Slide 1

Intermolecular Forces:

- Attractive forces between molecules and ions, based on polarity

- Determine bulk properties of matter example – solid vs. liquid vs. gas

- Much weaker than intramolecular forces such as covalent bonds and ionic bonds

Slide 2

Intermolecular Forces 01Type of Intermolecular Forces:

Dipole–dipole

Hydrogen Bonds

London Force (instantaneous induced dipole)

Slide 3

Intermolecular Forces 03

Ion–Dipole: Between polar molecules and ions.“opposites attract”

Slide 4

Intermolecular Forces 02

Dipole–Dipole: Between polar molecules. Polar molecules:

Slide 5

Hydrogen Bond: Molecules containing N–H, O–H, or F–H groups, and an electronegative O, N, or F.

This type of dipole-dipole force is especially strong, since the partial positive charge on H is high.

The H on the electronegative element is δ+, and is strongly attracted to the lone pair of electrons in a different molecule.

Intermolecular Forces 05

H-bonding is a special type of dipole-dipole force that is especially strong.It is an intermolecular force,

Slide 6

Hydrogen Bond: Molecules containing N–H, O–H, or F–H groups, and an electronegative O, N, or F.

Intermolecular Forces 05

Strength of hydrogen bonds can be observed by looking at boiling points of various compounds.

Slide 7

Boiling points for different compounds of Group 4A, 5A, and 6A.

Intermolecular Forces 05

Slide 8

Intermolecular Forces 04

The element bromine is a liquid, composed of Br2 molecules.

A moleculeof Br2

Bromine is a liquid, but non-polar. What holds bromine molecules together as a liquid?

Slide 9

Intermolecular Forces 04

London Dispersion Forces: Attraction is due to instantaneous, temporary dipoles formed due to electron motion.

Slide 10

What intermolecular forces will operate between molecules in the substances below?

Review:

Cl2 CH3OCH3 Cl-NH2

Ar

CH3CH2CH3 HO

H HS

H

Slide 11

Intermolecular Forces 06

veryveryweak

Slide 12

Intermolecular Forces 07

CH4 110 K

SiH4 160 K

GeH4 175 K

SnH4 215 K

H2O 373 K *

H2S 215 K

H2Se 225 K

H2Te 270 K

Effect on Boiling PointEffect on Boiling Point

Force:

Slide 13

Intermolecular Forces 08Surface Tension is the resistance of a liquid to spread

out and increase its surface area.Surface tension results from intermolecular force

differences between molecules in the interior of a liquid and those on the surface.

Slide 14

Intermolecular Forces 09

Viscosity is the measure of a liquid’s resistance to flow. It is related to the ease with which molecules move around and thus to intermolecular forces.

High Viscosity Low Viscosity

Slide 15

Phase Changes 01

Slide 16

Phase Changes 02

Molar Heat of Fusion (∆Hfus): The energy required to melt one mole of solid (in kJ).

Molar Heat of Vaporization (∆Hvap): The energy (in kJ) required to vaporize one mole of liquid.

Slide 17

Phase Changes 02

Slide 18

Phase Changes 04

Sublimation: The process in which molecules go directly from the solid into the vapor phase.

Deposition: The process in which molecules go directly from the vapor into the solid phase.

Molar heat of sublimation (∆Hsub): The energy (kJ) required to sublime one mole of solid.

Hsub = H fus + Hvap

Slide 19

Phase Changes 06

Vapor Pressure: The pressure exerted by gaseous molecules above a liquid.