Internal Factor : Physical Attributes & External Factor : Resources /

TangiblesPertemuan 5

Matakuliah : L0074/Psikologi Industri dan Organisasi 2Tahun : 2008

INTERNAL FACTOR : PHYSICAL ATTRIBUTES

• Fatigue & the energetic of performance

• Lifestyle (health, nutrition, Stimulant)• Ageing• Sex

Fatigue and the energetic of performance

• Fatigue refers to feelings of tiredness and bodily discomfort associated with prolonged activity.

• Fatigue may cause errors and accidents.

• It may be important to distinguish different sources of fatigue prolonged concentration, sleep deprivation, and working at night differ in the effects on performance.

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THE TERM OF FATIQUE

1. Fatigue may be task-specific : the person is tired of performing a particular task doing some different activity.

2. Fatigue may be generalised; the person is in a state of tiredness.

• Fatigue can cause “burnout” syndrome tiredness accompanied by feelings of anger, anxiety and tension.

Subjective fatigue can cause

Visual fatigue

Boredom Malaise Muscular fatigue

Eye strain Task monotonous

Nausea Physical tiredness

Blurred vision Apathy Headache Limb tremors

Flickering sensations

Task aversion Auditory problems

Stiffness

LIFESTYLE (Health, Nutrition & Stimulant )

• Nobody feels at their best when ill. So people need to take a good care of their health.

• Illness is associated with a variety of active attempts to manage and cope with the illness which may have implications for performance.

• Medications like antihistamine and tranquilizers may have side-effects which include performance impairment.

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NUTRITION• Eating has both positive and negative

connotations for subsequent performance.

• The food may influence performance, because :

1. Some nutrients found in food are precursors of brain neurotransmitters.

2. The energy content of food may influence blood glucose levels.

3. There may be psychological mechanism for food effects, such as the expectancies encouraged by advertising.

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DRUGS, ALCOHOL, & STIMULANT

• There are not many research about drugs and alcohol especially in Indonesian culture.

• Stimulant are : caffeine and nicotine• Stimulant caffeine : coffee, tea, soft drinks,

chocolate, and medications for colds • Caffeine increases activity in neurotransmitters

which related to arousal, enhances overnight work performance and reduces sleepiness.

• Nicotine increase alertness and arousal, and to improve mood generally.

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AGEING

•Growing older is typically associated with declines in both physical and mental abilities most declines in the late 50s or early 60s.

• The research : - age and sensory performance (visual & auditory)- age and response speed - age and attention- age and memory

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SEX AND PERFORMANCE

• There is a consensus that men and women do not differ in performance on general intelligence tests, but there may be sex differences on primary ability measures men perform better on spatial abilities & women perform better on verbal tests.

• Male hunting performance, Female foraging and social bonding.

• Influencing by culture.

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EXTERNAL FACTOR : RESOUCES / TANGIBLES

• Physical Environment : Noise, Thermal & other physical stressors. • Cognitive support • Tools - Human Machine Interface

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PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT : NOISE

• Noise may be detrimental to performance for several reasons : – It disrupts auditory perception high noise levels can

impair hearing and make spoken communication difficult.– The irrelevant information delivered by noisy environments

may affect post-perceptual processing reducing attentional resource availability or forcing greater selectivity of attention.

– Noise may have stress-related effects that are distinct from the more direct effects of noise on auditory information processing produce feelings of irritation and annoyance.

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THERMAL & OTHER PHYSICAL STRESSOR

• Our physiology actively regulates temperature, aiming for thermal equilibrium at a temperature of around 37 degree C.

• Glare and visual discomfort • Vibration• Chemical & electromagnetic factors

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COGNITIVE SUPPORT

• Job aids memo, post-it, pda, organizer.

• Documentation books, portal, lotus notes (knowledge management version 1).

• Cognitive support Information Capital (Strategic Map)

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TOOLS – HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE

• Tools computers, software, VCRs, Calculators, Automobiles, etc.

• Tools ergonomics machine to human.

• Tools skill human to machine human error.

THE HUMAN-MACHINE INTERFACE

• Design of human-machine systems is to make optimal use of the abilities and skills of the individuals who are expected to operate them.

• Human system component : - speed- power- consistency of operation- flexibility

DISPLAY-CONTROL LOOP

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AUTOMATION

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SITUATION AWARENESS• Situation awareness defined as the perception of the

elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the future.

• Levels of situation awareness :Level 1 the operator’s attention to and perception of current situational events.Level 2 the operator’s integration of information concerning the current process state into an overall understanding of the current situation and its relation to systems goals. Level 3 the operator’s extrapolation of information from levels 1 & 2 to project the current process state into the near future, or compare it with the desired process state.

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HUMAN ERROR

• Human error not only the error is from the human operator of a system, it’s also can be a result from poor system design, inadequate system maintenance, and inappropriate system management practices.

• Errors result from discrepancy between a planned and an executed action operators didn’t do what they intended to do or failure to response execution (slip) or failure of memory (lapse) or error of planning or judgement (mistake).

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Information processing context for representing human error.

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Errors divided into five categories

1. Errors of omission action that should have been performed is not carried out.

2. Errors of commission action that should not have been performed is executed.

3. Extraneous acts action is performed to hinder or prevent the attainment of system goals.

4. Sequential errors particular task element is performed out of sequence.

5. Time errors correct action is performed too early, too late, or not within the permitted time.

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ACCIDENT• Accident are generally unplanned defined as an

error with sad consequences.

• Accident can happen when no error has been made.

• Organizational accidents can arise from “active failures” or from “latent failures”.

• Unsafe acts skill-based, ruled-based, knowledge-based errors, and violations.

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UNSAFE ACTS MODEL

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THE END