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7/29/2019 International Agreements - Environmental Science
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InternationalAgreements
Matt Simpson, Matt Kornberg,and Brian Delehanty
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UNFCC
The United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
First formal international agreement for
human-driven climate change
U.S. - Senate's advice and consent,
George H. W. Bush signs 1992
52 Countries
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Requires parties to:o Gather and share info on GHG emissions,
national policies, & best practices
o Launch national strategies addressing GHG
emissionso Cooperate in preparation for impacts of
climate change
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Legally binding
No rule on the adoption of protocols, so
parties have repeatedly failed to reach
agreements
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Problems
The United States has been pretty
resistant to binding agreements
Developing nations (and China) argue
that they need to be allowed more carbon
emissions due to still being in an
industrial/industrializing economy
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Establishing quantitative emission
reduction targets for high income
countries
Reduce overall emissions 5% below 1990
"Marrakesh Accords" - rules for
implementation
Kyoto Protocol
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Internationally binding agreement
Market-based mechanisms:
o Emission trading among parties
Penalties:
o Increase in country's emissions reduction
target
o Exclusion of country from emission tradingscheme
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2001 - Pres. George W. Bush announces
U.S. would not become a party to the
Protocol
Note: The U.S. did sign the protocol in
1998, showing support and approval of
the agreement, but never became a party
Russia and certain other post-sovieteastern European nations have since
dropped out
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Japan has stated that it will not return fora second Kyoto protocol
o Cites economic restrictions which would
reduce economic competitiveness
defections such as this make theagreement far weaker
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Nations in purple are not returning second
term
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Copenhagen Accord
First U.N. document with goal of limiting
global temperature rise
o Limit to 2 degrees centigrade
Political agreement, but not legally
binding
Countries "associate with"
rather than signing
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Predicted CO2 emissions for 2020 are 44gigatons
Projected emissions without the
agreement amount to 50 gigatons
Models suggest the GHG concentration
should level off at 650 parts per million
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Stated that climate change is one of the
foremost challenges of our time
Called for carbon mitigation from both
developed and developing countries.
Established Copenhagen Green Climate
Fund which would support climate
focused projects
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Asia-Pacific Partnership on
Clean Development and Climate
Voluntary agreement lasting from 2005 to
2011
included China, Australia, United States,
Canada, South Korea, India, and Japan
independent projects still continue even
though the agreement is officially
concluded centered on fostering international
collaboration
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Has undergone criticism
o called innefective
o criticized for the lack of binding agreements
None of the parties have actually
decreased emissions