Date post: | 17-Dec-2015 |
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Work Models
• Describe work from the point of view of the one person interviewed
• The Flow model• The Sequence model• The Artifact model• The Cultural model• The Physical model
The Flow model
• Represents communication and coordination neccessary to make work happen
• Defines Work flow– Work / tasks / projects usually involves many
people– Work broken into part– Divide of responsibilties among roles– Intervening of jobs and responsibilities that
get work done
Flow model distinctions
• Individuals – do the work• Responsibilities – expectations of outcome• Groups – have common goals/actions• Flow – communication to get work done• Artifacts – work “things” - physical/conceptual• Communication topic/action• Places• Breakdowns
Things to observe
• Coordination
• Strategy
• Roles
• Informal structures
• The Flow model mapps the organization
• Gives a “Bird eye view”
The Sequence model
• Work becomes a sequence of actions/steps to achieve an intent
• The Sequence model – a map to the work a new system will change
• Step by step information on how work is actually done
The Artifact model
• A drawing/photocopy of an artifact complete with any handwritten notes
• Extends information on the artifact to show:– Structure– Strategy– Intents
Artifact model distinctions
• Information – presented by the object• Parts – pages, figures, diagrams• Structure• Annotations – indicate informal usage• Presentation – color, font, layout, shape• Conceptual distinctions• Usage – when created, how used• Breakdowns
The Cultural model
• Work takes place in a culture
• Culture defines:– Expectations– Desires– Policies– Values– Approaches
Cultural context
• The mindset that people operate within and plays a part in everything they do
• Includes formal and informal policy of business climate
• Cultural influences can alter the choices people make
Cultural model distinctions
• Influencers – individuals/groups in organizations• Extent of effect• Influence
– Standard or policy– Power– Values– Identity– Emotions
• Breakdowns
Influence of culture
• Culture is invisible, but can be deduced from things you see and hear in the work place.– Tone– Policies– Organizational influence
The Physical model
• Work happens in physical environments– Rooms – Cars– Buildings– Highways
• Supports/enables work or gets in the way
Physical model distinctions
• Places – rooms, workstations, offices• Structures – sites, walls, desks• Usage and movement• Software/hardware/communication
lines/tools• Artifacts – folders, lists, bills• Layout• Breakdowns
Impact of physical environment
• Organization of space
• Division of space
• Grouping of people
• Organization of workplaces
• Movement
Cultural Probes
• An approach to get informations in a different way– Postcards– Maps– Cameras– Photo album– Media diary
• Used to come up with ideas to design
Inquiry
• Study of the existing situation at hand
• Finding out more about a present design situation
• Design: what exist / what could exist
• Two methods– Contextual inquiry– Why why why
Inquiries
• Contextual:– Interviews combined with observations– Goal: construct a picture of the actual work situation– Guided by three principles:
• Context• Partnership• Focus
• Why why why?– Ask a series of why questions– Probe the problem formulation
Exploration
• Study of the possible – what might be
• Divergance – diversity of possibilities– To prevent “design fixations”– To prevent designers personal involvement
• It’s easy to come up with many ideas, but hard to come up with good ideas– Keep quality in mind
Future workshop
• Used to:– clarify problems in current situation– create visions about future– discuss how to realise visions
• Three phases:– Qritique - brainstorming– Fantasy – unrestricted ideas– Implementation – presentation of visions
Brainstorming
• Collect a group of people to produce ideas together (3-7 people)
• Generate ideas– No criticizes or questions on ideas– As many ideas as possible– Combine and build upon other ideas– One idea pr. piece of paper
• Structure the results– Affinity diagram – ideas sorted into clusters/categories
– repeated– “document” results