INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture...

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC)

The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage

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Key issues addressed in this presentation

• What is CO2 capture and storage?

• How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change?

• Maturity of the technology

• Sources of CO2 and potential reservoirs

• Cost and potential

• Health safety and environment risks

• Legal and regulatory issues


CO2 capture and storage system

Fuels

Processes

Storage options


How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change?

• Part of a portfolio of mitigation options• Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing

flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions

• Application in developing countries important• Energy requirements point of attention


Energy requirements

• Additional energy use of 10 - 40% (for same output)

• Capture efficiency: 85 - 95%

• Net CO2 reduction: 80 - 90%

• Assuming safe storage


Research phase

Demonstration phase

Economically feasible under

specific conditions

Mature market

Maturity of CCS technology

Ocean storage

Mineral carbonation

Industrial utilization

Enhanced Coal Bed Methane

Saline formations

Gas and oil fields

Enhanced Oil Recovery

Transport

Post-combustion

Pre-combustionOxyfuel

combustion

Industrial separation


Qualifying CO2 sources

• Large stationary point sources

• High CO2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or by-product stream (purity)

• Pressure of CO2 stream

• Distance from suitable storage sites


Global large stationary CO2 sources withemissions of more than 0.1 MtCO2/year


Planned and current locations of geological storage


Current locations of geological storage

Project name

Country Injection start

Daily injection (tCO2/day)

Total planned storage (tCO2)

Reservoir type

Weyburn Canada 2000 3,000 - 5,000 20,000,000 EOR

In Salah Algeria 2004 3,000 - 4,000 17,000,000 Gas field

Sleipner Norway 1996 3,000 20,000,000 Saline formation

K12B Netherlands 2004 100 8,000,000 EGR

Frio United States 2004 177 1,600 Saline formation


Geological storage


Ocean storage


Mineral carbonation


Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities

Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA

GHG 2002)


Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities

Storage prospectivity

Highly prospective sedimentary basinsProspective sedimentary basins

Non-prospective sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rock

Data quality and availability vary among regions

Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia).


Costs

Two ways of expressing costs:• Additional electricity costs

– Energy policymaking community

• CO2 avoidance costs– Climate policymaking

community

Different outcomes:

0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh

20* - 270 US$/tCO2 avoided

(with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO2

avoided)

* low-end: capture-ready, low transport cost, revenues from storage: 360 MtCO2/yr


CCS component costsCCS component Cost range

Capture from a power plant 15 - 75 US$/tCO2 net captured

Capture from gas processing or ammonia production

5 - 55 US$/tCO2 net captured

Capture from other industrial sources

25 - 115 US$/tCO2 net captured

Transportation 1 - 8 US$/tCO2 transported per 250km

Geological storage 0.5 - 8 US$/tCO2 injected

Ocean storage 5 - 30 US$/tCO2 injected

Mineral carbonation 50 - 100 US$/tCO2 net mineralized


Economic potential

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095

Em

issi

on

s (M

tCO

2 p

er y

ear)

Conservationand EnergyEfficiency

RenewableEnergy

Nuclear

Coal to GasSubstitution

CCS

AllowableEmissions forWRE 550

Emissions to the atmosphere

MiniCAM

-

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

90,000

2005 2020 2035 2050 2065 2080 2095

Conservation andEnergy Efficiency

Renewable Energy

Nuclear

Coal to GasSubstitution

CCSEmissions to the atmosphere

MESSAGE


Economic potential

• Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more• Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course

of the century • Substantial application above CO2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO2

• 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100

• 220 - 2,200 GtCO2 cumulatively up to 2100, depending on the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv), cost assumptions


Health, safety, environment risks• In general: lack of real data, so comparison with current

operations

• CO2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by

hydrocarbon pipelines

• Geological storage: – appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect

problems, a regulatory system, remediation methods to stop or control CO2 releases if they arise:

– comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas)


Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage from geological reservoirs and remediation


Health, safety, environment risks

• Ocean storage:– pH change

– Mortality of ocean organisms

– Ecosystem consequences

– Chronic effects unknown

• Mineral carbonation:– Mining and disposal of resulting products

– Some of it may be re-used


Impacts– pH change

– Mortality of ocean organisms

– Ecosystem consequences

– Chronic effects unknown

Ocean Storage

Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000 and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW Pacific

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%

-20%

-40%

-60%

-80%

-100%<10 m 10-30 m

MeibenthosNanobenthosBacteria

Chang

e p

op

ula

tion

20,000 ppm

5000 ppm


Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option?

• Fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is – very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and – is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years.

"Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99%

• Release of CO2 from ocean storage would be gradual over hundreds of years

• Sufficient?


What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO2 storage?

• Onshore: national regulation– Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term

CO2 storage liabilities

• Offshore: international treaties– OSPAR (regional), London Convention– Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage

– Unclear whether or under what conditions CO2 injection is compatible with international law


Thank you

Report published by Cambridge University PressOrder at www.cambridge.org

Documents available on www.ipcc.ch

More information:[email protected]

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