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E
BUSINESS ENGLISH LEVEL 1
T D R C U L T U R E O F
E X C E L L E N C E
ISSUED & PREPARED BY: Mr. AHMED HASSAN
Phonetics Instructor
The British Council
E n g l i s h 2014
1
TDR CULTURE OF EXCELLENCE
Issued & Prepared By: Mr. Ahmed Hassan (OE Team)
Intermediate English (Level 1)
Level
1
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T D R C U L T U R E O F E X C E L L E N C E
Intermediate English
Issued & prepared By ; Mr. Ahmed Hassan
Phonetic Instructor (British Council) OE Department (Training)
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Table of Contents
Work, Rest & Play .................................................... 2 Super Commuter ........................................................ 3 Past Time ..................................................................... 4 First meeting ............................................................... 5 Changing trends ......................................................... 6 Irregular Verbs ........................................................... 7
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Work, Rest and
Play
A- Life Stories
Introduce yourself to six students. Find out their name and where they live. Tell the class about 3 people you spoke to.
Chapter
A
C E L E B R I T Y
P R O F I L E :
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Jamie Oliver is one of the Britain’s Favourite chefs every week millions of people watch him on TV and use his recipes.
Jamie was born in Essex, England, in 1975. When he was only eight he started helping in his parents’ restaurant. He went to catering college when he was sixteen and then worked at the famous River Café in London for three years. His first TV programme was called the Naked Chef and it was an instant success. Jamie quickly became famous and in 1999 he prepared lunch for the British Prime Minister.
New Jamie has got his own restaurant in London called Fifteen. But it isn’t a typical restaurant – every year Jamie takes fifteen young unemployed people and teaches them to become chefs. The programme about the restaurant , also called Fifteen, is on TV every week. He is going to open Fifteen restaurants in Australia and the USA in the future and at the moment Jamie is writing a new book of recipes. He’s already very rich, of course – in 2003 he earned 3.8£ Million!!!
Jamie got married in 2000 and he lives in London with his wife , Jools, and their two daughters, Poppy Honey and Daisy Boo. He’s so busy that he doesn’t have much free time. But he loves riding around London on his scooter and he plays the drums in a rock band. When he’s at home he likes making bread and cooking pasta – his favourite ingredients are olive oil and lemons from Sicily.
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a) Read the profile again and find the answer to these questions:
1- How does he travel around London?
2- When did he get married?
3- Which instrument can he play?
4- What is he writing at the moment?
5- How often is Fifteen on TV?
6- How old was he when he started college?
7- How many children has he got?
8- Where is he going to open his new restaurant?
9- How much did he earn in 2003?
10- How long did he work at the River Café?
11- Who did he make lunch for in 1999?
12- Why is his restaurant called Fifteen?
a) You are going to write a profile of someone in the class. Write ten questions to ask another student. Use these ideas or your own.
- Personal Details - study - future plans
- Family - free time - studying English
- Work - last holiday - home
b) Work with a student you don’t know very well. Take turns to ask and answer your questions. Make notes on your partner’s answers.
V O C A B U L A R Y
A N D G R A M M A R
G E T R E A D Y … .
G E T I T
R I G H T !
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c) Write a profile with your partner. Check the information is correct.
d) Read other students’ profiles. Who do you have a lot in common with?
Present Continuous ( I AM DOING)
a) Study this example situation:
Sarah is in her car. She is on her way to work. She is driving to work.
This means: She is driving now, at the time of speaking.
The action is not finished.
Am/is/are + verb + ing is the present continuous
mI am (= I’ )
sHe/she/it is (=he’ etc.)
reWe/you/they are (= we’ etc.)
Driving
Working
doing
b) I am doing something = I’m in the middle of doing it; I’ve started doing it and I haven’t finished:
Please don’t make so much noise. I’m trying to work. (not I try)
“Where’s Mark?” He’s having a shower. (not he has a shower)
Let’s go out now. It isn’t raining any more. (not it doesn’t rain)
H E L P W I T H
G R A M M A R
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(at a party) Hi, Jane. Are you enjoying the party? (not Do you enjoy)
What’s all that noise? What’s going on? (= What’s happening?)
Sometimes the action is not happening at the time of speaking. For example:
Steve is talking to a friend on the phone. He says: (I’m reading a really good book at the moment it’s about a man who… )
Steve is not reading the book at the time of speaking. He means that he has started it, but has not finished it yet. He is in the middle of reading it.
Some more examples:
Kate wants to work in Italy, so she’s learning Italian. (but perhaps she isn’t learning Italian at the time of speaking)
Some friends of mine are building their own house. They hope to finish it next summer.
You can use the present continuous with today/ this week/ this year etc. (periods around now):
A: you’re working hard today. (not you work hard today)
B: Yes, I have a lot to do.
The company I work for isn’t doing so well this year.
We use the present continuous when we talk about changes happening around now, especially with these verbs:
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Get Change Become Increase Rise Fall Grow Improve Begin Start
Is your English getting better? (not Does your English get better)
The population of the world is increasing very fast. (not increase)
At first I didn’t like my job, but I’m beginning to enjoy it now. (not begin)
a) Match the words/phrases in bold in the profile to these verb forms.
Present Simple Present Continuous
Past Simple be going to
b) We usually use auxiliary verbs to make questions. Write questions 2-4 from a) in the table.
Question Word
Auxiliary Subject Verb
How Does He Travel Around London
c) Look again at a). Then answer these questions.
E X E R C I S E S
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1- Why don’t we use an auxiliary verb in questions 5 and 6?
2- What is the verb in question 7?
3- Look at question 8. How do we make questions with be going to?
Letter (A)
(a:) Father – Ask – Answer
(æ) and - fat – sad – bad – cat
(ei) fake – shake – make – take
Letter (C )
C + (a/o/u) = K
Cat – Cut – Can – Come – Coast
C+ (i/e) = S
Cinema – Center – conCept
P H O N E T I C S
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C + h = tʃ
Chip – Change – Check – Chance
C + (ia) = ʃ S + C + H then Vowel= SK
Social School – Schedule
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Super
Commuter
ITV5, 8 p.m. * * * *
Quick Review ….
Work in pairs. Take turns to ask and answer questions and find six things you have in common.
Vocabulary Work
Work in pairs. Fill in the gaps in the diagram with these words/phrases.
a restaurant a journalist a newspaper
children a receptionist a department store
a multinational company an office old people
London an accountant teenagers
unemployed people a charity an editor
yourself
Chapter
B
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Mick Benton’s fascinating new documentary series looks at the enormous distances people travel to get to work. Mick got the idea for the programme when he worked for TV Company in Bangkok. He lived only four kilometers from his office but it took him over two hours to get to work every day. “The traffic in Bangkok is unbelievable” says Mick. “ Often people sit in traffic jams for seven or eight hours a day. They even have their meals in their cars!”
In the first programme in the series, Mick interviews three ‘super commuter” who work in London. Tony Rogers is an accountant for a multinational company. And travels from Liverpool and back every day. Andrea Price lives in Pris, but works as an editor for a London newspaper. And Ian Hicks is a fireman in Ealing. West London – he commutes all the way from Santander. In Spain!
So maybe your half-hour train journey to
work every morning isn’t so bad!
a) Write the names of four people you know with jobs. Think of ways to describe their jobs. Use phrases from 1 or your own ideas.
S U P E R
C O M M U T E R
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b) Work in pairs. Tell your partner about these people’s jobs. Who has the best job, do you think?
c) Listen to part of the TV programme. Find one reason why Tony. Andrea and Ian live a long way from work.
d) Make questions with these words. Use the Present Simple.
1- Who/ leave/ home at 6.15 a.m.?
2- How/Ian/travel to work?
3- Who/finish/work at 2 a.m.?
4- How long/it/take Ian to get to work?
5- Who/spend/£ 8,000 a year on travel?
6- Where/Andrea/stay when she’s in London?
7- Who/commute/to London five days a week?
e) Work in pairs. Answer the questions, Then listen again
and check.
Present Simple (I Do)
Alex is a bus driver, but now he is in bed asleep. He is not driving a bus. (He is sleeping.)
But He drives a bus. (He is a bus driver.)
Drive(s)/ work(s)/do(es) etc. is the present simple:
I/we/you/they drive/work/do etc.
H E L P W I T H
G R A M M A R
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He/she/it drives/works/does etc.
We use the present simple to talk about things in general. We use it to say that something happens all the time or repeatedly, or that something is true in general:
Nurses look after patients in hospitals.
I usually go away at weekends.
The earth goes round the sun.
The café opens at 7:30 in the morning.
Remember:
I work …. but He works….
They teach… but sister teaches….
For spelling (-s or –es)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Do
Does
I/we/you/they
He/she/is
Work?
Drive?
Do?
I/we/you/they
He/she/it
Don’t
Doesn’t
Work
Drive
do
I come from Canada. Where do you come from?
I don’t go away very often.
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What does this word mean? (not what means this word?)
Rice doesn’t grow in cold climates.
In the following examples, do is also the main verb(do you do/ doesn’t do etc.):
What do you do? I work in a shop.
He’s always so lazy. He doesn’t do anything to help.
We use the present simple to say how often we do things:
I get up at 8 o’clock every morning.
How often do you go to the dentist?
Julie doesn’t drink tea very often.
Robert usually goes away two or three times a year.
I promise/ I apologise etc.
Sometimes we do things by saying something. For example, when you promise to do something, you can say I promise…; when you suggest something, you can say ‘I suggest…”
I promise I won’t be late. (not I’m promising)
What do you suggest I do? “I suggest that you..”
In the same way we say: I apologise…/I advise../I
insist…/ I agree…/ I refuse…etc.
a) Complete the sentences using the following verbs: E X E R C I S E S
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Cause(s) Connect(s) drink(s) live(s) open(s) speak(s) Take(s)
1- Tanya speaks German very well.
2- I don’t often………coffee.
3- The swimming pool………at 7:00 every morning.
4- Bad driving…….many accidents.
5- My parents……….in a very small flat.
6- The Olympic Games…….place every four years.
7- The Panama Canal……..the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.
b) Put the verb into the correct form.
1- Lulie doesn’t drink (not/ drink) tea very often.
2- What time………..(the banks/close) here?
3- I’ve got a car, but I………….(not/use) it much.
4- “Where………..(Ricardo/come)form?” “From Cuba”
5- “What…………(you/do)?” “I’m an electrician.”
6- It ……….(take)me an hour to get to work. How long…………..(it/take)you?
7- David isn’t very fit. He………………..(not/do)any sport.
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Past times
Look at each of the pictures and note down FIVE adjectives to describe each scene. Then decide:
What century or period of history is shown?
What would have been pleasant about living at that time?
What would have been unpleasant about living then.
1- This is the blurb from the dust jacket of Chronicle of the 20th Century. The paragraphs have been mixed up. Decide on a suitable sequence for the paragraphs.
Chapter
C
T H E G O O D
O L D D A Y S ?
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Whether you turn to Chronicle for nostalgia, enlightenment, reference or simply for fun, this unique book will be a treasured and much-read possession in every home. For the youngest and oldest, it is the book of our lifetimes.
There has never been a century like it- and never a book like Chronicle. This lavishly-illustrated book gives you a front-row seat for all the dramas of the century- from world wars to the fashions of the day- as they happened, with all the immediacy and excitement of tonight’s television news.
Follow the lives of legendary figures such as Winston Churchill, recapture the whiff of scandals such as King Edward’s abdication, thrill to great sporting victories, be chilled by disasters such as A berfan, marvel at scientific discoveries and cheer at artistic triumphs from Picasso’s first exhibition to the Beatles’ first record- it’s all in Chronicle, as fresh and dramatic as today’s news.
Now, at last, it is available in an edition specially prepared for Great Britain, almost entirely new and reflecting the distinctly British perspective on a century that began when Queen Victoria was monarch to much of the world. With thousands of illustrations, many in full colour, this book captures the changing social and cultural life of our turbulent times.
Chronicle of the 20th Century is more than a book; it’s an experience, taking you back in time to relive history as it happens. No wonder it’s been a best-seller wherever it has been published with more than two million copies sold in Germany, France and the United States.
Chronicle of the 20th Century puts you there when man first flies an aeroplane or invents the” talking pictures”.
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Discover what happened at the great moments of history – the Russian Revolution, the rise of Hitler , the D-Day landing, the bombing of Hiroshima, the assassination of president Kennedy and the Moon landing.
Q: Write new version of paragraphs and of the blurb to include the important events that happened in YOUR country in the 20th century?
Discuss these questions:
What historical events happened in the year you were born?
What are the most significant historical events that have occurred during your lifetime?
History is a subject that’s taught in every school: why is this?
Past Simple (I did)
Study this example:
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was an Austrian musician and composer. He lived from 1756 to 1791. He started composing at the age of five and wrote more than 600 pieces of music. He was only 35 years old when he died.
Lived/Started/wrote/was/died are all past simple.
Very often the past simple ends in- ed (regular Verbs):
I work in a travel agency now. Before that I worked in a department store.
H E L P W I T H
G R A M M A R :
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We invited them to our party, but they decided not to come.
The police stopped me on my way home last night.
Laura passed her exam because she studied very hard.
For spelling (Stopped, Studied etc.)
But many verbs are irregular. The past simple does not end in- ed. For example:
Write – wrote
Mozart wrote more than 600 pieces of music
See – saw
We saw Tanya in town a few days ago.
Go – went
I went to the cinema three times last week.
Shut - Shut
It was cold, so I shut the window.
In questions and negatives we use did/didn’t + infinitive (enjoy/see/go etc.):
I
She
They
Enjoyed
Saw
Went
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Did You
She
They
Enjoy?
See?
Go?
I
She
They
Didn’t Enjoy
See
Go
A: Did you go out last night?
B: yes, I went to the cinema (Yes, I did),
but I didn’t enjoy the film much.
When did Mr.Thomas die? “ About ten years ago”
They didn’t invite us to the party, so we didn’t go.
“Did you have time to do the shopping?” “No, I didn’t”
In the following examples, do is the main verb in the sentence (did…do/didn’t do):
What did you do at the weekend? (not. What did you at the weekend?)
I didn’t do anything. (Not. I didn’t anything)
The past of be (am/is/are) is was/were:
I/he/she/it was/wasn’t
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We/you/they were/weren’t
Was I/he/she/it?
Were We/you/they?
Note that we do not use did in negatives and questions with was/were:
I was angry because they were late.
Was the weather good when you were on holiday?
They weren’t able to come because they were so busy.
Did you go out last night or were you too tired?
Read what laura says about a typical work day:
I usually get up at 7 o’clock and have a big breakfast. I walk to work, which takes me about half an hour. I start work at 8.45.
I finish work at 5 o’clock. I’m always tired when I get home. I usually cook a meal in the evening . I don’t usually go out.
I go to bed at about 11 O’clock, and I always sleep well.
Yesterday was a typical working day for Laura. Write what she did or didn’t do yesterday.
1-…………………..at 7 o’clock.
E X E R C I S E S
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2- She …………a big breakfast.
3- She…………………………….
4- It …………………….to get to work.
5- ……………………………..at 8.45.
6- ………………………………at 5 o’clock.
7- ……………………………….lunch.
8- ……………….tired when……….home.
9- ………….a meal yesterday evening.
10- ………………..out yesterday evening.
11- ………………………………at 11 o’clock.
12- ……………………………..well last night.
Complete the sentences. Put the verb into the correct form, positive or negative:
1- It was warm, so I……..off my coat. (take)
2- The film wasn’t very good, I…….it much. (enjoy)
3- I knew Sarah was busy, so I……..her. (disturb)
4- We were very tired, so we………..the party early. (leave)
5- The bed was very uncomfortable. I…………well. (Sleep)
6- The window was open and a bird…………into the room. (fly)
7- The hotel wasn’t very expensive. It………….much to stay there.(cost)
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Letter (E)
(i:) Cheap Sheep Deep Eat
(e) Bed Set Pet
(ә) Father Writer Fighter Character
Letter (P)
(P) Pet People Package
(F) Phone Photo Phase
P H O N E T I C S
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First meetings
Quick Review ….
Make a list of eight things you did last week Work in groups or go around the class. Ask questions with Did you….? And find one student who did each thing on your list.
Listening and Grammar
a) Look at the photos. Where are the people? Do they know each other, do you think?
b) Match sentences 1-2 to photos A-C. guess who says each sentence.
1- I was travelling back from China and we met on the plane.
2- We were standing in a queue at the supermarket and he said hello.
Chapter
D
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3- When we first met, she was going out with my best friend.
C) Hilary is talking about how she met Ken. Choose the correct verb from.
1- I first met/was meeting ken when we waited/were waiting in a supermarket queue.
2- It rained/was raining so he offered/was offering me a lift home.
3- While we drove/were driving to my flat, he gave/was giving me his phone number.
4- I saw/was seeing him in the supermarket again a few days later.
Past continuous (I was doing)
Yesterday Karen and Jim played tennis. They started at 10 o’clock and finished at 11.30. So at 10.30 they were playing tennis.
They were playing = they were in the middle of playing. They had not finished playing.
Was/Were - ing is the past continuous:
I/he/she/it was
We/you/they Were
Playing
Doing / working
H E L P W I T H
G R A M M A R
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I was doing something = I was in the middle of doing something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this time, but had not finished:
I started doing I was doing I finish doing X
Past …………………………………..Past now
1. This time last year I was living in Brazil.
2. What were you doing at 10 o’clock last night?
3. I waved to Helen, but she wasn’t looking.
Compare the past continuous (I was doing) and past simple (I did):
Past continuous (in the middle of an action)
I was walking home when, I met Dan. (in the middle of walking home)
Kate was watching TV when we arrived
Past simple (complete action)
I walked home after the party last night. (= all the way, completely)
Kate watched television a lot when she was ill last year.
We often use the past simple and the past continuous together to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
Matt phoned while we were having dinner
It was raining when I got up.
I saw you in the park yesterday. You were sitting on the grass and reading a book.
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I hurt my back while I was working in the garden.
But we use the past simple to say that one thing happened after another:
I was walking along the road when I saw Dan. So I stopped, and we had a chat.
Compare:
When Karen arrived, we were having dinner. (= we had already started before she arrived)
When Karen arrived, we had dinner. (= Karen arrived, and then we had dinner)
Some verbs (for example, know and want) are not normally used in the continuous:
We were good friends, We knew each other well. (not WE WERE KNOWING)
I was enjoying the party, but Chris wanted to go home. (not WAS WANTING)
a) What were you doing at these times? Write sentences as in the examples. The past continuous in not always necessary (see the second example).
1- (at 8o’clock yesterday evening) I was having
dinner.
2- (at 5 o’clock last Monday) I was on bus on my
way home.
E X E R C I S E S
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3- (At 10:15 yesterday morning)…………………
4- (At 4:30 this morning)………………………….
5- (At 7:45 yesterday evening)……………………
6- (Half an hour ago)………………………………
b) Use your own ideas to complete the sentence . Use the past continuous.
1- Matt phoned while we were having dinner.
2- The doorbell rang while I ………………………
3- The car began to make a strange noise when we……………………………………………………
4- Jessica fell asleep while she………………………
5- The television was on, but nobody……………..
c) Put the verb into the correct form, past continuous or past simple.
1- I saw (see) Sue in town yesterday, but she…………….(not/see) me. She ………………..(look) the other way.
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2- I…………………(meet) Tom and Jane at the airport a few weeks ago. They…………….(go) to Paris and I………………….(go)to Rome. We………(have)a chat while we…………….(wait) for our flight.
3- I…………….(cycle)home yesterday when a man…….(step) out into the road in front of me. I…….(go) quite fast, but luckily I …………(manage) to stop in time and ……….(not/hit)him.
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a) Liam is talking about he met Jenny. Listen and answer these questions.
1- Was Jenny at Ben’s birthday Party?
2- When did Liam ask Jenny out?
3- Why wasn’t their first date very good?
4- What were they doing when Liam asked jenny to marry him?
5- What was Liam doing when she said yes?
b) Listen again and choose the correct answer.
1- Liam and Jenny first met last year/two years ago
2- They started going out in March/September
3- He asked her to marry him eight/eighteen months later.
4- They got engaged a few days/weeks later.
5- They got married six weeks/months after that.
L I S T E N I N G
A N D G R A M M A R
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Letter (I)
(ai) Like Idea Island
(i) Is Idiot did
Letter (T)
(T) Tea Talk Take
TH
(Ө) Think Thin Thick
(Ǒ) Then The This
P H O N E T I C S
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Changing
Trends
Quick Review ….
Think of five famous buildings, paintings or books from your country. Work in pairs. Tell your partner when these things were built/painted/written and who by.
1) Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
- What type of things do you like9and hate) shopping for?
- Who goes shopping more often in your country, men or women? What do they buy?
- Is it a good idea for men and women to go shopping together? Why? Why not?
- What was the last thing you bought(not food or drink)?
Chapter
E
L I S T E N I N G
A N D G R A M M A R
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2) Listen to an interview with Sam Bennett about his radio programme, Real Men Shop!. Put the things he talks about in order.
a- Skincare products for men
b- A department store
c- A men’s clothes shop
d- Food shopping in the 1970s
3) Listen again. Fill in the gaps in these sentences.
a- Selfridges opened in…………….
b- Selfridges used to have a special room only for……..
c- In the 1970s most married men never used to do the……..shopping.
d- “Shopping girlfriends’ used to help men choose…………
e- ……….years ago you didn’t use to see skincare products for men.
Brands
LOUIS VUITTON
R E A D T H E
F O L L O W
P A R A G R A P H
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Photograph by Raymond Meier. Published in Vogue, September 2008.
Since its founding in Paris in 1854, Louis Vuitton has catered to—among the general throng of well-heeled every women—empresses, explorers, and magazine editors. What was once a tiny little Parisian luggage shop is now the multifaceted jewel in the crown that sits atop the head of Bernard Arnault, CEO of the fashion conglomerate LVMH, who, in 2003, likened the revenue-generating house to a “luxury Microsoft.”
For well more than a century, Louis Vuitton was best known for canvas-covered travel cases with flat, stackable shapes that made them ideal for modern travel via planes, trains, and automobiles. The company’s operating system was substantially updated in 1997, however, when Marc Jacobs, the downtown New York designer best known at the time for elevating the grunge look, was hired as creative director. For the next sixteen years, Jacobs was charged with creating not just apparel for Vuitton, but accessories, too (from handbags to, later on, watches and jewelry). Before long, the brand was not only moving with the times, it was shaping them. As Sally Singer colorfully reported in Vogue in 2000, “In the space of two years, and with much hoo-ha over his corporate teething pains, the darling of New York’s fashion antiestablishment has transformed an arch-bourgeois luggage company ravaged by a zillion knockoffs into an impossibly hip purveyor of haute ready-to-wear.”
Vuitton had indeed been devilled by copycats as early as the nineteenth century, but that imitation has often been the mother
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of invention. Production is controlled tightly—so that demand for handbags regularly exceeds supply, and prices are never reduced—but as soon as a new LV accessory is glimpsed in the press, the fakes and coattail-riders hit the production line . . . and so designers start thinking of something new. “My team and I are always playing ‘Top this’ with one another, hoping to surprise our customers,” Jacobs told the magazine in 2010. “At Vuitton we’re working on this luggage icon, one with no archive of clothes,” he said in 2000. “It’s fun to keep bringing something fresh, and the way to do that is by bringing in fresh people.” Among the creative collaborations, spearheaded by Jacobs, that kept things constantly moving forward were those with the 1980s It designer Stephen Sprouse and the artists Richard Prince and Takashi Murakami. The pop-meets-manga efforts of Murakami were so unique—some of the bags requiring up to 93 color screens (versus the three needed for the basic LV logo)—that the house altered its Monogram Canvas for the first time since its introduction in 1896.
Just as art-world A-listers were brought in to the design atelier, a troupe of Hollywood stars (Jennifer Lopez, Uma Thurman, Scarlett Johansson) was tapped by Jacobs to represent the company in its advertisements, and world-renowned architects hired to dream up new retail spaces. Jacobs’s out-of-the-box thinking stoked unflagging interest in the brand.
In October 2013, during Paris Fashion Week, the house announced the departure of Jacobs; the spring 2014 runway presentation was his swan song. Reports said that he was leaving to focus on a public offering of his own namesake label. Critics sent up a wail of lament: It was, everyone seemed to agree, the end of a transformative era. Just a few weeks later, though, the tears changed to cheers when it was confirmed that the French wunderkind Nicolas Ghesquière would lead the mighty fashion superpower into a new era.
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The new alliance was formidable. Ghesquière’s retro-futuristic manifesto at Balenciaga had earned him a reputation as not just a highly original thinker but one of his generation’s brightest lights. “Louis Vuitton has always incarnated for me the symbol of ultimate luxury, innovation, and exploration,” he said upon his appointment. “We share common values and a vision.”
USED TO (DO)
❶Study this example situation:
Nicola doesn’t travel much these days. She prefers to stay at home.
But she used to travel a lot.
She used to go away two or three times a year.
She used to travel a lot = she travelled a lot often in the past, but she doesn’t do this anymore.
She used to travel She doesn’t travel
Past Now
❷Something used to happen = it happened often in the past, but no longer happens:
I used to play tennis a lot, but I don’t play very much now.
David used to spend a lot of money on clothes. These days he can’t afford it.
H E L P W I T H
G R A M M A R
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“Do you go to the cinema much?” “Not now. But I used to”. (= I used to go)
We also use used to….for things that were true, but are not true anymore:
This building is now a furniture shop. It used to be a cinema.
I used to think Mark was unfriendly, but now I realize he’s very nice person.
I’ve started drinking tea recently. I never used to like it before.
Lisa used to have very long hair when she was a child.
❸” I used to do something” is past. There is no present. You cannot say ”I use to do”. To talk about the present, use the present simple (I do).
Compare:
Past He used to play We used to live There used to be
present He plays We live There is
We used to live in a small village, but now we live in London.
There used to be four cinemas in the town. Now there is only one.
❹The normal question form is did (you) use to…?:
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Did you use to eat a lot of sweets when you were a child?
The negative form is didn’t use to …(use not to…is also possible.):
I didn’t use to like him. (or I used not to like him)
❺Compare I used to do and I was doing:
I used to watch TV a lot. (= I watched TV often in the past, but I no longer do this)
I was watching TV when Rob called. (= I was in the middle of watching TV)
❻Do not confuse I used to do and I am used to doing. The structures and meanings are different:
I used to live alone. (= I lived alone in the past, but I no longer live alone)
I am used to living alone. (=I live alone, and I don’t fins it strange or difficult because I’ve been living alone for some time)
Complete the sentences with use (d) to + a suitable verb.
1- Nicola doesn’t travel much now. She used to
travel a lot, but she prefers to stay at home these days.
2- Sophie………………a motorbike, but last year she sold it and bought a car.
E X E R C I S E S
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3- We moved to Spain a few years ago. We………….in Paris.
4- I rarely eat ice-cream now, but I ……………it when I was a child.
5- Jackie…………..my best friend, but we aren’t good friends any more.
6- It only takes me about 40 minutes to get to work now that the new road is open. It………………………….more than an hour.
7- There……………..a hotel near the airport, but it closed a long time ago.
8- When you lived in New York,…………………..to the theatre very often?
Write sentences about yourself like the example. Begin I used to….(I used to be/ work/like/play/read
etc.)
Example:
She used to travel a lot, but she doesn’t go away
much these days.
1-……………………………………………….
2-………………………………………………..
3-……………………………………………….
4-……………………………………………….
5-……………………………………………….
Now begin with I didn’t use to…..
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I used to live in a small village, but now I live in
London.
6-………………………………………………………..
7-…………………………………………………………
8-………………………………………………………….
9-……………………………………………………….
10-………………………………………………………
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Irregular Verbs
List of English Irregular Verbs…..
A list of 211 common English irregular verbs, including their base form, past simple, past participle, 3rd person singular, and the present participle / gerund. Click on a verb to view extended information about it.
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle 3rd Person Singular
Present Participle / Gerund
Abide Abode/Abided Abode/Abided/Abidden Abides Abiding
Alight Alit/Alighted Alit/Alighted Alights Alighting
Arise Arose Arisen Arises Arising
Awake Awoke Awoken Awakes Awaking
Be Was/Were Been Is Being
Bear Bore Born/Borne Bears Bearing
Beat Beat Beaten Beats Beating
Chapter
F
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Become Became Become Becomes Becoming
Begin Began Begun Begins Beginning
Behold Beheld Beheld Beholds Beholding
Bend Bent Bent Bends Bending
Bet Bet Bet Bets Betting
Bid Bade Bidden Bids Bidding
Bid Bid Bid Bids Bidding
Bind Bound Bound Binds Binding
Bite Bit Bitten Bites Biting
Bleed Bled Bled Bleeds Bleeding
Blow Blew Blown Blows Blowing
Break Broke Broken Breaks Breaking
Breed Bred Bred Breeds Breeding
Bring Brought Brought Brings Bringing
Broadcast Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcast/Broadcasted Broadcasts Broadcasting
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Build Built Built Builds Building
Burn Burnt/Burned Burnt/Burned Burns Burning
Burst Burst Burst Bursts Bursting
Bust Bust Bust Busts Busting
Buy Bought Bought Buys Buying
Cast Cast Cast Casts Casting
Catch Caught Caught Catches Catching
Choose Chose Chosen Chooses Choosing
Clap Clapped/Clapt Clapped/Clapt Claps Clapping
Cling Clung Clung Clings Clinging
Clothe Clad/Clothed Clad/Clothed Clothes Clothing
Come Came Come Comes Coming
Cost Cost Cost Costs Costing
Creep Crept Crept Creeps Creeping
Cut Cut Cut Cuts Cutting
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Dare Dared/Durst Dared Dares Daring
Deal Dealt Dealt Deals Dealing
Dig Dug Dug Digs Digging
Dive Dived/Dove Dived Dives Diving
Do Did Done Does Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Draws Drawing
Dream Dreamt/Dreamed Dreamt/Dreamed Dreams Dreaming
Drink Drank Drunk Drinks Drinking
Drive Drove Driven Drives Driving
Dwell Dwelt Dwelt Dwells Dwelling
Eat Ate Eaten Eats Eating
Fall Fell Fallen Falls Falling
Feed Fed Fed Feeds Feeding
Feel Felt Felt Feels Feeling
Fight Fought Fought Fights Fighting
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Find Found Found Finds Finding
Fit Fit/Fitted Fit/Fitted Fits Fitting
Flee Fled Fled Flees Fleeing
Fling Flung Flung Flings Flinging
Fly Flew Flown Flies Flying
Forbid Forbade/Forbad Forbidden Forbids Forbidding
Forecast Forecast/Forecasted Forecast/Forecasted Forecasts Forecasting
Foresee Foresaw Foreseen Foresees Foreseeing
Foretell Foretold Foretold Foretells Foretelling
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgets Foregetting
Forgive Forgave Forgiven Forgives Forgiving
Forsake Forsook Forsaken Forsakes Forsaking
Freeze Froze Frozen Freezes Freezing
Frostbite Frostbit Frostbitten Frostbites Frostbiting
Get Got Got/Gotten Gets Getting
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Give Gave Given Gives Giving
Go Went Gone/Been Goes Going
Grind Ground Ground Grinds Grinding
Grow Grew Grown Grows Growing
Handwrite Handwrote Handwritten Handwrites Handwriting
Hang Hung/Hanged Hung/Hanged Hangs Hanging
Have Had Had Has Having
Hear Heard Heard Hears Hearing
Hide Hid Hidden Hides Hiding
Hit Hit Hit Hits Hitting
Hold Held Held Holds Holding
Hurt Hurt Hurt Hurts Hurting
Inlay Inlaid Inlaid Inlays Inlaying
Input Input/Inputted Input/Inputted Inputs Inputting
Interlay Interlaid Interlaid Interlays Interlaying
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Keep Kept Kept Keeps Keeping
Kneel Knelt/Kneeled Knelt/Kneeled Kneels Kneeling
Knit Knit/Knitted Knit/Knitted Knits Knitting
Know Knew Known Knows Knowing
Lay Laid Laid Lays laying
Lead Led Led Leads Leading
Lean Leant/Leaned Leant/Leaned Leans Leaning
Leap Leapt/Leaped Leapt/Leaped Leaps Leaping
Learn Learnt/Learned Learnt/Learned Learns Learning
Leave Left Left Leaves Leaving
Lend Lent Lent Lends Lending
Let Let Let Lets Letting
Lie Lay Lain Lies Lying
Light Lit Lit Lights Lighting
Lose Lost Lost Loses Losing
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Make Made Made Makes Making
Mean Meant Meant Means Meaning
Meet Met Met Meets Meeting
Melt Melted Molten/Melted Melts Melting
Mislead Misled Misled Misleads Misleading
Mistake Mistook Mistaken Mistakes Mistaking
Misunderstand Misunderstood Misunderstood Misunderstands Misunderstanding
Miswed Miswed/Miswedded Miswed/Miswedded Misweds Miswedding
Mow Mowed Mown Mows Mowing
Overdraw Overdrew Overdrawn Overdraws Overdrawing
Overhear Overheard Overheard Overhears Overhearing
Overtake Overtook Overtaken Overtakes Overtaking
Pay Paid Paid Pays Paying
Preset Preset Preset Presets Presetting
Prove Proved Proven/Proved Proves Proving
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Put Put Put Puts Putting
Quit Quit Quit Quits Quitting
Re-prove Re-proved Re-proven/Re-proved Re-proves Re-proving
Read Read Read Reads Reading
Rid Rid/Ridded Rid/Ridded Rids Ridding
Ride Rode Ridden Rides Riding
Ring Rang Rung Rings Ringing
Rise Rose Risen Rises Rising
Rive Rived Riven/Rived Rives Riving
Run Ran Run Runs Running
Saw Sawed Sawn/Sawed Saws Sawing
Say Said Said Says Saying
See Saw Seen Sees Seeing
Seek Sought Sought Seeks Seeking
Sell Sold Sold Sells Selling
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Send Sent Sent Sends Sending
Set Set Set Sets Setting
Sew Sewed Sewn/Sewed Sews Sewing
Shake Shook Shaken Shakes Shaking
Shave Shaved Shaven/Shaved Shaves Shaving
Shear Shore/Sheared Shorn/Sheared Shears Shearing
Shed Shed Shed Sheds Shedding
Shine Shone Shone Shines Shining
Shoe Shod Shod Shoes Shoeing
Shoot Shot Shot Shoots Shooting
Show Showed Shown Shows Showing
Shrink Shrank Shrunk Shrinks Shrinking
Shut Shut Shut Shuts Shutting
Sing Sang Sung Sings Singing
Sink Sank Sunk Sinks Sinking
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Sit Sat Sat Sits Sitting
Slay Slew Slain Slays Slaying
Sleep Slept Slept Sleeps Sleeping
Slide Slid Slid/Slidden Slides Sliding
Sling Slung Slung Slings Slinging
Slink Slunk Slunk Slinks Slinking
Slit Slit Slit Slits Slitting
Smell Smelt/Smelled Smelt/Smelled Smells Smelling
Sneak Sneaked/Snuck Sneaked/Snuck Sneaks Sneaking
Soothsay Soothsaid Soothsaid Soothsays Soothsaying
Sow Sowed Sown Sows Sowing
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaks Speaking
Speed Sped/Speeded Sped/Speeded Speeds Speeding
Spell Spelt/Spelled Spelt/Spelled Spells Spelling
Spend Spent Spent Spends Spending
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Spill Spilt/Spilled Spilt/Spilled Spills Spilling
Spin Span/Spun Spun Spins Spinning
Spit Spat/Spit Spat/Spit Spits Spitting
Split Split Split Splits Splitting
Spoil Spoilt/Spoiled Spoilt/Spoiled Spoils Spoiling
Spread Spread Spread Spreads Spreading
Spring Sprang Sprung Springs Springing
Stand Stood Stood Stands Standing
Steal Stole Stolen Steals Stealing
Stick Stuck Stuck Sticks Sticking
Sting Stung Stung Stings Stinging
Stink Stank Stunk Stinks Stinking
Stride Strode/Strided Stridden Strides Striding
Strike Struck Struck/Stricken Strikes Striking
String Strung Strung Strings Stringing
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Strip Stript/Stripped Stript/Stripped Strips Stripping
Strive Strove Striven Strives Striving
Sublet Sublet Sublet Sublets Subletting
Sunburn Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburned/Sunburnt Sunburns Sunburning
Swear Swore Sworn Swears Swearing
Sweat Sweat/Sweated Sweat/Sweated Sweats Sweating
Sweep Swept/Sweeped Swept/Sweeped Sweeps Sweeping
Swell Swelled Swollen Swells Swelling
Swim Swam Swum Swims Swimming
Swing Swung Swung Swings Swinging
Take Took Taken Takes Taking
Teach Taught Taught Teaches Teaching
Tear Tore Torn Tears Tearing
Tell Told Told Tells Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinks Thinking
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Thrive Throve/Thrived Thriven/Thrived Thrives Thriving
Throw Threw Thrown Throws Throwing
Thrust Thrust Thrust Thrusts Thrusting
Tread Trod Trodden Treads Treading
Undergo Underwent Undergone Undergoes Undergoing
Understand Understood Understood Understands Understanding
Undertake Undertook Undertaken Undertakes Undertaking
Upset Upset Upset Upsets Upsetting
Vex Vext/Vexed Vext/Vexed Vexes Vexing
Wake Woke Woken Wakes Waking
Wear Wore Worn Wears Wearing
Weave Wove Woven Weaves Weaving
Wed Wed/Wedded Wed/Wedded Weds Wedding
Weep Wept Wept Weeps Weeping
Wend Wended/Went Wended/Went Wends Wending
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Wet Wet/Wetted Wet/Wetted Wets Wetting
Win Won Won Wins Winning
Wind Wound Wound Winds Winding
Withdraw Withdrew Withdrawn Withdraws Withdrawing
Withhold Withheld Withheld Withholds Withholding
Withstand Withstood Withstood Withstands Withstanding
Wring Wrung Wrung Wrings Wringing
Write Wrote Written Writes Writing
Zinc Zinced/Zincked Zinced/Zincked Zincs/Zincks Zincking