environments under study

Area G Area D Area H Area K IBP minamata

Tree vegetationCeltis

sinensisQuercusglauca

Cover degree ca 40 % 100%Ground surface

vegetationImperatacylindrica

Solidagoaltissima

Artemisiavulgaris

Damnacanthusindicus

Carex spp. Vicia hirsutaAchyranthes

japonicaTrachelosperum

asiaticum

Cover degree ca 50 % 100% ca 70 % ca 20 %Litter layer (cm) 0 0.1 - 1.5 2.0 - 4.0 3.5 - 5.0A0 horizon (cm) 1.7 - 4.2 3.0 -12.3 5.0 -40.0 5.0 -10.0

pH in H2O 5.56 6.05 6.2 4.7

Primary production 540. ? 1176.5 1010 ? 844

study year 1971-72 1971-73 1967-68 1967-68 1969-1971

Page 5: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Change in earthworm's scientific name [2/1/2014]

Old temporary name in field note

Name of earthworm until 2002 [Abbreviation]

Name of earthworm after 2012/7/15 [Abbreviation]

hilgendorfi    

agrests    

aokii Pheretima sp. (H-1) Amynthas tokioensis var. Hakozaki

irregularis [Ph. sp. (H-1)] [A. tokioensis var. Hakozaki]

noting    

(H-1)    

heterochaeta Pheretima heterochata Amynthas corticis heterochata

hupeiensis   Pheretima hupeiensis Amynthas hupeiensis

robusutus Pheretima robusutus Amynthas robusutus

phaselus maculosus? Pheretima phaselus Amynthas phaselus

micronaria Pheretima micronaria Amynthas micronarius

calfornica Pheretima calfornica Metaphire calfornica

vittata Pheretima vittata [Ph. vittata] Metaphire pseudvittatus

Pschmardae Pheretima schmardae Duplodicodrilus schmardae

Page 6: Interaction of animal with its environment

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g fresh wt m-2Area Area G Area D Area H Area K IBP Minamata

Pheretima schmardae 6.648 1.877

Pheretima sp. (H-1) 11.045 122.964 43.945Pheretima vittata 0.679 24.912 29.24Pheretima irregularis 10.552Pheretima sieboldi 2.312Pheretima sp. (M-3) 17.122Pheretima heterochaeta 60.512 34.39 3.762Pheretima micronaria 5.111 0.471 2.809Allolobophora caliginosa 7.298 11.14

Allolobophora jaoinica 0.182 2.494

Other fewer speciesPheretimahupeiensis

Pheretimahupeiensis

Four unknownPheretima

TwounknownPheretima

TwounknownPheretima

One unknownLumbricidae

Bimastosparvus

Bimastosparvus

Bimastosparvus

Bimastosparvus

Table 1-3 Species composition and maximum biomass ofearthworm in various vegetation

Page 7: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Table 2-3 Eco-morphological feature of representative Pheretima

Species Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima Pheretima

schmardae sp. (H-1) vittata irregularis sieboldi sp. (M-3) heterochaeta micronaria

Life history Newly born hatch out Newly born hatch out Newly born hatch out in Many younger appear in

in spring, mature in in spring, mature in summer, mature till next summer, mature till next

summer and disappear June and some remained summer, and disappear summer, and some remain

till August . till November. till August. till winter.

Life time

age composition One generation Two or three generation

Main habitat Compost Old grass Old grass Edge of Younger Older

field edge of forest vegetation vegetation

Inhabit layer Litter

Hibernate site Dry dingle Deeper soil layer

Body yellow dark reddish dark brown dark light grey light

pigmentation green brown with reddish brown purplish

yellow band brown brownNumber of pair ofspermatica

three two

Activity

Body form Plumply slenderly

Body size 474 1922 6006 2206 30500 1434 799 564

Intestinal coeca 5 6-7 8 6 Most complex

pairs of finger projection

Composition of Organic rich Small raw Large raw Organic rich Litter from Organic rich

gut content matter humus humus matter with tree leaves matter

small raw

humus

6 months 8 months 12 months over 12 months

two

Organic rich soil

and mineral soil

four

Active sluggish

Simple showing a conical form

Litter - A -Soil

deep black purple

Ever green forest in

mountain site

Page 8: Interaction of animal with its environment

8

G 72/ 7/ 19

A O D F A J A O D F

Fig. 1-15. Seasonal change in (a) body weight and (b) density of each generation of Pheretima heterochaeta in area G. Vertical lines in upper figure indicate one standard deviation.

Total density

(b) Density of each generation

(a) Body weight of each generation

1000

125

0

0

80

80

0

80

160

mg

N

N

Body weight frequency

Page 9: Interaction of animal with its environment

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coeca 6-7 finger shape litter dweller4-5 individuals per a measurement The average of 5 measurement (1972/ 5/ 5 - 6/ 25)1

Bodyweight

D Fore gut Mid gut Hind gut

× 10 × 10 × 10Averageweight 5 2.9 6.1 9.42722.6 6 4.0 7.6 11.2GWW 7 7.7 15.4 27.9

coeca conical form soil dweller4 individuals per a measurement The average of 5 measurements (1971/ 10/ 21-12/ 8)

Bodylength

D Fore gut Mid gut Hind gut

10cm 3 13.1 12.3 21.7から 4 3.6 3.1 6.612cm 5 0.9 0.9 1.7

Table 7 - 1 Microbial density in gut materials ofPheretima sp. (H-1)

Table 7 - 2 The number of observed colonies in gutmaterials of Pheretima heterochaeta

Page 10: Interaction of animal with its environment

10FIG. 3.2-5. Seasonal changes in average population density (a), mean body size (b) and number of dead worms observed (c).

Page 11: Interaction of animal with its environment

11

Taxonomical problem of earthworm collected in Fukuoka pref.

• Young earthworm cannot be identified.

• All of Pheretima vittata and the majority of Pheretima sp.(H-1) have the male pore.

• In Fukuoka and Minamata, there are a lot of nameless earthworms. . .

Rough sketch of Pheretima sp.(H-1)

The 18th section

Page 12: Interaction of animal with its environment

12

1972 7 150

00

00

06 0

0 52 6

01 0 010

0 6 01

7 2 77 0

0 11 2 12 6 4

40

9m

Fig. 2-3a. Distribution maps of earthworm in the experimental field. Black letter indicate the density of Pheretima sp. (H-1) (25 x 25 cm-2)

Page 13: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Page 14: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Fig. 1-10. Seasonal change in population density of Pheretima sp.(H-1) in area D. Vertical lines indicate one standard deviation.

Pheretima sp.(H- 1)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

F A J A O D F A J A O D F A

Page 15: Interaction of animal with its environment

15 Open bars indicate the frequency of immature and black bars indicate the frequency of mature.Fig. 1-11. Seasonal change in body weight frequency of Pheretima sp. (H-1) in area D ( 1972).

D 72/ 6/ 8 Ph.H D 72/ 6/ 19 Ph.H

D 72/ 6/ 30 Ph.H D 72/ 7/ 15 Ph.H D 72/ 7/ 29 Ph.H

10-May-72

Acalhojo

23-May-72

Acalhojo 8- J un-72

Acalhojo

19- J un-72

Acalhojo

D 72/ 6/ 19 A.V. D 72/ 6/ 30 A.V.

D 72/ 5/ 23 Ph.H

D 72/ 5/ 23 A.C. D 72/ 6/ 8 A.C. D 72/ 6/ 19 A.C. D 72/ 6/ 30 A.C.D 72/ 5/ 23 Ap.c a.

D 72/ 6/ 8 Ap.c a.D 72/ 6/ 19 Ap.c a.

D 72/ 6/ 30 Ap.c a.

Pheretima sp.(H-1)

13826

0

125

1000

3375

0 20 40 60

Frequency (%)D 72/ 5/ 23 A.V. D 72/ 6/ 8 A.V.

D 72/ 2/ 14 Ph.H

D 72/ 2/ 23 Ph.H D 72/ 3/ 12 Ph.H D 72/ 3/ 28 Ph.H D 72/ 4/ 12 Ph.H

D 72/ 4/ 27 Ph.HD 72/ 5/ 10 Ph.H

Pheretima sp.(H-1)

Bod

y fr

esh

wei

ght

(mg

wt)

0

125

1000

3375

Page 16: Interaction of animal with its environment

16

呼吸速度

Density and average weight

現存量と呼吸量

生産と異化

CO2 mm3 h- 1

1

10

100

1000

10 100 1000 10000- 4000

- 2000

0

2000

4000

J F M A M J J A S

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Respiration

Production

Elimination

Page 17: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Table 3-1 Production, respiration, assimilation and ecological ratios

Species Ph. Vittata Ph.irregularis Ph. sieboldi

Year 1968 1971 1972 1972 1972 1968 1968 1970 1971 1971

1971 1973 1972

Area Area H Area D Area D Area G Clay sand Area H Area K IBP Area D Area G

Net production

g dry wt m-2 4.075 7.688 11.489 1.174 6.368 3.217 0.827 1.59762 4.7243

KJ m-2 85.772 162.339 242.642 24.686 134.575 68.199 17.573 5.23 33.765 99.839

Cocoon production

g dry wt m-2 0.0018 0.0021 0.0022

KJ m-2 0.007554 0.008648 0.009205

Respiration

KJ m-2 138.239 193.669 589.275 44.124 263.885 126.566 43.639 6.527 234.467 659.465

Assimilation

KJ m-2 224.011 356.008 831.917 68.81 398.46 194.765 61.212 11.757 268.232 759.304

Average biomass

g dry wt m-2 0.779 1.729 4.368 0.268 1.72 0.883 0.226 0.09 0.695 1.632

Maximum biomass

g dry wt m-2 2.982 3.324 8.378 0.76 4.352 1.964 0.725 0.157 1.368 2.889

R/A 0.617 0.544 0.708 0.641 0.662 0.65 0.713 0.555 0.874 0.869

P/B 5.218 4.446 2.63 4.381 3.702 3.643 3.659 2.649 2.3 2.895

P/BMAX 1.363 2.313 1.371 1.545 1.463 1.638 1.141 1.584 1.168 1.635

Pheretima sp. (H-1) Ph. Heterochaeta

Page 18: Interaction of animal with its environment

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at 20℃.

10

100

1000

10000

10 100 1000 10000

Body weight (mg fresh wt)

Food ingesti

on r

ate

and F

ecal pellet

pro

ducti

on r

ate

(mg d

ry w

t d-1 )

food consumption rate fecal pellet production

Y = 545.15 W 0.4382 at 25 ºC      F = 1419.12 W 0.7015 at 25 C Y = 481.55 W 0.5280   at 20 ºC      F = 1405.93 W 0.9594 at 20 ºC Y = 338.13 W 0.8764 at 15 ºC     F = 986.86 W 0.92840 at 15 ºCY:Food consumption per day W:Body weight   F:Fecal pellet production per day

Page 19: Interaction of animal with its environment

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(22.5 mg C g-1 dry wt) (222.9 mg C g-1 dry wt)

(1.64 mg N g-1 dry wt) (13.1 mg N g-1 dry wt)

Carbon

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Nitrogen

02468

1012

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 50 100

matureimmature

Fig.4-6. Nutrient contents of the materials in alimental canal of the pre-mature worms collected in field.

a, Carbon content; b, Nitogen content; c; The ratio of food consumption to fecal pellt production, of the reared worms. In Lowest figure, the open area indicates the contribution by immature worms and the black area indicates the contributionby mature worms.

Page 20: Interaction of animal with its environment

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餌の質32.731.335.442.641.841.6

2949.524.6

Carbon

- 80

- 60

- 40

- 20

0

20

40

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Ass

imilat

ion e

fficie

ncy

(%)

Nitrogen

- 60

- 40

- 20

0

20

40

60

0 20 40 60 80 100

Assim

ilati

on e

fficie

ncy (

%)

Carbon

Nitrogen

The ratio of food consumed to total material consumed (%)

Fig. 5-2a. The relation between the assimilation efficiency and the ratio of food consumed to total material consumed.

Page 21: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Table 5-1 Digestive efficiency of Phererima sp. (H-1)

Food consumption

Efficiency (%) Pellet production(%)

Reared worms Carbon 8.124(A=C-F) Nitrogen 7.392

Reared worms 25℃ 2.31(A=P+R) 20℃ 1.98 35.5

15℃ 2.22

Field Carbon 1.895 24.77Population Nitrogen 9.559 38.86

35.5

Page 22: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Pheretima vittata 1972

0

5

10

Pheretima sp. (H-1) 1972

0

20

40

1972

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

M J J

0

50

100

Air temperature

Mass movement of earthworm on fine after rain

Precipitation

White bars :Movement individualBlack bars:Death individual

Page 23: Interaction of animal with its environment

23

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Percipitation temperature Water content of soil

soil respiration

0

50

100

Control

0

25

50

5/ 7 5/ 14 5/ 21 5/ 28 6/ 4 6/ 11 6/ 18

Ra

in f

all (

mm

d-1)

CO 2

evo

lutio

n

(mg C

O2 m

-2 h

-1)

So

il s

urfa

ce

te

mp

eratu

re

(

℃)

W

ate

r c

on

ten

t o

f so

il (

%)

Soil respiration rate

Page 24: Interaction of animal with its environment

24

Fig.7-2 Shema of the response box

Wormcast Earthworm

Observation chamber

Three ways Cock

Flow meter Gasses cylinder

1

2

C

B

A

3

Diffusion chamber

Page 25: Interaction of animal with its environment

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Fig. 7-7a Number of earthworm showing therashing out behavior to various concentrationof Carbon dioxide gases.

0.25 L CO2 20 individuals / 4 replicate

01

0.5 L CO2 40 individuals / 8 replicate

0

1

2

0.667 L CO2 5 individuals / 1 replicate

0

1

1.0L CO2 15 individuals / 3 replicate

0

2

1.5 L CO2 25 individuals / 5 replicate

0

2

4

6

2.0 L CO2 10 individuals / 2 replicate

0

2

4

0

1

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

0.125 L CO2 10 individuals / 2 replicate

Page 26: Interaction of animal with its environment

26

The death of worm Expantion of distribution area of earthwormon bare area The aggregation is weakened. The worm can

aboid the food shortage condition.

Solar radiation

Increase of activity of soil organism.Increase of CO2 concentration in habitat.Wormcast became to be bad habitat, for worms

Fine day after rain

Conformation of a aggregated distribution of worms, The resistency of worm to dry condition increase. On the other hand, the food shortagecondition for worms occure.

Decrease of CO2 expiration rate of wormcast. Wormcast became toconfortable condition as shelter for earthworms.

dry conditionNo rain

Number increase of filamentous fungi, Rest pause of bacteria. Increaseof water holdency of worm cast

Fecal pellet expiration

Number increase of micro- organism in earthworm intestine.

Fig7-9 Population meaning of the simultanously death of earthworm; Pheretima sp. (H-1) on fine days after rain

Abruptly dispersion of earthworm

Metabolism of Earthworm inhabitat.

Page 27: Interaction of animal with its environment

27

- 4000

- 2000

0

2000

4000

J F M A M J J A S0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Production Elimination Surviving rate

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

J F M A M J J A S0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

M star I δ

Figure8-2  Distribution pattern of individuals

同化

異化

巌の M star

森下の Iδ

Page 28: Interaction of animal with its environment

28

A 1/A B r1973/4/20 24.18 0.414 0.0157 0.8891973/5/10 14.89 0.07 0.143 0.834

(21.38) (0.037) (0.221) (0.739)

1972/6/8 4.86 0.2058 0.499 0.8491973/6/15 6.1 0.1639 0.665 0.8121972/6/19 6.01 0.1664 0.7658 0.9111972/6/30 5.08 0.1967 1.1167 0.7671972/7/15 9.92 0.1008 0.8306 0.257

72/ 6/ 19

0

5

10

15

20

25

0 2 4 6

73/ 4/ 28

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 0.5 1 1.5

Den

sity

(N

/ 25

×25

cm

-2)

The regression coefficient between number of earthworm and thickness of wormcast

Page 29: Interaction of animal with its environment

29

Hot dry condition after late J ulyRe- aggregation of matured individual

Aggregation in cocoon stage Aggregation of cocoon ovipositedHatch out

Dispersion of young worm to searcha food resource Dry condition in May

Aggregation of pre- matured individuals

Warm- wetter condition in J uneAbruptly dispersion of pre- matured andmatured individuals

Disappearanceof population

Fig. 8-7. The seasonal change in the degree of aggregation ofPheretima sp. (H-1) in relation to own's life history.

Agg

rega

tness

of

ear

thw

orm

J une J uly AugustFeb. March April May

Page 30: Interaction of animal with its environment

30

Decrease of habitatness

Dispersion of young worm to search a foor resource.Decrease of aggregatness. Random distributionof loose colonies with random deposition ofindividuals within colonies. Abruptly dispersion, Simultanously death on fine

day after rain.B) Pre- matured stage in dry season Uniform distribution of small colony (copulation)

within clump. Random distribution of clump.

D) Post matured state

Dry

Aggregation of wormConformation of the compact colony End of wetter- summer season

dry conditionIncrease of thickness of worm cast.Increase of resistency of earthworm to dry condition. Re- aggregation of matured individual,food shortage in habitat Conformation of compact colony. Then,

the aggregated distribution of cocoon

Disappearance of population

Fig. 8-8. The structure of habitat and the distribution pattern of earthworm ; Pheretima sp. (H-1).

Page 31: Interaction of animal with its environment

31

Distribution range

Litter fall Caloric contentin the utilizable

Soil as food resouce resource

Caloric content of Quality oflitter, and soil food resource

Soil surfacetenperature Assimilation

efficiencyPopulation density Total quantity in field UtilizableBody weight of fecal pellet energydistribution produced

Litter consumption rate ResouceFecal pellet utilizationproduction rate intensity

Assimilation efficiencyin rearing condition

Resource division Feeding activity among competitorof food competitor

Maximum quantity ofwormcast presentingin field

Decaying rate of wormcasts

Distribution pattern utilizableof individuals area

Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms

Distribution range

Litter fall Caloric contentin the utilizable

Soil as food resouce resource

Caloric content of Quality oflitter, and soil food resource

Soil surfacetenperature Assimilation

efficiencyPopulation density Total quantity in fieldBody weight of fecal pelletdistribution produced

Litter consumption rate ResouceFecal pellet utilizationproduction rate intensity

Assimilation efficiencyin rearing condition

Resource division Feeding activity among competitorof food competitor

Maximum quantity ofwormcast presentingin field

Decaying rate of wormcasts

Distribution pattern utilizableof individuals area

Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms

Page 32: Interaction of animal with its environment

32

Distribution range

Litter fall Caloric contentin the utilizable

Soil as food resouce resource

Caloric content of Quality oflitter, and soil food resource

Soil surfacetenperature Assimilation

efficiencyPopulation density Total quantity in fieldBody weight of fecal pelletdistribution produced

Litter consumption rate ResouceFecal pellet utilizationproduction rate intensity

Assimilation efficiencyin rearing condition

Resource division Feeding activity among competitorof food competitor

Maximum quantity ofwormcast presentingin field

Decaying rate of wormcasts

Distribution pattern utilizableof individuals area

Fig. 9-1 The estimating procedure of energy absorbed by earthworms

Copy

Page 33: Interaction of animal with its environment

33

Three process of resource utilization

food requirement (cultivated earthwom)

62416.494 KJ m-2 (=10283.43×0.887+2963.66×17.983)

the absorbed energy

892.531 KJ m-2

the absorbable energy

The procedure for estimation are shown in side22

978.638 KJ m-2

(P+R=832.198 KJ)

Page 34: Interaction of animal with its environment

34

Copy  Three process of resource utilization

food requirement (cultivated earthwom)

62416.494 KJ m-2 (=10283.43×0.887+2963.66×17.983)

the absorbed energy

892.531 KJ m-2

the absorbable energy

The procedure for estimation are shown in side22

978.638 KJ m-2

(P+R=832.198 KJ)

Page 35: Interaction of animal with its environment

35

Table 11-1 Bio-economic life table of Pheretima sp. (H-1) in area D 1972

F.R F.R F.C F.C * _ *Date N B B.W P E A.H A.V A.H A.V L-C R.W m/m m A

Jan. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1176.515.8

Feb.14 60.8 379.6 6.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 1175.3 1.7 6.226.6

Feb.23 83.2 619.2 7.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 1170.2 1.9 11.018.5

Mar.12 92.8 933.7 10.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 1162.2 1.7 11.157.3

Mar.28 108.8 1850.9 17.0 3.8 0.3 2.6 0.3 1118.7 1.5 11.051.9 11.5

Apr.12 100.5 2457.3 24.5 5.9 0.5 4.1 0.5 1049.7 1.6 10.8166.2 1.7

Apr.27 99.8 4924.5 49.3 19.3 1.5 13.4 1.4 827.7 1.4 9.7 24.2152.5 26.1

May 10 93.4 6821.0 73.0 30.7 3.1 21.4 2.8 531.3 1.3 8.6 14.9114.2 31.9

May 23 88.3 7892.4 89.4 33.0 6.4 23.0 5.9 68.4 1.5 9.5101.7 71.3

Jun. 8 76.8 8378.2 109.1 32.8 5.1 22.9 4.7 0.0 15.2 1.3 7.1 4.987.9 92.6

Jun.19 68.0 8326.0 122.4 27.0 4.9 18.9 4.5 15.2 2.7 10.4 6.01(6.10)87.2

Jun.30 66.6 7368.0 110.6 25.6 5.6 17.9 5.1 15.2 1.6 7.5 5.1156.0

Jul.15 51.8 5028.5 97.1 19.3 8.6 13.4 7.9 15.2 1.5 5.9 9.9232.5

Jul.29 26.2 1803.5 68.8 9.1 4.9 6.3 4.5 15.2 3.9 7.160.1

Aug.28 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.2

N:density (N m-2

), B:Biomass (dry wt m-2

), B.W:Body dry weight of individual, P:Production (dry wt w-2

), E:Elimination (dry wt w-2

)F.R A.H:Litter requirement of Amynthas sp.(H-1), F.R A.V:Litter requirement of Amynthas vittatus , F.C A.H: Litter consumption of Amynthas sp. (H-1), F.C.A.V: Litter consumption of Amynthas vittatusL-C:Litter supply - Litter consumption, R.W: Resource supply from wormcast, (m/m, m, A: The degree of Aggregation of individuals, see Chapter 8)

Page 36: Interaction of animal with its environment

36

Table 11-1 Bio-economic life table of Pheretima sp. (H-1) in area D 1972

F.R F.R F.C F.C * _ *Date N B B.W P E A.H A.V A.H A.V L-C R.W m/m m A

Jan. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1176.515.8

Feb.14 60.8 379.6 6.2 0.2 0.0 0.1 0.0 1175.3 1.7 6.226.6

Feb.23 83.2 619.2 7.4 0.4 0.0 0.3 0.0 1170.2 1.9 11.018.5

Mar.12 92.8 933.7 10.1 0.6 0.1 0.4 0.1 1162.2 1.7 11.157.3

Mar.28 108.8 1850.9 17.0 3.8 0.3 2.6 0.3 1118.7 1.5 11.051.9 11.5

Apr.12 100.5 2457.3 24.5 5.9 0.5 4.1 0.5 1049.7 1.6 10.8166.2 1.7

Apr.27 99.8 4924.5 49.3 19.3 1.5 13.4 1.4 827.7 1.4 9.7 24.2152.5 26.1

May 10 93.4 6821.0 73.0 30.7 3.1 21.4 2.8 531.3 1.3 8.6 14.9114.2 31.9

May 23 88.3 7892.4 89.4 33.0 6.4 23.0 5.9 68.4 1.5 9.5101.7 71.3

Jun. 8 76.8 8378.2 109.1 32.8 5.1 22.9 4.7 0.0 15.2 1.3 7.1 4.987.9 92.6

Jun.19 68.0 8326.0 122.4 27.0 4.9 18.9 4.5 15.2 2.7 10.4 6.01(6.10)87.2

Jun.30 66.6 7368.0 110.6 25.6 5.6 17.9 5.1 15.2 1.6 7.5 5.1156.0

Jul.15 51.8 5028.5 97.1 19.3 8.6 13.4 7.9 15.2 1.5 5.9 9.9232.5

Jul.29 26.2 1803.5 68.8 9.1 4.9 6.3 4.5 15.2 3.9 7.160.1

Aug.28 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 15.2

N:density (N m-2

), B:Biomass (dry wt m-2

), B.W:Body dry weight of individual, P:Production (dry wt w-2

), E:Elimination (dry wt w-2

)F.R A.H:Litter requirement of Amynthas sp.(H-1), F.R A.V:Litter requirement of Amynthas vittatus , F.C A.H: Litter consumption of Amynthas sp. (H-1), F.C.A.V: Litter consumption of Amynthas vittatusL-C:Litter supply - Litter consumption, R.W: Resource supply from wormcast, (m/m, m, A: The degree of Aggregation of individuals, see Chapter 8)

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Page 37: Interaction of animal with its environment

37

Next food chain Atmosphere Solar radiation

Eco-physiological feature Niche segregation along with time, foodand habitat among equivalent species

Life history Habitat preference Enlargement of distribution area Food preference

Space deposition of individualsSpace requirement

Abruptly deispersion Aggregated Attractive effect of worm on fine days distribution among individuals after rain in dry days Negative chemotaxis Elimination Respiration of earthworm to carbon dioxide Death of worm Food shortage

B Biomass in limitted areaN NumberB.WBody weight Escape from

Food requirement food shortagecondition

Food consumption Production rate under rearing Environmental value condition Assimilation of wormcast as food Assimilation ability Energy-material balance

Assimilation Food Persistence of individual efficiency consumptionand species in field in field

Quality of resource

Fecal pellet Porously

Litter expiration Water holdency character ofFood consumption supply of worm cast wormcast

of competitorDecaying Microbial density

Food requirement wormcast in worm castof competitor

Wormcast as habitat conditionSoil surfacetemperature

Fig. 11-1. Inter relation ship between environment and earthworm

F.HP.H

E

P

F.CP.H

L- C

F.RP.V

D.W

* m

m/ m

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38

餌に対する関係

Next food chain Atomosphere

Life requirement

Eco-physiological Inter-speciesfeature relation ship

Inner-speciesSpace requirement relation ship

Childcare

Sexual Cocoon productionpassion or breeding

Food requirement PopulationMetabolism

Persistence ofindividuals andspecies

Habitat VegetationFood resource structure Equivalent

Environment speciesHabitat condition

Fig. 11-3. Inter relation ship between environment and animals.


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