S7L.1 Students will investigate the diversity of living organisms and how they can be compared scientifically.
a. Demonstrate the process of the development of a dichotomous key.
b. Classify organisms based on physical characteristics using a dichotomous key of the six kingdom system (archaebacterial, eubacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals).
Vocabulary
organism
Homeostasis
Dichotomous key
Response stimulus
Classification
Plantae
Phylogeny
Animalia
Vocabulary
Taxonomy
Archaebacteria (bacteria)
Binomial nomenclature
Eubacteria (bacteria)
Fungii
Protista
Prokaryote
Eukaryote
Vocabulary
• Autotroph (producer)
• Heterotroph (consumer)
• Cell
• Kingdom
• Scientific Name (genus & species)
• Multicellular
• Unicelluular
How are living things, or organisms alike?
1. Living things are organized.
a. Cell – the smallest unit of an organism that carries on the functions of life.
b. Each cell has an orderly structure and contains hereditary material.
How are living things, or organisms alike?
2. Living things respond.
a. Stimulus – that causes some change in an organism.
b. Response – the way an organism reacts to a stimulus, often results in movement.
c. Homeostasis – maintaining the proper conditions inside an organism.
How are living things, or organisms alike?
3. Living things grow and develop.
a. Growth of multi-cellular organisms is due to an increase in the number of cells.
b. Growth of uni-cellular organisms is due to an increase in the size of the cell.
c. Development – changes that take place during the life of an organism.
What do living things need?
1. A place to live that provides for all of the organism’s needs.
2. Raw materials like water, proteins, and sugars.
Question
What do you have in common with a flower?
• Both are organized & have cells.
• Both respond to stimuli & maintain homeostasis
• Both take in & use energy: plant (sun), human (food)
• Both grow, develop, & reproduce
• Both need a place to live & raw materials.
• Both contain organic compounds.
Where does life come from?
A. Spontaneous generation – early theory that living things could come from nonliving things.
(Disproved by Louis Pasteur in the mid-1800’s)
B. Biogenesis – theory that living things come from other living things.
How are living things classified?
A. Classification systems:
1. Aristotle classified organisms more than 2,000 years ago.
2. Carolus Linnaeus introduced a system based on similar structures of organisms.
3. Modern systems based on phylogeny –the evolutionary history of an organism.
How are living things classified?
4. Today’s classification system separates organisms into 6 kingdoms.
a. Kingdoms are the first and largestcategory.
b. the smallest classification category is a species.
c. Organisms that belong to the same species can mate and produce fertile offspring.
How are living things classified?
B. Binomial nomenclature – two word system used by Linnaeus to name species .
1. First word identifies the genus, or group of similar species.
2. Second word tells something about the species – what it looks like, where it is found, or who discovered it.
How are living things classified?
3. Why use scientific names?
a. To avoid mistakes
b. to show that organisms in the same genus are related
c. To give descriptive information
d. to allow information to be organized easily.
How are living things classified?
C. Tools for identifying organisms
1. Dichotomous keys – detailed lists of identifying characteristics that include scientific names.
Classifying Living ThingsLevels of Classification
Level of Classification Human Example Dog Example
Kingdom Animals Animals
Phylum Chordates Chordates
Class Mammals Mammals
Order Carnivores Carnivores
Family Canidae
Genus Homo Canis
Species sapiens lupus
KingdomsKingdom Trait Examples
Archeabacteria Uni-cellular, Prokaryotic, some move & others do not, heterotroph & autotrophs, found in extreme environments
Bettle, duck, earthworm, salmon, horse, human
Eubacteria True bacteria, uni-cellular, prokaryotic, some move & others do not, heterotroph & autotroph, live anywhere
Stretococcus, staphylococcus, e-coli, L. acidophiolus
Fungi Multicellular, Eukaryotic,Decomposers,
Bread
Protists Most are uni-celled, Eukaryotic, some move, others do not, heterotroph & autotroph
Algae, amoeba, giant kelp, paramecium, slime mold
Plantae Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic, cannot move, autotrophs
Corn, moss, redwood tree, rose
Animalia Multi-cellular, Eukaryotic, Mobile, Heterotrops
Beetle, duck, earthworm, salmon, horse, human
Kingdom Traits
Trait Meaning Example
Uni-cellular One cell
Multi-cellular Many cells Animals
Heterotroph Consumer – eats other organisms
Animals
Autotroph Producer – makes its own food (photosynthesis)
Plants
Decomposer – eats dead organisms
Fungi
Eukaryotic Has a nucleus and organelles
Animals, plants, fungi, protist
Prokaryotic Does not have a nucleus or organelles
Eubacteria, archaebacterial
Asexual How it reproduces Binary, fission, regeneration
Question
How do scientific names show you that organisms are related?
Organisms with similar evolutionary histories (phylogeny) are classified together. Because of this, you know that organisms in the same genus are related.
Big Ideas
• Organisms are classified into six kingdoms.• Differences and similarities exist within the structures
and functions among the six kingdoms.• Kingdoms are based on:
– Cellular structure (uni-cellular, multicellular)– Method of obtaining food for energy (autotroph,
heterotroph, decomposer)– Cellular structure (prokaryotic, eukaryotic)– The diversity of living things created the need for a
dichotomous key.– Dichotomous keys are made of paired and opposite
statements that allow the reader to identify organisms.
Essential Questions
• How do you use a dichotomous key?• Why is a dichotomous key useful?• Where does the energy in my food come from?• Why should the health and well-being of other
organisms be important to me?• Why are there fewer animal than plants?• Why are there so many different kinds of
organisms?• How are we related?• Where did all that energy come from?
S7L.4 Students will examine the dependence of organisms on one another and their environments.
a. Demonstrate in a food web that matter is transferred from one organism to another and can recycle between organisms and their environments.b. Explain in a food web that sunlight is the source of energy and that this energy moves from organism to organism.c. Recognize that changes in environmental conditions can affect the survival of both individuals and entire species.d. Categorize relationships between organisms that are competitive or mutually beneficial.e. Describe the characteristics of the Earth’s major terestrialbiomes (i.e. tropical rain forest, savannah, temperate, desert, taiga, tundra, and mountain) and aquatic communities (ie. Freshwater, estuuaries, and marine)