Pump Operations Intermediate SFFMA Objectives: 24-02.01 – 24-02.11 8Hrs received
Transcript
Slide 1
Intermediate SFFMA Objectives: 24-02.01 24-02.11 8Hrs
received
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SFFMA Objectives 24-02.01 Trainee shall identify the type,
design, operation, nozzle pressure and flow in GPM of various types
of nozzles. 24-02.02 Trainee shall list the different types of fire
streams. 24-02.03 Trainee, given a 2 inch straight stream nozzle,
shall demonstrate the proper opening and closing techniques and
line movement procedures. 24-02.04 Trainee shall calculate nozzle
reaction for various nozzle pressures. 24-02.05 Trainee, given the
proper information, shall list advantages and disadvantages of
various nozzles: A. straight stream B. fog C. master stream
24-02.06 Trainee shall define water hammer and list ways of
preventing water hammer. 24-02.07 Trainee shall calculate the water
flow rate needed to control fire in a room that is 20'x20'x 8'.
24-02.08 Trainee, given a diagram of various nozzles, shall list
major parts and trace flow routes through each. 24-02.09 Trainee
shall list factors that influence fire steams. 24-02.10 Trainee
shall list the proper procedures for inspection and maintenance of
fire fighting nozzles. 24-02.11 Trainee shall demonstrate the
operations of the pumper pressure relief system and/or pressure
control valve as follows: A. Trainee, given a pump panel, shall
identify a pressure relief system. B. Trainee shall list the
reasons a pressure relief system is used. C. Trainee shall list the
different types of pressure relief systems used in the fire
service. D. Trainee shall list three (3) reasons of how excessive
pressure develops in fire hose.
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NOZZLE REACTION Counterforce directed against a person holding
a nozzle or a device holding a nozzle by the velocity of water
being discharged. Measured in pounds Nozzle reaction formulas NR=
1.57dNP and NR= 0.0505Q NP
Fire Stream Considerations Volume discharged determined by
design of nozzle, pressure at nozzle To be effective, stream must
deliver volume of water sufficient to absorb heat faster than it is
being generated Firefighter I145 (Continued)
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Fire Stream Considerations Type of fire stream indicates
specific pattern/shape of water stream Requirements of effective
streams Requirements of all streams Firefighter I146
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Solid Stream Produced from fixed orifice, solid-bore nozzle Has
ability to reach areas others might not; reach affected by several
factors Design capabilities Firefighter I147 (Continued)
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Solid Stream Velocity of stream a result of nozzle pressure
Nozzle pressure, size of discharge opening determine flow
Characteristics of effective fire streams Flow rate Firefighter
I148
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Advantages of Solid Streams May maintain better interior
visibility than others May have greater reach than others Operate
at reduced nozzle pressures per gallon (liter) than others May be
easier to maneuver Firefighter I149 (Continued)
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Advantages of Solid Streams Have greater penetration power Less
likely to disturb normal thermal layering of heat, gases during
interior structural attacks Less prone to clogging with debris
Firefighter I1410 (Continued)
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Advantages of Solid Streams Produce less steam conversion than
fog nozzles Can be used to apply compressed-air foam Firefighter
I1411
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Disadvantages of Solid Streams Do not allow for different
stream pattern selections Provide less heat absorption per gallon
(liter) delivered than others Hoselines more easily kinked at
corners, obstructions Firefighter I1412
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DISCUSSION QUESTION What type of fire situation would be ideal
for a solid- stream nozzle? Firefighter I1413
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Fog Stream Fine spray composed of tiny water droplets Design of
most fog nozzles permits adjustment of tip to produce different
stream patterns Firefighter I1414 (Continued)
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Fog Stream Water droplets formed to expose maximum water
surface for heat absorption Desired performance of fog stream
nozzles judged by amount of heat that fog stream absorbs and rate
by which the water is converted into steam/vapor Firefighter I1415
(Continued)
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Fog Stream Nozzles permit settings of straight stream, narrow-
angle fog, and wide-angle fog Nozzles should be operated at
designed nozzle pressure Firefighter I1416 (Continued)
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Fog Stream Several factors affect reach of fog stream
Interaction of these factors on fog stream results in fire stream
with less reach than that of straight or solid stream Firefighter
I1417 (Continued)
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Fog Stream Shorter reach makes fog streams less useful for
outside, defensive fire fighting operations Well suited for
fighting interior fires Firefighter I1418
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Fog Stream: Waterflow Adjustment Two types of nozzles control
rate of water flow through fog nozzle Manually adjustable nozzles
Automatic nozzles Firefighter I1419
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DISCUSSION QUESTION How should adjustments to the rate of flow
be made? Firefighter I1420
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Fog Stream: Nozzle Pressure Combination nozzles designed to
operate at different pressures Designated operating pressure for
most combination nozzles is 100 psi (700 kPa) Firefighter I1421
(Continued)
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Fog Stream: Nozzle Pressure Nozzles with other designated
operating pressures available Setbacks of nozzles with lower
operating pressures Firefighter I1422 Courtesy of Elkhart Brass
Manufacturing Company.
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Advantages of Fog Streams Discharge pattern can be adjusted for
situation Can aid ventilation Reduce heat by exposing maximum water
surface for heat absorption Wide fog pattern provides protection to
firefighters Firefighter I1423
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DISCUSSION QUESTION What type of fire situation would be ideal
for a fog- stream nozzle? Firefighter I1424
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Disadvantages of Fog Streams Do not have as much
reach/penetrating power as solid streams More affected by wind than
solid streams May disturb thermal layering May push air into fire
area, intensifying the fire Firefighter I1425
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Water Hammer Water moving through a pipe or hose has both
weight and velocity. The weight of water increases as the pipe or
hose size increases. Suddenly stopping water moving through a hose
or pipe results in an energy surge being transmitted in the
opposite direction, often at many times the original pressure. This
surge is called Water Hammer
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WATER HAMMER Force created by the rapid acceleration or
deceleration of water. It generally results from closing a valve or
nozzle too quickly. Can be up to seven (7) times the original
pressure.
Master Intake Gauge Measures positive or negative pressure
Calibrated from 0 to 600 PSI (usually) for positive and from 0 to
30 inches of vacuum for negative pressure Provides indication of
residual pressure from a hydrant or relay operation Provides
indication of maximum capacity of pump when at draft
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Master Discharge Gauge Measures positive pressure Calibrated
from 0 to 600 PSI Up to 1000 PSI on special pumpers Measures
pressure as it leaves the pump and before it gets to the individual
gauges Always reads the highest pressure the pump is producing
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Discharge Gauge Individual gauges measure the pressure for each
individual discharge. Use these gauges not the master discharge
gauge when flowing any line.
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Oil Pressure Gauge Measures oil pressure of the motor. Normal
operating pressures vary with different brands of apparatus.
Variations from normal may indicate pending problems.
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Voltmeter Provides a relative indication of battery condition
and alternator output by measuring the drop in voltage as some of
the more demanding electrical accessories are used. Indicates the
top voltage available when the battery is fully charged. Measures
drop when electrical demand is high.
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Tachometer Records the engine speed in revolutions per minute
(rpm) It can give valuable information about the condition of the
pump. May refer to the acceptance test rating panel to check on
pump efficiency (identification plate on the pump panel)
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Pump Overheat Indicator Audible or visual indicator *
Overheating occurs when the pump impeller is spinning, for
prolonged periods, but no water is being discharged
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Pump Overheat Best place to check for overheat is right here
Best way to never overheat the pump is to always be moving
water.
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Engine Coolant Engine coolant temperature gauge Shows the
temperature of the engine coolant - the normal operating range of
the Detroit Diesel Series 60 Engine is between 192 - 205 Fahrenheit
Caution: An engine that operates too cool is not efficient. An
engine that has an operating temperature that is too high may be
damaged.
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Cavitation Firefighters definition: Water is discharged from
the pump faster than it is coming in. Cavitation: A condition in
which vacuum pockets form in the pump and causes vibrations, loss
of efficiency, and possible damage.
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Cavitation During Cavitation: The pressure at the eye of the
impeller falls below normal atmospheric pressure. The water boils
faster at temperatures less than normal atmospheric pressure. Steam
and air bubbles are created. The air bubbles move outward in the
impeller and into the high-pressure zone. The air bubbles collapse,
producing noise and vibration.
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To Avoid Cavitation: Intake pressure from pressurized sources
should not drop below 20 psi. Cavitation can be recognized by the
fact that increasing the engine rpm does not result in an increase
in discharge pressure.
Intake Pressure Relief Valves Piston intake relief valves
decrease the potential for a water hammer. Two types of pressure
relief devices: Piston intake relief valve Dump valve (on pump)
Should be preset @ 100 PSI Can be set from 50 to 175 PSI
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Intake relief valves-dump valves Relieves pressure from
incoming supply lines, before it goes into the pump.
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Pressure Relief Valves Waterous PRVHale PRV
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Pressure Relief Valves Pressure relief valves must be set while
pumping the desired pressure with water flowing. Must be set at
highest pressure necessary (gate back other lines). Pressure relief
valves do not provide cavitation protection.
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Pressure Relief Valves They prevent an excessive amount of
pressure being transferred to another line. Engine rpm will not
fluctuate as lines are opened or closed. Pressure Relief Valves
divert water internally.
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Relief Valve Operation
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Manual Throttle Operated via a cable to the fuel system. CCW to
increase and CW to decrease speed. Red button in center is the
Emergency Shut-Down.
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Pressure Governors Pressure governors regulate engine pressure
by adjusting engine rpm to compensate for attack lines being opened
or shut. This prevents an excessive amount of pressure being
transferred to another line. Engine rpm will fluctuate as lines are
opened or closed.
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Pressure Governors Pressure governors must be set while pumping
the desired pressure. Must be set at highest pressure necessary
(gate back other lines) Pressure governors provide cavitation
protection. If the pressure governor senses an increase in rpm
without a corresponding increase in pressure, the engine will
return to idle after 3-5 seconds.
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Electronic Pressure Governor Seagraves version
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Electronic Pressure Governor Quality version
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Electronic Pressure Governor Detroit Diesel Fire commander On
all E-One Fire Apparatus
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Practical Exercise Firefighter shall: Identify the type,
design, operation, nozzle pressure and flow in GPM of various types
of nozzles Fog Straight Stream Master Stream Firefighter shall:
Given a 2 straight stream nozzle, shall demonstrate the proper
opening and closing and line movement procedures