Internal Structure of City

Urban Land Use Pattern

Types of Land Use• There are different types of land

use such as• Commercial land use• Residential land use• Industrial land use• Institutional land use• Transportation land use• Recreational land use

Functional Segregation• Similar activities tend to aggregate

together because of• Similar locational requirements and• External economies of scale • different types activities are

separated from each other because• Different locational requirements • Different rent-paying ability• Conflicts amongst them

Bid Rent Mechanism• Land rent decreases with increasing

distance from city centre• competition for land and accessibility

push up the land value/rent• different land use has different rent

curve• because they have different demand

for accessibility and space

Commercial land use• needs large number of people to

support their business• Greater market threshold• highest demand for accessibility• require less space• Can afford higher rent

Residential land use• Accessibility is not important• require more space (especially

high class residential area)• cannot afford high rent

Industrial land use• Accessibility is not very

important– require large area of space

• cannot afford high unit rent• There is great difference between

light and heavy industry

Bid Rent Curve

City centre

Distance (km)

commercial

industrial

residential

Rent ($/m2)

Bid Rent Curve

commercial

industrial

City centre

Distance (km)

residential

Rent ($/m2)

Demand for Space• High order retailing business locates

nearer to _______________ comparing with wholesaling business because it can afford higher rent and occupies ____________ space.

• High class residential area locates ____________________ city centre so as to get more space.

• Heavy industries locate in suburban because ____________________ is needed.

Commuter’s zone

Middle class residential

Low class residential

Transition ZoneC.B.D.

Concentric Model

Industrial area can be found along the __________and __________because

river railway

Low class residential areas are located next to ___________and ___________________ because industrial area

C.B.D.

High class residential area can also be found next to _________ and _______________________ because

It is also be located away from __________________ because

the Governor’s house sea shore

industrial area

Mutual Relationship between Different Types of Land Use

• Some land uses are mutually exclusive

• Some land uses are mutually support

• This will lead to segregation and aggregation of land uses

Impact of transport network

Industrial area

High class residential area

Low class residential area

Middle class residential area

• Multiple Nuclei Model

Burgess

Concentric Model

Hoyt

Sectoral Model

Harris & Ullman

Multiple nuclei Model

Other Factors• Government planning

– New town planning– Land use zoning– Urban renewal

• Physical factors e.g. Relief

• Historical factors• Behavioural factors

• Central Business District(C.B.D.) is located at __________ of the city.

• Since the C.B.D. is near to the docks and harbour, it is believed that the early function of the city was ____.

• The rise of regional centres because

heart

port

• At some junction of arterial / major transport routes

• Relatively high accessibility• Especially accessible to the local

population• Reach the market threshold of

some middle order goods / services

Hierarchy of Business Centre

•C.B.D.

•Regional business centres

•Community business centres

Rent

Distance

Rent

Distance

community function

regional function

If the level of accessibility of the street junction deteriorates as a result of urban blight, how would the bid-rent curves and land use pattern be affected? Rent

Distance

Main road

Side street

Higher accessibility

Example

Regional centre

Community Centre

Neighbourhood Centre

Mong Kok, Causeway BayShun Lee Shopping centreShun On Shopping centre

specialized functional commercial areas

• External economies of scale /• Agglomeration benefits• Reputation• Similar requirements• Ancillary services• e.g. Golden Shopping Centre

highway-oriented shopping ribbons

Burgess

Concentric Model

Hoyt

Sectoral Model

Harris & Ullman

Multiple nuclei Model

Floor

City centreDistance from city centre

Dentist

JewelryAirline

Solicitor

Accountant

Doctor

Trading

Trading

Shipping

Accountant

Audit firm

Fitness

Trading

Boutique

Fast food

Residential

Residential

Supermarket

Chinese Herb

Residential

Residential

Residential

Residential

Residential

Residential

Labour union

Travel agent

Residential

Residential

Residential

Residential

Zone A

Zone B

Zone C

Vertical Zonation

• Central Business District

• Mixed land use zone

• Residential area

•Zone A is •Zone B is•Zone C is

Central Business District

Characteristics of CBD• heart of city• focus of major

transport routes• highest accessibility• limited space• keen competition of

land use• highest rent• tall buildings• modern buildings

• high order retailing business

• airline companies

• traffic congestion

• vertical zonation

• Central District

• Tsim Sha Tsui

Mixed land use• Urban decay• slum / poor living

environment• lack of open space• traffic congestion• Pollution• hawkers• poor sanitation• high crime rate

Mixed land use• Lower buildings• vertical zonation - commercial land use o

ccupies the lower floors• residential land use occupies the upper fl

oors• higher order shops are located at main str

eets; lower order shops are located at side-streets

• factories and workshops are found in back street

Urban Population Density

City Centre

Population Density

Distance

City Centre

Population Density

Distance

Urban expansion

Change of Population Density over time

Comparison

Western Vs Non-western Cities

Western City Non-western City

Suburbanization counter-urbanization

Rural-urban migration influx of population

Good transport network

Poor tarnsportation development

Good economic development

Poor economic development

Well-developed C.B.D.

Limited high order business

Urban sprawl, suburbanization, counter-urbanization

Urban push Rural pull