This article was downloaded by: [Laurentian University] On: 06 September 2013, At: 06:33 Publisher: Taylor & Francis Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gapp20 Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and root-rot fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.] Safiuddin a & Sheila Shahab a a Department of Botany, Section of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India Published online: 09 Aug 2011. To cite this article: Safiuddin & Sheila Shahab (2012) Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and root-rot fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.], Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 45:6, 660-666, DOI: 10.1080/03235408.2011.591087 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2011.591087 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
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This article was downloaded by: [Laurentian University]On: 06 September 2013, At: 06:33Publisher: Taylor & FrancisInforma Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registeredoffice: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK
Archives Of Phytopathology And PlantProtectionPublication details, including instructions for authors andsubscription information:http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/gapp20
Interactive effect of root-knotnematode, Meloidogyne incognita androot-rot fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, onokra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.]Safiuddin a & Sheila Shahab aa Department of Botany, Section of Plant Pathology andNematology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, IndiaPublished online: 09 Aug 2011.
To cite this article: Safiuddin & Sheila Shahab (2012) Interactive effect of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita and root-rot fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, on okra [Abelmoschusesculentus L.], Archives Of Phytopathology And Plant Protection, 45:6, 660-666, DOI:10.1080/03235408.2011.591087
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2011.591087
PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE
Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the“Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis,our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as tothe accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinionsand views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors,and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Contentshould not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sourcesof information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims,proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever orhowsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arisingout of the use of the Content.
This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Anysubstantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing,systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms &
Interactive effect of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and
root-rot fungus, Rhizoctonia solani, on okra [Abelmoschus esculentus L.]
Safiuddin* and Sheila Shahab
Department of Botany, Section of Plant Pathology and Nematology, Aligarh Muslim University,Aligarh 202002, India
(Received 31 March 2011; final version received 27 April 2011)
The individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of second stage juveniles(at 2000 J2/kg soil) of Meloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani (at 2 gmycelial mat/kg soil) showed significant reduction in plant growth parametersviz. plant length, fresh weight and dry weight as compared to control. Thegreatest reduction in plant growth parameters was recorded in the plantssimultaneously inoculated with M. incognita and R. solani followed by sequentialand individual inoculation. In sequential inoculation, plant inoculated withM. incognita 15 days prior to R. solani shows more reduction in comparison toplant inoculated with R. solani 15 days prior to M. incognita. Moreover, themultiplication of nematode and number of galls/root system were significantlyreduced in concomitant and sequential inoculation as compared to individualinoculation, whereas the intensity of root-rot/root system caused by R. solani wasincreased in the presence of root-knot nematode M. incognita as compared towhen R. solani was inoculated individually.
Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] var. Arka anamika is an economicallyimportant vegetable crop, which belongs to the family Malvaceae and native ofSouth Africa. Used as vegetable, sugar cane juice cleaner, substitute for coffee, as asubstitute of paper industry, its sodium content is very high and has a rich source ofvitamins A and B. India ranks first in the world with 3.5 million tonnes (70% of thetotal world production) of okra produced from over 0.35 million ha land (FAOSTAT2008).The root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) are the most wide-spread tinyorganisms which limit the world’s agricultural productivity (Sasser and Carter 1982;Taylor et al. 1982).They attack almost all the cultivated plants but vegetables crops aretheir most preferred hosts (Sasser 1980; Sikora and Fernandez 2005). The root-knotnematode with other plant pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and virus cause moredamage to the crop (Davis and Jenkins 1963; Kawamura and Hirano 1968).
Survey of okra crops in Aligarh and adjoining areas showed poor growth ofplants. The infected plants were uprooted and examined in lab for further
observation. The pathogens isolated and identified as root-knot nematode wereMeloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) and root-rot fungus Rhizoctonia solani(Kuhn). The pathogenicity test was carried out to confirm the pathogenicity of bothpathogens individually and in combination. The disease was more severe in thecombination of both pathogens in comparison to the individually inoculated plant.So the interactive test was conducted to find out the effect of both pathogensindividually, concomitantly and simultaneously on plant growth parameters.
Materials and methods
An experiment was conducted in the greenhouse conditions in 12 cm 6 15 cmearthen pots filled with 5 kg of autoclaved soil. Soil was moist with required water.After 3 days, sterilised seeds of okra were shown. Fifteen days old seedlings of okrawere inoculated with freshly hatched 2000 J2/kg soil of root-knot nematode,Meloidogyne incognita and 2 g mycelial mat/plant of root-rot fungus, Rhizoctoniasolani individually, concomitantly (Mi þ Rs) and sequentially(Rs ! Mi and Mi !Rs) carefully on the root of seedlings. Five replicates of each treatment were made.Uninoculated plants served as control. The experiment was terminated 3 monthsafter inoculation of nematodes. Plants were uprooted, washed and plant growthparameters viz., plant length, fresh and dry weight (in cms.) number of galls, root-knot index (RKI) and reproduction factor (Rf.) of root knot nematode, werecalculated by the formula Rf ¼ Pf/pi where ‘Pf’ represented the final and ‘Pi’ theinitial population of the nematode. The percentage of rotting per root-system wasalso determined. Statistical analysis of the data for critical difference (C.D.) atP ¼ 0.05 and P ¼ 0.01 levels was done as per the procedure described by Panse andSukhatme (1978).
Results
The pathogenicity test revealed that at and above 2 g mycelia mat/plant ofRhizoctonia solani (Rs) and at and above freshly hatched 2000 J2/kg soil ofMeloidogyne incognita (Mi) cause significant reduction in plant growth parametersviz., plant length, fresh weight and dry weight. The plant inoculated with fungus(Rs) and nematode (Mi) individually exhibited appreciable damage. However, thegreatest reduction in plant growth parameters was caused by the simultaneousinoculation of M. incognita and R. Solani (Mi þ Rs) followed by sequentialinoculation of nematode 15 days prior to fungus (Mi!Rs), and fungusinoculation 15 days prior to nematode (Rs ! Mi). Both pathogens causereduction in plant growth parameters in the order (Rs) 4 (Mi) 4 (Rs !Mi) 4 (Mi ! Rs) 4 (Mi þ Rs) as given in Table 1 and Figure 1.Simultaneously as well as sequential inoculation of both pathogens causedmore reduction in plant growth characters as compared to the damage caused byeither pathogen alone. Minimum reduction in plant growth character wasrecorded in the treatment which received the treatment of fungus alone.
The final nematode population of M. incognita was highest (i.e. 15,718) in andaround plants inoculated with nematode only having the Rf (7.8), and lowest (i.e.4907) in and around plants in sequential inoculation where fungus was inoculated15 days prior to nematode (Rs!Mi) having the Rf (2.45). In sequential inoculation,nematode population was more where nematode was inoculated 15 days prior to
Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 661
fungus (Mi ! Rs), i.e. 12,695 having the Rf (6.37). In concomitant inoculation(Mi þ Rs), nematode population was 85,472 having Rf (4.20). Multiplication of thenematode was significantly reduced in the presence of the fungus. Maximum galling(i.e. 122/root system) was observed when nematode was inoculated aloneand minimum number of galls was recorded in fungus inoculated prior to nematode(Rs ! Mi), i.e. 49/root system treatment.
The greatest reproduction factor 7.80 was recorded in the plant inoculated withM. incognita alone. However, on the other hand the reproduction factor wasrecorded as 6.3, 4.20 and 2.45 in the plants inoculated with nematodes 15 days prior
Figure 2. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyneincognita (Mi) Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) on reproduction factor (Rf) of on M. Incognita okraplant (A. esculentus L.). Mi ¼ Individual inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita;Rs ¼ Individual inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani; Mi þ Rs ¼ Concomitant inoculation ofMeloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani; Mi ! Rs ¼ Sequential inoculation ofMeloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani; Rs ! Mi ¼ Sequential inoculation ofRhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita.
Figure 1. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyneincognita (Mi) Rhizoctonia solani on plant growth parameters of okra plant (A. esculentus L.).
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to fungus, nematode þ fungus and fungus 15 days prior to nematode, respectively(Table 2 and Figure 2).
The intensity of root-rot/root system caused by R. solani was increased in thepresence of root-knot nematode M. incognita as compared to when R. solani wasinoculated individually. The highest root-rot (55.0%) was recorded in concomitantinoculation (Mi þ Rs), followed by sequential inoculation where nematode wasinoculated 15 days prior to fungus (Mi! Rs) (40.0%) and R. solani 15 days prior to
Table 2. Studies on the effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation ofMeloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani nematode multiplication, gall formation androot-rot development on okra (A. esculentus L.).
Figure 3. Effect of individual, concomitant and sequential inoculation of Meloidogyneincognita (Mi) Rhizoctonia solani on number of galls and percentage of rotting/root system ofokra plant (A. esculentus L.). Mi ¼ Individual inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita;Rs ¼ Individual inoculation of Rhizoctonia solani; Mi þ Rs ¼ Concomitant inoculation ofMeloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani; Mi ! Rs ¼ Sequential inoculation ofMeloidogyne incognita and Rhizoctonia solani; Rs ! Mi ¼ Sequential inoculation ofRhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne incognita.
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M. incognita (Rs!Mi) (32%). Minimum root rotting (15.70%) was observed whenfungus was inoculated alone (Table 2 and Figure 3).
Discussion
The inoculum threshold level of M. incognita on okra was 2000 J2/kg soil, andpresent results on okra crop are in agreement with those of Mani and Sethi (1984),Khan and Hussain (1991), Bhat (2010), whereas inoculum threshold level of R. solanion okra was 2.00 g mycelial mat/plant. Similar results have also been reported bySharma (2007) on balsam.
It is evident from the Table 1 and Figure 1 that there exists a significantsynergistic effect of pathogens when inoculated simultaneously or when nematodewas inoculated 15 days prior to fungus inoculation (M. incognita þ R. solani and M.incognita ! R. solani, respectively). Similarly, Bhagwati et al. (2007) reportedsynergistic interaction between M. incognita and R. solani on okra. Hussain et al.(1985) found that peas were damaged by M. incognita or R. solani, but plant growthwas suppressed even further when plants were inoculated with both the organismssimultaneously. Synergistic effect of root-knot nematode and root-rot fungus has alsobeen reported by various scientists on different crops (Golden and Van Gundy 1975;Chahal and Chabra 1984; Ali and Venugopal 1992; Walker 1994; Prasad 1995;Bhagwati et al. 2007). The plants which received the concomitant inoculation, showthe greatest reduction in plant growth parameters viz., plant length, fresh weight anddry weight but the reproduction factor (Rf) and nematode population decreased whilepercentage of root-rot was increased in comparison to individually inoculated plants.
The maximum reduction in plant growth characters was recorded in concomitantinoculation (Mi þ Rs) and the percentage of reduction in plant growth parameterswas found to exceed the sum of reduction by both the pathogens inoculated alone,and that is why it may be established that there was a synergistic interaction (positiveinteraction) and this association was found to be significant. This was probably dueto predisposition of plants by nematode to fungus attack and thus increasing diseaseseverity. Such findings have earlier been reported on okra by Siddiqui et al. (1984),Bhagwati et al. (2007) as well as on other crops such as pea by Hussain et al. (1985)and ground nut by Prasad (1995).
References
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