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Advanced lessons in economics
VOLUME 18 ISSUE 4 - JULY | AUGUST 2015
WA 2015 Jeju review
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Email:
[email protected]
Editorial Advisory Panel • Abdel-Fattah M. El-Sayed (Egypt) • Dr
Albert Tacon (USA) • Professor António Gouveia (Portugal) •
Professor Charles Bai (Korea) • Colin Mair (UK) • Dr Daniel
Merrifield (UK) • Dr Dominique Bureau (Canada) • Dr Elizabeth
Sweetman (Greece) • Dr Kim Jauncey (UK) • Eric De Muylder (Belgium)
• Dr Pedro Encarnação (Singapore) • Dr Mohammad R Hasan
(Italy)
Editorial team Olivia Holden
Cheltenham, GL50 3PT, United Kingdom
Tel: +44 1242 267706
CONTENTSVolume 18 / Issue 4 / July-August 2015 / © Copyright
Perendale Publishers Ltd 2015 / All rights reserved
International Aquafeed is published six times a year by Perendale
Publishers Ltd of the United Kingdom.
All data is published in good faith, based on information
received, and while every care is taken to prevent
inaccuracies,
the publishers accept no liability for any errors or omissions or
for the consequences of action taken on the basis of
information published. ©Copyright 2015 Perendale Publishers Ltd.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may
be reproduced in any form or by any means without prior permission
of the copyright owner. Printed by Perendale
Publishers Ltd. ISSN: 1464-0058
7 THE AQUACULTURISTS
54 THE AQUAFEED INTERVIEW
FEATURES 16 Aquaculture takes centre stage at
Monaco Blue Initiative 2015 6TH Edition
20 India - aqua feeds and feeding trends
24 Advanced lessons in economics
30 Aquaculture in Ghana - Alternative feed sources
32 Aquaculture in Ghana - Commercial floating feeds for pond
culture of tilapia in Ghana
36 Lecithin as a rich energy source with nutritional
performance
38 Aquaculture industry - a profile of Dr Eckel GmbH
John Cooksey and Mario Stael at WAS 2015 on Jeju Island, Korea
(top), while Sylvia Earle answers media questions about her lm
‘Mission Blue’ at Monaco Blue Initiative in Mocaco (bottom
left)
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Meet the Aquafeed team at upcoming international events
I am now entering my 30th year in academia and quite a
milestone to say the least. With many Masters and
PhD completions completed in Plymouth, perhaps it
is indeed a time of reflection and a chance to build on
new opportunities and challenges that may present them-
selves in the future. When many may consider retirement,
I trust that I will get a chance to forge new avenues for the
development of aquaculture and, in particular, the aquafeed
industry and the nutritional sciences that are so important
for the prospect of a sustainable and affordable basis for
fish
production, welfare and health of stock. As a consequence,
I have just recently taken up a new appointment at Harper
Adams University in West Central England to spearhead anew
initiative to create a new English Aquaculture Centre
for teaching and research. I will keep you all posted, but
it’s going to be a busy time again before I take up angling
for good!
I have seen so many changes in the fish farming industry over the
last three decades and a major shift in the type of supporting
research and technologies being applied, many have made vast
differences to the efficiency and performance of fish and shrimp
with significant improvements in survival
throughout the various stages of production. There have
been
great strides in the formulation of more refined diets based on
better data obtained from comprehensive digestibility trials for
more precise diet balance with protein, amino acids and energy
availability characterised for numerous feed ingredients for
different species of fish. Also more attention has been
given to the incorporation of alternative feed ingredients that
continues to contribute greatly to feeds with a vast array of
commodities and materials at our disposal on a global basis.
There is a constant stream of scientific research evaluating all
manner of natural proteins, energy rich nutrients derived from
traditional sources or from novel ingredients and espe- cially
micro-organisms like algae, yeasts and bacteria that are now
becoming topical areas for consideration in a variety of aquafeeds.
This has also been associated with a plethora of interest in their
functional properties and potential health benefits in aquaculture.
Although there is excellent research evidence for corroborating the
efficacy of many of these feed
additives and supplements in a variety of species of fish, we must
always caution against great claims of ‘wonder effects’ without
proper scientific scrutiny. Hence, the role of the expert reviewer
in peer-reviewed journals that provide the academic rigour to
underpinning research in fish nutrition.
Another area of progress in the last 10 years has been the use of
new containment systems for fish based on advances in aquaculture
engineering with the wider use of closed recir- culation systems.
These new concepts pose more challenges for generating superior
diets for fish to minimise their impact on water quality whilst
presenting the correct nutritional balance for fish growth and
production as well as promoting fish quality and good marketability
of the product in terms of
taste and texture. Similarly, the construction of deep-water
offshore plat-
forms for submersible sea cages for marine fish cultivation has
advanced. These systems will require a rethinking of the feed
strategies and feed quality issues for specific marine fish species
in such locations ranging from temperate to tropical climates. I
expect great strides in the future expansion of mariculture using
such technologies and we must address the needs of the industry in
this direction.
One concern is the practicality of research directives at
Creoso - welcome
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Seeds of love Ioannis Zabetakis, assistant professor of food
chemistry, university of Athens, Greece
I t is summer. It is this blessed time of the year when all of
us can afford some more time to be spent with our beloved ones
doing things that may look
not productive, but they really are. Every summer, I spend lots of
time both by and
in the sea, sailing, fishing, and swimming. But this summer is
different. My boys are old enough now
to go snorkelling and spear fishing. You may wonder why I
bother you with all these trivial things. They may look trivial but
they are quite promising in this sense: teaching young kids to love
fishing can be a
fundamental step towards teaching them sustainable fishing,
aquaculture and nutritional value of fish.
When a young child catches his or her food, they have a really good
chance to get familiar with the food we eat, how different fish
taste and which ones match better her or his palate prefers. Then,
the issues of how fish are grown, what food they eat and why eating
fish is good for human health can be introduced and discussed. We
need two things here:
to be able to go fishing and some dedicated time by the
parent. The second element is more crucial.
But the issues that are emerging from these discus-
sions are diverse and rather interesting.First, the issue of
nutritional value was raised. When I was asked by my boys how much
fish we need
to eat, I gave an (automatic) answer of about two portions
per week but this is not the case . However, still today, there are
clear nutritional guidelines on how many grams of fish we need to
eat, and also what type of fish! Let’s stick to two portions per
week when talking to our kids.
Another issue that was brought up is what fish eat. Here,
fascinating things can be discussed, about the food chain
management, the impact of anthropo- genic pollution on fish quality
(i.e. have a look at the
Minamata case in Japan, and how fish there poisoned humans and vice
versa https://www1.umn.edu/ships/ ethics/minamata.htm) and how we
can make sustain- able the production of fish feeds and hence
fish.
Finally, another issue than could be explained to kids is the one
of climate change and its impact on fish populations. By linking
the melting of ice to the
temperature of sea and the domination of some fish species
over others, we could sow some seeds of curiosity to the young ones
and these seeds should help them in their future
investigations.
Enjoy the sea and the sea discussions!
[email protected] @yanzabet
present with much emphasis (due to research funding pres- sure) on
the so-called ‘-omics’. Whilst such terms as ‘genom- ics,
metabolomics and proteomics’ that form the basis of a molecular
basis to our fundamental understanding of fish nutri-
tion has an important place in our arsenal of research
tools,
we must not lose sight that fish farmers and feed companies require
good practical information that allows the application of knowledge
at a fundamental and applied level that is easy
to put into effect. The quest by scientists for the ‘highest
impact’ scientific
paper may not translate comfortably to the practising fish farmer
who at the end of the day is more tuned to fish growth performance
and feed conversion than the ‘gene expression’ for a specific
nutrient or trait. Scientists can often lose themselves in their
own world and become ignorant of
the demands of society for translational research leading to
real benefits.
We would be failing in our mission if we only focused on a narrow
path of scientific disciplines or self-interest in a par-
ticular area of fish nutrition without seeing the ‘bigger
picture’. To our detriment we increasingly see this now in the
appoint- ments of ‘fish nutritionists’ in academic posts who seem
to fail to appreciate the wider context of applied fish nutrition
and feed technology. The science of fish nutrition should be
embedded with a sound grasp of core animal nutrition as well.
Moving on! In this late summer issue we have a number of
interesting features including our focus on tilapia production in
India as our special fish species topic.
India is a dynamic player in the global arena and we also review
its range of commodities, raw materials and develop- ment in the
aquafeed sector in an Asian context.
With President Obama recently saying that Africa is on the move, it
is opportune to focus on Ghana’s activities with its growing
aquaculture industry and strong support of tilapia for both
domestic consumption and export.
We also report on the 6th Monaco Blue Initiative which was held in
the Monaco Yacht Club in late June held by HSH Prince Albert II and
his Monaco foundation. Its theme focused on ‘Feeding and fueling
the world through sustainable aquacul-
ture’. Our publisher Roger Gilbert and writer Roy Palmer were
initiated to participate in two of the four panels held and their
report is in this issue.
Our team travelled to Germany in June to report on the production
of feed additives from the Dr Eckel factory in Niederzissen, which
is just south of Bonn to the west of the Rhein River. They were
most impressed with the production facilities and the work being
done of fish nutrition.
We also report on a lesson in ‘advanced economics’ for the
aquaculture and fisheries sector with much to learn indeed. I hope
that our masters in the funding agencies and our minis-
ters of finance in Europe are listening and making sure of
the information for investment and development.
Please enjoy our full range of other news items, focus group
reports and blogs as we cover the broader range of
international aquafeed topics of interest as usual.
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Th e A q u a c u l t u r e Stewardsh ip Counci l (ASC) is
developing a
Responsible Feed Standard to tackle the impor tant feed issue
which has created continued
tension with many groups – the
standard will be new and globally applicable.
As with all standards, an impor- tant stage in the
development is the Public Comment per iod. The Public Comment
period enables anyone who feels they have something to contribute
to use
the period to provide their view on its provisions. All
comments have to be considered in detail by the relevant Committee
and,
if necessary, further drafting is
undertaken. Individual feedback is generally not be given by the
Committee on the comments provided. It certainly helps the whole
process even if you totally agree with the standard being
developed.
In this case, seafood species that need feed in order to
complete
their growing cycle have come
under undue criticism. Feed is an
essential element in any farming but fish farming seems to be under
pressure more than any other industry in regard to feeds. For many
species, feed is also a major contributor to the overall
environmental impact of aquacul-
ture because the production of some of the key ingredients
used in making feed itself creates envi- ronmental pressures that
need to be addressed.
Michiel Fransen, Standards and Certification Coordinator for ASC
says, “the Standard will set out
the requirements for the aqua- culture feed industry to
operate on a more environmentally sound and socially responsible
basis. The
project will introduce consistency
into the way in which the aqua- culture feed industry has been
asked to address sustainability and social responsibility issues
concerning feed.”
He added, “the Steer ing Committee, Technical Working Groups and
Secretary have now approved the initial draft of the ASC
Responsible Feed Standard
to be open for public consultation
from June 30th until September 11th, 2015. The ASC Responsible Feed
Project follows the ISEAL Guidelines for Setting Social and
Environmental Standards v6.0. An important part of the standard
setting process are
two public consultation periods. During these public
consultation periods all stakeholders (industry and non-industry)
can provide feedback on the draft versions of
the standard.” The Steering Committee of the
ASC Responsible Feed Standard welcomes feedback on this initial
draft standard from all relevant stakeholders. The consulta-
tion documents are available at
the ASC webs ite: (http:/ /www.
ascaqua.org/index.cfm?act=tekst.
item&iid=311&iids=313&lng=1). In addition, four
outreach events are being organised to present
the standard and receive public feedback. These events will
be held in as follows:
Registration is important for catering purposes so please
refer
to ASC website for instructions
on this point.
Interest in the responsible use of aquafeeds is broader than
managing the impacts of feed use in the farming system alone (e.g.
controlling pollution from exces- sive use) and extends to
ques-
tions about the environmental and
social impact created by the pro- duction systems used to
produce
the various ingredients. A wide variety of plant,
animal
and other Ingredients are cur- rently used in formulated feeds with
the dominant catego- ries being various plant derived products
(e.g. soy, wheat, rice, corn), fishmeal and oil and meat
by-products. In addition to these main ingredient categories
there
are smaller quantities of additives used such as additional
nutrients, pharmaceuticals and probiotics, amongst others.
The raw material produc- tion creates both environmental and
social issues, at both the raw material production and processing
points of the supply chain. These can include habitat loss,
over-harvesting, loss of threatened species, pollu-
tion and exploitation of workers, amongst others. The purpose
of
this Standard is to provide a means to reduce the
environmental and social impact created by the pro- duction of raw
materials used for aquaculture feed significantly.
The ASC Responsible Feed Standard will eventually replace
the feed ingredient requirements within individual,
species-specific ASC Farm Standards. ASC certi- fied farms will
eventually need to use ASC certified feed in order to
be certifiable.
(lunch is included)
Bangkok
Workshop Ho Chi Minh City 5 August 2015 10:00 – 15:00
(lunch is included)
Dist.1, HCMC
(lunch is included)
District, Guangzhou
(lunch is included)
PRESIDENTE SUITES SANTIAGO
Santiago
Aller gold trials show excellent feed conversation rate
results
In trials carried out on an inde- pendent Danish fish farm under
general production conditions,
Aller Gold showed excellent results. The feed conversion ratio
(FCR) was found to be between 0.68 -
0.80 for fish up to 180 gr.The ongoing trials were initi- ated by
Aller Aqua to document
that Aller Gold is performing at a constant high level at all
times, and we are glad to say that we
were not disappointed. FCR was consistently low and started below
0.7 for 50 gr fish.
During recent years a contin- uous improvement in the recipe has
been carried out to enhance
feed performance and compet-itiveness. Aller Aqua Research is
constantly testing and choosing the best performing raw materials
of
the highest quality to ensure first- class feeds to our
customers.
When you feed with Aller Gold you get:
• the optimum mix of raw materials to support the best possible
FCR, growth and health of your trout
• a thoroughly researched and tested feed at a competitive
price
• a seasonally optimised feedfor optimum effect at no extra cost
(ALLER GOLD is included in our Temperature Adapted Feeds concept
for both the Spring Edition and
the Winter Edition) Hans Erik Bylling, CEO of Aller
Aqua explains: “Aller Gold is one of our
finest products for trout and it is a product that I am proud of
selling to our customers. I receive a lot of positive feedback on
both technical quality and per-
formance. Our R&D department,led by Dr Hanno Slawski, contin-
uously works hard at getting the best results that we can pass
on
to our customers, and I can see all the hard work paying
off.”
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graduate students, carry out peer-review of scientific
publications, host foreign scientists and pay a visit
to
the Research and Development personnel of different public
and private institutions and research facilities
in different parts of the world. During my numerous
interactions
with all these people, I am given the chance to review the results
of
exciting research projects. I enjoy discussing results, what they
mean,
how they are making the field of aquaculture nutrition evolve,
etc.
Strangely enough however, now I am finding that most of my
atten-
tion and time is devoted to verification of reliability of the
results
and to troubleshooting of problems. I am slowly but surely
becoming
highly skeptical right from the start!
As a PhD student at the University of Guelph a couple decades
ago,
I studied under the mentorship of Dr C. Young Cho, a colourful
“no
non-sense” scientist who has taught me much about the process
ofscience and research. Dr Cho retired 15 years ago and I am
often
reminiscing about the things he used to tell the young grad
student
I was. He always had many vivid and compelling real life stories
or
fables to share.
When discussing research results, he once told me:
“Someone has 10 fish and this person cuts each fish in half
and
throws them in a cooking pot. The person should therefore have
10
heads and 10 tails in his pot. Now, the person counts the fish and
he
is finding 11 heads and 9 tails. He may only be off by 10 percent
but
there is something fundamentally wrong going on!”
That was Dr Cho’s whimsical way of telling me that results,
whether
from a chemical analysis or from a research trial, should be
logical
and that biological or analytical variability is sometimes a nice
excuse
for work relatively poorly done.
To illustrate with an example: In recent months, I had the
chance
of reviewing the results from a number of digestibility trials
carried
out by my own research group or by some collaborators or
during
peer-review of scientific manuscripts for journals. Up to a
few years
ago, I have not realised all that could go wrong with estimating
the
apparent digestibility of nutrients of diets and feed ingredients!
And
no, I am not talking about the methods used for collecting the
fecal
material! The fish nutrition community has been discussing the
issue
of fecal collection method for years and yet sometimes
overlooks
basic issues.
When carrying out a digestibility trial, a digestion indicator
(e.g.
chromic oxide, yttrium oxide) is generally carefully incorporated
in
the experimental diets at a pre-determined, concentration (e.g.
0.5
percent, 100 ppm). However, for a good 30 percent of the
digest-
ibility results (sample analysis) that I am reviewing each year,
the concentration of the digestion indicator of the experimental
diets
measured (or reported by the lab) for the experimental diets does
not
concur with the levels that were incorporated in the diet. How
can
this be?
In digestibility trials like in most other nutrition trials, the
experi-
mental diets are combination of different ingredients included
a
pre-determined level and that are blended to form a
homogenous mix.
Consequently, nutrient content of a diet sample should reflect
the
weighted average of the said nutrient concentration of the
different
ingredients used. Again, it is surprisingly common to see
chemical
analysis values for experimental diets that are not reflection of
the
weighted average of the nutrient composition of the
ingredients!
Every nutritionist knows that (gross) energy is a property of
nutrients.
Consequently, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of
gross
energy (GE) should be the weighted average of the ADCs of
crude
protein, lipids and carbohydrate of the feed. In several
digestibility
studies I have reviewed in recent years, the ADC of GE is not
a
reflection of the weighted average of ADC of protein, lipids
and
carbohydrate.
Where is the problem? Does it lies in the (careless)
preparation
of experimental diets or in poor reliability of the chemical
analy-
ses carried out? The latter is generally the most probable
reason.
Mathematical or calculation errors are also not that
uncommon.
I have learned from Dr Cho that one has to be skeptical about his
own
results and that every researcher is responsible for ensuring that
the
results are logical. This doesn’t mean that one has to be
omniscient or
know from the start what results to expect in all cases. However,
there are a number of aspects that needs to add up. The process by
which
someone determines whether different elements add up can
actually
be an effective method for verifying the quality and
reliability of
research endeavours.
Agree or disagree? Let me know!
[email protected]
Ten heads and ten tails: Dr Young Cho’s parables about making sure
results are adding up
by Dominique P Bureau, member of the IAF Editorial Panel
AQUACULTURE
Number crunching – Norway
94.5 - the total percentage of all aquaculture production in
Norway in 2014 that was Salmon
5.1 - the percentage of all aquaculture that is the species
of
rainbow trout in 2014
(NOK) in 2014
production in 2014
83,000 - the total length of Norwegian coastline, including
fjords and islands
production amount in 2009
(Sources (6-7): FAO -
http://www.fao.org/fishery/facp/NOR/en/)
a couple decades ago, I studied under the
mentorship of Dr C. Young Cho, a colourful “no
non-sense” scientist who has taught me much
about the process of science and research"
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to Scottish salmon industry
The Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre has kicked off a £4
million
applied research project to upscale the use of farmed wrasse in
commercial salmon farms.
The new project, now rolling
out on Scotland’s West Coast, has the potential to increase pro-
ductivity on salmon farms and reduce the use of medicines in
the industr y. With the pro ject agreement in place, the
project
team can set about taking vali- dated lab research through to
full application in the commercial environment.
The deployment of farmed wrasse to control sea lice on
farms could lead to the creation of new jobs in rural
communi-
ties, not just in salmon produc- tion , but in wrasse
production and management. Wrasse can co-habit with salmon in the
same pens and can be used as ‘cleaner fish’ to remove sea lice from
the salmon.
The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovat ion Centre (SAIC) has awarded
grant funding of £831,530 to this cleaner fish project. The grant
has leveraged contributions worth £3.01 million from Marine Harvest
(Scotland),
Scottish Sea Farms, BioMar, and the University of
Stirling.
Atlantic salmon is the UK’s largest food export, with a retail
value of over £1bn. With demand for Scottish salmon increasing in
traditional markets
such as the US and France, and emerging export markets such as
China, the Scottish Government has set increased production
targets for 2020. Progress on the use of cleaner fish such as
wrasse and lumpfish to control sea lice on fish farms will support
the industry’s work to raise produc-
tion. Cohabitation of salmon with
cleaner fish, especially wrasse,
has been shown to significantly reduce the sea lice challenge
to salmon – an issue that has hampered growth in the
industry. It can also help to reduce the usage of licensed
anti-lice medi- cines on farms.
The previous use of wrasse in fish farms has largely involved
the collection of wild wrasse, a solution which is not
sustainable. However, the culture of wrasse is in its infancy in
the UK, and pro- duction challenges have limited
the deployment of farmed wrasse. This project brings together
aca-
demics leading wrasse research in the UK with major salmon
producers to solve the bottle- necks limiting productivity, and to
improve the quality and delousing efficacy of farmed wrasse.
Building on proof of concept established in previous
research,
the SAIC pro ject wi ll extend current knowledge through
to
upscaling of hatchery technolo- gies; optimisation of cleaner fish
welfare in salmon cages; and pro-
totyping in the commercial envi- ronment.
Project outcomes will include commercial protocols, research
tools and a new knowledge of the biology of the ballan
wrasse. This will permit production of a handbook that individual
farmers in Scotland – including SMEs - can
use as a beginning-to-end guide on the breeding and husbandry of
farmed wrasse.
Heather Jones, CEO of the Scottish Aquaculture Innovation Centre,
said:
“The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovation Centre’s role is to bring
industry and academia together
to help grow the industr y sus- tainably through
innovation. This project exactly fits that bill; sea lice control
heads SAIC’s list of Priority Innovation Areas. Our grant funding
has galvanised an industry-academic collaboration
that not only leverages substan- tial investment, but
will feed into Scottish economic growth.”
Steve Bracken, Bus iness Support Manager at Marine Harvest
(Scotland) Ltd, added: “The deployment of wrasse as a means to
control sea lice should increase the availability of farm sites,
reduce medication costs and
increase production efficiency. All parts of the industry – from
large companies such as ourselves, to SMEs - will see benefits from
this, and the already-excellent repu-
tation of Scottish salmon will be enhanced.”
And the academic lead on the proj ec t team , Profes so r
Hervé Migaud, Professor in Fish Physiology and Director of Research
at Inst itute of
Aquaculture, University of Stirling, commented:
“The Scott ish Aquaculture Innovation Centre’s support and funding
will enable us to extend
this project from proof of concept to the commercial
environment. The impact of the research will be considerable in
both scientific and economic terms. In addition, PhD and Masters
students at
the Institute of Aquaculture have the opportunity to
gain research expertise in one of the aqua- culture industry’s most
pressing issues.”
First woman of the month award for Latin America
A quacul ture wi thout Frontiers is very pleased
t o an nou n ce t ha t Veronica Esquivel Medina from
Mazatlán, Mexico is our Woman of the Month for July. This is the
first such award presented to anyone in Latin America.
A current leader for all women who are working in the fisheries and
aquaculture sector in Mexico, Veronica is an example of hard work,
honesty and collaboration. She is always involved in young
professionals’ career develop-ment and everyone seeks her out for
her advice .
Veronica has always fought for the rights of women in Mexican
policies and has led several fish-
eries and aquaculture women’s groups in Mexico. Veronica has always
been very supportive of aquaculture and has actively played a major
role in Mexico's strategic planning for more than
a decade. Recently she was partof the team that coordinated
the National Development Plan of Fisheries and Aquaculture in
Mexico, where she made sure
that gender issues were always
addressed. Since the elaboration of this plan Mexican aquaculture
has improved 32 percent.
According to Antonio Garza de Yta, Director General of Planning,
Programming and Evaluation at CONAPESCA and President
LACC, World Aquaculture Society, “Veronica is a silent warrior who
needs to be honoured. It has been an enormous pleasure to collabo-
rate with her in recent years and
there is no doubt whatsoever that Veronica is a role
model to any person who has contact with her. She is a synonym of
profes- sionalism and hard work.”
Alleviating poverty and malnutri- tion is a major issue in
Mexico and
as a means of supporting the poorpopulation, the federal govern-
ment has invested around US$150 million through CONAPESCA to
support more than 36,000 families in 145 municipalities in 22 of
the 32
states of Mexico. In Mexico the role of women
in the rural environment and the development of aquaculture is of
utmost importance. Aquaculture production models are at three
levels, namely extensive, semi-inten-
sive, and intensive with rural inte- gration, varying according to
climate and activities integrated with land and animal
husbandry.
Veronica is currently collab- orating in the Department of Planning
and International Affairs for CONAPESCA and has worked tirelessly
for the organ- isation in areas such as adminis-
tration, management, governance and strategic planning.
Veronica
has shown willingness for trans-ferring knowledge and tech- nology
and developing within the sector an increasing capability and
capacity to ensure the issues of gender are well covered.
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A wF Director, John Forster, pointed out a recent US Aid Newsletter
which high- lighted the importance of aquaculture and
women in assisting with the global issues of poverty and
hunger.
Interestingly the example mentioned was in Nepal, a country
currently suffering the enormous effects of a recent earthquake,
Nepal was a country where AwF had helped establish aquaculture –
see project reports 2008-2012. I particularly recall Ram Bhujel
(AIT and AwF Volunteer) saying at the
AwF Session during a WAS-APC Conference in Ho Chi Minh City,
Vietnam, how important AwF had been in his birthplace (Nepal) in
showing that aquaculture was possible and also empowering women to
engage.
As the US aid newsletter states, “In rural Nepal, widespread
poverty is compounded by the lack of access to high-quality,
nutritious foods.” According
to a recent report from the Nepal Demographic Health Survey,
41 percent of children under the age of five are chronically
malnourished, and ane- mia is a significant problem, afflicting 47
percent of
children and 36 percent of women.One approach to mitigate the
occurrence of anemia and to improve the overall health of rural
Nepalese is to supplement their diets with vitamin- rich protein
sources, such as fish. Researchers from Nepal’s Agriculture and
Forestry University (AFU) recognised the potential of aquaculture
to help address this widespread nutritional deficit, and
their recent effort in Nepal successfully established more
than 70 family-run fishponds, all managed by women. In the first
year of operation, the ponds produced over 500 kg of fish for
household consumption.
Looking back at AwF Project reports I read that an aquaculture
awareness program was organised,
this involved gathering a group of women and using computers
from a higher secondary school in
the village. A program produced on CD that was based on the
“Women in Aquaculture Project” in Chitwan was shown, followed by
questions and answers. Even at that stage organisers were report-
ing that a lot of women had shown their interest.
From that report I read, “Altogether 52 families applied and showed
interest in culturing fish on
their land which was almost double the number
the project team had expected. Full technical sup-port
(training, field visit and fry supply) was offered to all of
them, and a partial financial support was extended to all of them
dividing them into two categories i.e. very poor and poor; with
more sup- port to the former.”
According to US Aid, ‘Researchers intend to train more women
in effective aquaculture tech- niques by establishing women’s
groups to educate rural Nepalese on fish farming practices and the
nutritional benefits associated with household fish
production.
The nutritional aspect was also highlighted by WorldFish Senior
Nutrition Advisor, Dr Shakuntala Thilsted in her plenary speech at
WA2015 in Jeju ‘How can Aquaculture Contribute to the Diets
of
the Poor’. Dr Thilsted highlighted that the
characteristics
of a healthy diet for the poor included natural foods which are
locally produced; culturally accept- able (taste, texture, colour,
flavour, etc); af fordable; high in nutritional quality; safe and
available year round.
Fish and other aquatic foods are rich in sev- eral essential
micronutrients especially Vitamin A (animal sourced foods have the
only preformed source); retinol, fish also has Vitamin A2 – dehy-
droretinol); Vitamin B12 (animal sourced foods are the only dietary
source); Riboflavin, Vitamin D (animal sourced foods are the only
dietary source); Vitamin E, Available Iron (animal sourced foods
are
the only dietary source of haem iron) and available zinc,
calcium and phosphorous.
Shakuntala indicated the diversity of species had an effect on a
healthy diet and called upon
the aquaculture industry to ensure the spread of species in
fish, other aquatic animals and plants to ensure we all benefited.
This way we would meet
the preferences of more people, enabling vari- ous forms of
preparation for different meals and snacks suitable for all sorts
of occasions. It would increase the frequency and quantity of
consump-
tion, increase seasonal variety, and increase the
likelihood of covering multiple nutritional needs. One of the
challenges of bringing new practices
to rural women in Nepal, or for that matter in many
countries, is that more than half of them are illiterate and cannot
be reached through traditional methods such as distributing written
materials.
AwF are supporters of the concept of empow- ering rural women to
grow and consume fish from
their own backyards, and are working on a number of project
concepts. It is by giving the women the means to combat the
daunting threats of anemia and malnutrition in their households.
Better access
to more diverse food sources means that familieshave the
chance to increase their resilience and food security in some of
the world’s most remote corners.
http://feedthefuture.gov/article/aquaculture
-helps-women-nepal-improve-household-nutrition
Italians annoyed over the size of
clams they can have with their
spaghetti
The EU has been criticised recently
for imposing a minimum size for fishing clams in the Mediterranean.
Italian press reports that these rules limit the ability to enjoy
the tradi-
tional dish of spaghetti with clams. bit.ly/1VOBIWt
Growing number of ASC accred-
ited auditors
The number of auditors trained to assess farms against the ASC
stand- ards is steadily increasing. Following
training workshops held last monthin Bangkok on ASC's shrimp
and tilapia standards, a fur ther 12 auditors are now ready
to carry out audits on farms seeking ASC certification.
bit.ly/1Dbd1O9
Skretting: Marketing manager
Application deadline 24 August
keting in markets outside Europe and the salmon segment.
bit.ly/1IMQxFz
Feedback on ASC's operational
review published
The feedback from the public con- sultation of ASC's pangasius,
tilapia and salmon standards is now avail- able on the ASC website.
bit.ly/1KBYCdq
A regular look inside
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Most of the feed and food safety assurance systems are focussed on
prevention of contamination of feed and food materials with
undesirable substances or microbiological
agents. A cer tification scheme has three main components: the
norma- tive references, the assurance and corrective action
tools, and the rules of certification.
The normative references determine what is considered as a safe
product for consumption, or what is sustainable or responsible
related
to environment or society. The rules of cer tification are
about the cer-
tification process of companies applying for a cer tificate
against the involved certification scheme, which the certification
bodies have to apply and comply with.
The assurance and corrective action tools are the instruments and
procedures, which the company obtaining a certificate have to apply
in
the daily business operations. The assurance tools are
focused on pre- ventive actions and measurements in order to avoid
the occurrence of contamination.
A starting point for the control of potential risk is the
application of prerequisite programs in order to create a basic
level of control. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points
(HACCP) approach is impor-
tant to identify in advance the remaining r isks in the
process and oper-
ations and to determine appropriate control measures, as well as
amonitoring plan.
The purchased/supplied ingredients could be a risk. For feed or
food safety, a full control of the supply chain is a relevant
option, which is followed in the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance
certification. Application
Facts about 2013-2014 At this moment GMP+ International is
preparing an evalua-
tion of the EWS notifications of 2013 and 2014. In general
the figures show that there have been more notifications in 2013
and
2014 than the years before. This increase in the number of noti-
fications was related to mycotoxins. It is also good to realise
that sometimes more than one EWS message has been related to the
same case.
Most of the reported issues are controlled in an early stage. Only
a limited number were related to a more or less serious feed safety
emergency. In 2013 this was aflatoxin in maize and in 2014 this was
furazolidon in in soymix. Because of these two safety issues, the
requirements to notify have become str icter.
Before 2015, GMP+ FSA certified companies were only obliged
to notify contamination levels above maximum permitted level,
in case the situation was not fully under control of the
involved
company and could affect other companies too. End 2014,we
introduced the obligation to notify every exceeding of the maximum
permitted level of an undesirable substance to GMP+ International
as well as the certification body. This notification as well as
informing the customers is considered so crucial for the
effectiveness of the control of a safety incident, that non-compli-
ance is classified as a critical non-conformity with withdrawal
of
the GMP+ FSA certificate as a consequence. GMP+ International
always tries to find out the source and
cause of contamination, because that could be relevant for the risk
assessments and could contribute to avoid occurrence in
the future. The GMP+ FSA cer tified companies observe these
EWS messages as worthwhile, because it increases their
alertness
regarding specific risks. It adds also value in comparison of the
Rapid Alerts System
Feed & Food (RASFF) of the European Union, due to more details
and quick publication. The most important causes of
contamina-
tion (figure 2) are natural exposure and genesis during
processing. Process aids can also be a source, which need to be
considered in
the risk assessments.
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Aquaculturists www.theaquaculturists.blogspot.com
Want more industry news?Try our daily online news service.
Figure 1: Number of EWS notications in 2011 – 2014 We realised that
additional reasons are valuable to notify in any case of exceeding
the maximum permitted level, also if other companies are not
involved. Firstly, it is relevant to learn about the cause and
source of contamination. That can be taken into account in risk
assessments. Secondly, a complete overview enables to communicate
about the effectiveness of feed safety assurance (risk
communication) in daily practise.
Added value of Early Warning
System (EWS)
8 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | July-August 2015
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of a quality management system makes it possible to ensure control
measures and monitoring plan in the daily operations in a
consistent
way. Besides the preventive measures, also corrective actions need
a
company to apply in the event of the occurrence of a contamination
of a certain consignment. In that case, it is about traceability;
recall proce- dures, and early warning. The aim of these
measurements is to reduce
the distribution of contaminated lot(s) of feed or food
material in the market or withdraw it in order to limit the
negative impact on feed safety in the production chain as much as
possible.
Within the GMP+ Feed Safety Assurance (FSA) certification, the
Early Warning System (EWS) is essential to reduce the impact of a
contam-
ination and operates as follows. It is not alone a matter of the
primary involved company, but also of other companies. If a
cer-
tified company determines a level of undesirable substance(s)
exceeding the maximum permitted level, it is obliged –
besides
taking the appropriate control and corrective measurements
and informing its customers – to notify GMP+ International as well
as the involved certification body and the competent official
authority if applicable.
This notification has a relevant reason. GMP+ International
assesses each EWS notification and decides, together with involved
participants, if and which measures are necessary
to prevent or limit damage in subsequent chains. These may
include measures taken by GMP+ International.
The primary focus of the company is to inform involved sup- pliers
and customers, blocking contaminated batches, investigate
the cause of contamination and take corrective measures. The
primary focus of GMP+ International is to alert the other
GMP+ FSA participants about the occurrence of a concrete
contamination event in the market, if the contaminated lots
are
delivered by supply chain partner(s), or the contaminated lots are
or can be delivered to other companies in the market.
In that case, GMP+ International informs all other GMP+ FSA
par- ticipants about the involved product (generic name), the
kind of unde- sirable substance(s), the detected level(s), and the
country of origin. The company involved will not be published. When
other GMP+ FSA participants are also buying or dealing with the
reported product from the mentioned origin, they can take the right
control measures, like sampling and analysing or asking guarantees
of his supplier. The primary focus of the certification body is to
monitor the application of the appropriate actions and measurements
by the involved feed company.
Figure 2: Cause of contamination of EWS notications, 2013 – 2104 My
nal conclusion is that EWS is a worthwhile measurement in addition
to all kind of preventive actions. It contributes to reduce the
spread out of contaminated material in the market and therefore, it
contributes to reduce the size of a feed safety emergency. Damage
control is a shared responsibility and this also applies to feed
safety.
July-August 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 9
NEWS
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C roNoMar d.o.o. is a Norwegian-owned innovation company
in Croatia, founded with the aim of identifying and realising new
business opportunities in order to establish partner-
ships between Norwegian and Croatian companies within the marine/
maritime sector and related industries.
The company’s CEO, Norwegian Malvin Villabø, says: “Our mission is
to make connections between such companies as well as to
assist
them in establishing and carr ying out real operational
partnerships from an early stage through to commercialisation with
focus on creating and promoting new business activities (including
identifying potential relevant business partners in Croatia,
providing QA both for partners and products/ services, providing
supervision activities, etc.)”
“Furthermore, CroNoMar is managing an innovating incubator in
the Mar itime Innovation Centre in Šibenik – iNavis. As an
integrated innovation network, CroNoMar is assisting start-up
companies and existing companies through consulting, courses and
networking” says Mr Villabø.
Cronomar has recently founded a subsidiary company Marin Globe
d.o.o., which is a trading company with an operational purchaser
role between Croatian manufacturers and customers outside Croatia
with focus on price, quality and availability of aftersales
services. The company is providing services such as purchasing of
mar ine equipment in a global market for global clients.
The participation of CroNoMar at the international aquacul-
ture technology exhibition Aqua Nor in August 2015 in
Trondheim,Norway, is part of an economic mission from Croatia and
has been co-financed by the Croatian Ministry of Entrepreneurship
and Crafts Entrepreneurial Impulse Programme.
The objective of this economic mission is to present the potential
of Croatia and Croatian companies as well as Croatian products and
services at the international market, to exchange business
informa-
tion, connect with future par tners, establish new contacts
and realise partnerships.
As part of its participation at Aqua Nor 2015, CroNoMar will hold a
presentation on 'The potential of the marine/maritime sector in
Croatia', which will be held on 20th August from 1030-1230 in
meeting room eight. The presentation will be given in English by
Mr
Malvin Villabø, CEO of CroNoMar d.o.o, Croatia. Attendance is free
of charge.
In addition to CroNoMar, there will be also three other Croatian
companies taking part in AquaNor 2015.
Mr Malvin Villabø, Director, CroNoMar
A ll im a g e s co u rt e sy o fC
ro N o M a ra
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Kenya Government and FAO launch
Blue Growth Initiative in Kenya
The launch was held in Mombasa, Kenya, led by the acting Cabinet
Secretary
for Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries Mr Adan Mohamed and
FAO Representative in Kenya Dr Luca Alinovi. In attendance was
county leadership from Kilifi, Kwale, Mombasa and TanaRiver
counties.
In his opening remarks, Mr Mohamed noted that sustaina- bility of
fish supply in our waters requires concerted attention.
“Improvements targeted across the var ious aspects of
fisheries management, as well as regula-
tory barriers, difficulty in accessing funding, fragmented
research and development, and poor access to markets need to be
addressed. Particular attention may be given
to empowering the small/r ural or artisanal fishermen and
fish farmers who contribute consist- ently to the seafood supply
chain, but do not have the capacity to optimise their farming or
fish catch.” he noted.
The inland aquaculture sector continues to grow, but maricul-
ture is lagging behind. While most of the current aquaculture
pro- duction is based in freshwater fish farming, there exists a
lot of potential in mariculture (aqua- culture in coastal and
marine environments) on the extensive Kenya coast.
‘We can sustainability develop mariculture through improving
the governance and manage-
ment of the aquatic eco-sys-
tems, conser vation of biodiver- sity and habitats and most
impor-
tantly, empower vulnerable com- munities engaged in
small-scale production to act as resource
users and stewards’ noted Dr Alinovi.
Implementing BGI through the Ecosystem Approach to Aquaculture
(EAA) in Kenya
The EAA is best implemented within a national aquaculture policy
with a regulatory frame- work that promotes the growth of a healthy
and competitive
aquaculture sector while pro- viding protections from threats such
as disease spread, pollu-
tion and environmental degrada- tion.
Mr Mohamed reiterated Kenya’s commitment to developing fish- eries
in Kenya. “I wish to stress
that my ministry is committed to making the fisheries sector
one of the key pillars of economic growth in Kenya” he said.
“It is therefore my strong belief that the modest initi ati ve
my ministry is starting with FAO and other developing
partners
through these projects today will culminate in opportunities
for major investments, additional live- lihoods for the coastal
commu- nities and overall well-being for
the Kenyan people as envisaged in Kenya’s development Blue
Print Vision 2030”.
In col laboration with the
Government of Kenya, FAO has
developed two projects worth a total of US$1 million from the
BGI, namely ‘In Support of Food Security and Nutrition, Poverty
Alleviation and Healthy Oceans’ and ‘In support of implemen-
tat ion of mar icu lture in Kenya within an ecosystems
approach’.
Both projects aim to increase knowledge of water basin to coral
reef ecosystem services supporting food, nutrition and livelihood
security so as to guide and improve investment in sus-
tainable coastal mariculture. This includes a better
integration
of the sector into other activi- ties in the coastal zones so
as to increase understanding in con- serving and improving coastal
ecosystem services.
Elaborating the Ecosystem Approach to
AquacultureThe BGI is designed around capture fisheries,
sustainable aquaculture, livelihoods and food systems, and economic
growth from aquat ic eco- system services. It is also bringing
support and more attention to enhance the implementation of
the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries and the
Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries and Aquaculture (EAF/EAA).
The launch is to be followed
by a five-day training workshop on implementing the Ecosystem
Approach to Aquaculture (EAA). The EAA strives to balance diverse
societal objectives, by
taking account of the knowl- edge and uncertainties of
biotic, abiotic and human compo-
nents of ecosystems including their interactions, flows and
pro- cesses and applying an integrated approach within ecologically
and operationally meaningful bound- aries.
The general objective of the workshop is to inform and train
managers, developers, farmers and other relevant stakeholders on
the EAA and how to develop EAA management plans for mari- culture
areas in Kenya that incor- porate other users of the coastal
zones.
The workshop will produce better-informed stakeholders on
the EAA and its potent ial for aquaculture management at
local and national level, and improved understanding of aquaculture
for stakeholders outside the agricul-
tural sector. It is expected that one or more draft
management plans for piloting in selected aquaculture management
areas and recommendations for the national aquaculture strategy in
the context of EAA will be
realised.
"I wish to stress that my ministry is committed
to making the fisheries sector one of the key pillars of economic
growth in Kenya"
July-August 2015 | INTERNATIONAL AQUAFEED | 11
FEATURE
Y ara is invest ing US$
263 million in Sluiskil ,Netherlands to increase granulation
capacity enabling i nc reased p roduct ion o f granular urea with
sulphur, and nitrates.
In 2011, Yara completed the construction of a new world scale urea
solution plant in Sluiskil which partly feeds an old prilling unit
producing 400,000
tons of urea annually. With this investment, the prilling
unit will be replaced by a new urea gran-
ulator also designed for pro-duction of urea with sulphur, a
product that is sold with a premium to regular urea. The new
granulator will have an annual capacity of 660,000 tons
of urea with sulphur. In parallel with increasing urea production,
Sluiskil will reduce UAN (Urea/ Ammonium Nitrate fertiliser)
production by around 230,000
tons per annum, freeing up nitric acid capacity enabling
130,000
tons per annum of additiona l
CAN (Calcium AmmoniumNitrate) production. “In Europe and gradually
also in
other regions of the world, agri- cultural soils are lacking
sulphur, which is an essential plant
nutrient. With this investment we are able to serve a growing
demand, helping farmers improve both yield and crop quality while
contributing to improved nitrogen efficiency,” says Torgeir Kvidal,
president and chief exec- utive officer of Yara International
ASA.The new plant will be based on technology deve loped by
Yara. Construction will start in 2015, with completion expected in
second half 2017.
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Aquaculture feeds have moved away from their dependence on
fishmeal
as the main protein source and now rely mainly on plant
protein
sources. How then will this affect mycotoxin exposure in aquatic
animals?
With fishmeal and fish oil becoming increasingly expensive,
the inclusion of terrestrial plant- based proteins in
commercial aqua- culture feeds has gained widespread acceptance.
Even feeds for carnivo- rous species are now formulated to contain
more than 50-70 percent of plant-derived matter.
A common problem that arises from the use of plant ingredients
is
the presence of mycotoxins - toxic secondary metabolites
produced by filamentous fungi which fre- quently contaminate
agricultural commodities.
Mycotoxins are mainly produced under warm and moist con- ditions
typical of the tropical and subtropical countries where most
aquaculture is practiced. Temperature resistant, mycotoxins are not
destroyed by the heat and pressure of pelleting and
extrusion.
Crop contamination over 25 percent
T h e C o u n c i l f o r Agricultural Sciences and Technology
(CAST) in 2003 estimated that 25 percent of the world's crop
produc-
tion was contaminated with mycotoxins.
Over the past 10 years of the Biomin Mycotoxin Survey, the
evaluation of almost 33,000 samples from around the world
revealed
that more than th ree quarters of these samples were
contaminated with at least one mycotoxin and 43 percent of all
samples were
co-contaminated with twoor more toxins. While in terrestrial
animals
the toxic effects of myco- toxins have been wide ly
studied, the effects in aquatic
species have not yet been fully elu- cidated.
However, several studies have reported the detrimental effects of
mycotoxins at low levels.
For example, Pangasius fed diets contaminated with 60 parts per
billion (ppb) aflatoxin suffer affects on their growth and
increased liver damage. A different study, also with Pangasius,
showed that at levels of 50ppb the fishes' resistance to chal-
lenge by the bacterium Edwardsiela ictaluri is reduced. Another
study on yellow catfish with AFB1 levels above 250ppb showed
increased feed conversion rate (FCR) and
reduced weight gain. In shrimp, levels as low as 20ppb have been
found to reduce weight gain.
Diets contaminated with 100ppb Zearalenone (ZEN) reduced weight and
increased FCR in white shrimp, while survival was affected with
ZEN
levels above 1000ppb. Deoxynivalenol, one of the most
common mycotoxins, is highly toxic to rainbow trout:
reduction of feed efficiency and growth occurs at levels of 1ppm.
Salmon feed contaminated with 3.6 parts per million (ppm) caused a
20 percent reduction in feed intake and an 18
percent increase in FCR. Long-term exposure effects of
fumonisin B1 (FB1) reported in carp showed that exposure to 0.5 and
5.0mg per kg body weight is not lethal to young carp, but can
produce adverse physiological effects with kidney and liver
being
the key target organs for FB1 action.
Aquafeed samples
Survey 2014, the main ingredi- ents intended for the aquacul-
ture industry including corn, corn DDGS, soybean meal, wheat,
wheat bran and rice bran were evaluated. The five most common
mycotoxins
found worldwide—aflatoxins (Afla), zearalenone (ZEN),
deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 toxin (T-2), fumonisins (FUM) and
ochratoxin A (OTA)— were analysed in all of the samples (see
Table 1).
In addition, a specific survey which included 41 aquafeed samples
(fish/ shrimp) from the Asian region was
included. More than three-quarters of the
aquafeed samples were co-con- taminated with two mycotoxins
or more and 93 percent of samples contained at least one
myco-
toxin. The highest incidence was observed for DON at 68
percent, followed by ZEN and Afla at 59 percent each. The average
Afla con- centration was 49ppb, a level that poses a health risk to
aqua species.
One aquafeed sample contained FUM at 7534ppb.
Corn samples contained the highest average and maximum con-
centrations of Afla, ZEN, DON and FUM among all samples. As
expected, DON and FUM were the most frequently found
mycotoxins
in corn with a prevalence of 72 percent each, followed by ZEN at 55
percent.
The highest Afla, DON and FUM prevalence was observed in corn DDGS.
The highest average level and maximum concentra-
tion of OTA was determined in soybean meal samples at 24ppb
and 141ppb respec-
tively. DON is the most common mycotoxin found in wheat
samples with an incidence of 56 percent. The highest average T-2
level was detected in wheat samples
at 100ppb. The highest inci- dence of DON among all samples was
determined in wheat bran samples. The highest prevalence of Afla
(40 percent) was deter- mined in rice bran.
Mycotoxin analyses in this survey clearly indicate that
constant monitoring of mycotoxins is important. An effective
mycotoxin risk
management program isessential in order to protect animals from the
negative impacts of mycotoxins on
the ir hea lth and perfor- mance.
Table 1: Detailed results of mycotoxin occurrence by
commodity
Aa ZEN DON T-2 FUM OTA
Aqua
Feed
% of contaminated samples 59% 59% 68% - 51% 57%
Average of positives (ppb) 49 71 162 - 637 2
Maximum (ppb) 221 306 413 - 7,534 5
Corn Number of samples tested 1010 1557 1834 766 970 879
% of contaminated samples 22% 55% 72% 16% 72% 5%
Average of positives (ppb) 49 443 2,651 74 2,974 3
Maximum (ppb) 1,352 16,495 29,600 852 154,000 41
Corn
DDGS
Number of samples tested 59 61 58 42 59 55
% of contaminated samples 41% 74% 83% 26% 78% 29%
Average of positives (ppb) 13 250 834 28 1,808 4
Maximum (ppb) 196 3,600 5,941 80 27,665 22
Soybean Meal
Number of samples tested 79 79 80 59 79 79
% of contaminated samples 13% 24% 16% 3% 15% 20%
Average of positives (ppb) 3 17 278 12 117 24
Maximum (ppb) 10 101 1,166 13 746 141
Wheat Number of samples tested 160 339 523 147 148 166
% of contaminated samples 8% 32% 56% 12% 14% 9%
Average of positives (ppb) 11 75 882 100 350 3
Maximum (ppb) 87 2,115 28,864 1,300 2,935 10
Wheat
Bran
Number of samples tested 67 69 69 17 60 62
% of contaminated samples 3% 28% 93% 18% 17% 26%
Average of positives (ppb) 2 124 760 5 605 3
Maximum (ppb) 3 1,491 3,806 10 4,333 18 Rice
Bran
Number of samples tested 25 25 25 17 25 24
% of contaminated samples 40% 56% 8% 0% 72% 21%
Average of positives (ppb) 5 43 24 - 85 4
Maximum (ppb) 11 200 25 - 282 18
Biomin mycotoxin survey:
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S outh East Asia and Vietnam in par-
ticular has received a boost to its aqua- culture development
with the opening
of a refurbished and revitalized fish-research facility at Nong Lam
University, in the Thu Duc District of Saigon. Called the Biomin
Aquaculture Centre for Applied Nutrition (ACAN) the centre will
share the laborato- ries on site with two other companies.
The Erber Group, which is the holding company for Biomin, Sanphar
and Romer Labs, has acquired and refurbished the facilities
that were previously operated in par tnership with the
university by Novus until 2014. Joining three companies
interests together
has meant the facility will play a vital role in not only
aquaculture in Vietnam, but for aqua- culture research throughout
the whole region as well as for land-based livestock produc-
tion. The aquatic facilities, which will carry out
more than 14 trials, specific to the Asia region, over the next 12
months, has four fully equipped laboratories as well as a
major
recirculation system with an extensive waterquality control
capability. Biomin’s ACAN centre was opened on June
29, 2015 following a half-day seminar in the city followed by a
traditional fanfare and cele- bration at the centre itself.
Located on the campus of Nong Lam University, in the Thu Duc
District on the out- skirts of the city, the centre offers full
labo- ratory services plus up to five independent reticulation tank
systems for trail work on a variety of fish and shrimp
species.
The laboratories at the centre are equipped to carryout DNA and RNA
extraction along with full PCR evaluations in addition to normal
feed and
food testing. The centre even has an extruder for preparing
short-run rations
The centre is to be jointly operated by Biomin and Sanphar – as its
Animal Health Research Centre – and Romer Labs; all companies
within the Erber Group.
Working closely with Nong Lam University, the three com- panies
have shown their clear
intention to support Vietnam’sagriculture and aquaculture
development.
Opening day seminar On the day of the opening,
each of the participating companies hosted a half-day seminar at
Hotel Caravelle in downtown Saigon to explain the role the new
laboratory and test centre will play for both Vietnam and the
region.
New laboratory and fish research
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Six speakers in the Biomin session, pre- sented a range of the
trial work now being conducted with a highlight being
phytogenics;
the screening of natural spices and herbs for their
biologically active compounds, especially
their antioxidant, antiv iral and antimicrobia l
effects.
Oregano and Rosemary perform highest in all three categories out of
10 spices and herbs currently under evaluation. However, besides
Oregano oil, for its strong antimicrobial effect and antioxidative
efficacy, Anis oil is being used for its appetising and antifungal
effect, Citrus oil which enhances palatability and antimicro- bial
activity, all to be combined within a matrix- encapsulation which
outperforms other fax/ wax-coated prebiotics, Dr Pedro Encarnacao
of
Biomin in Singapore told attendees. Phytogenics can also
play a significant role
in stabilising extruded feeds. For example, matrix encapsulation of
active ingredients maintains a 94 percent residual concentration
compared to 82 percent from non-encapsula-
tion extruded feeds. Other topics presented included:
multi-
mycotoxin analsyis; the benefits of using AquaStar for its ability
to reshape the micro- biota in the grow out stage for Nile tilapia;
mycotoxins in aquaculture and bioremedi-
ation, the reduction of organic waste fromfeces, feed and dead
algae in ponds and the elimination of toxic substances/gases and
bad odour delivered by Goncalo Santos Biomin’s research and
development manager for aqua- culture based in Europe.
Two final presentations were on Nong Lam University and its work in
aquaculture and a review of Romer Labs activities by Yong Wee Liau
managing director of Romer Labs Singapore.
Partner companies Nong Lam University not only collaborates
with Biomin, but also collaborates with other private corporations
including Alltech, Virbac, Schering Plough, Schweizer Biotech,
Nutriway, Novus and Aquativ.
However, the Erber Group has a strong, shared collaboration which
augers well for
the future. Besides Biomin, Founded in 1992, Sanphar Animal
Health was acquired by the Erber Group in July 2007. The
development of innovative solutions allows Sanphar to offer
the veterinary market products and services that meet
individual needs for better results in animal husbandry and animal
welfare.
Romer Labs was founded in 1982 in the USA and acquired by Erber AG
of Austria in 1999 and then established three business
units in the USA, Austria and Singapore in2002 before opening a
sales office in Brazil in 2007, a Chinese sales office in 2009 and
a UK office in 2010. It offers all the test and analyt- ical
equipment for food allergens, mycotoxins and food pathogens.
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T he last edition of the Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI) in Chile in
2014 ques-
tioned the status and feedback from aquaculture in America,
towards a
sustainable approach to its development. The 2015 edition held in
Monaco at
the Monaco Royal Yacht Club, on June 25-26 2015, pursued
these discussions with experts and decision-makers worldwide
on
the theme: Feeding and fueling the world through
sustainable aquaculture.
Whilst it is acknowledged that seafood is now a source of food and
income for one quarter of the world’s population there is always
pressure on the industry from the conservation NGOs.
Today, fisheries catch remains stable but the production of
aquaculture continues to rise.
World production of seafood from aqua- culture has more than
doubled in 12 years,
from 32 million to 67 million tonnes in2012. With no stopping the
global population increases there is continuous pressure being
applied to ensure sustainable food production.
The MBI program covered the subjects of: Aquaculture to feed the
world?; New fron-
tiers for aquaculture; The struggle between quantity and
quality – the path to sustainable aquaculture and MPAs and Blue
Carbon - Towards Ocean & Climate.
The program was aiming to get the del- egates to consider the
implications of the ocean becoming an area for large-scale culti-
vation in terms of environmental protection, regulation and
collaboration.
Indeed, these new challenges once again highlight the importance of
involving scientists, industrialists, NGOs, etc, to the
establishment of a sustainable production system and make
the best rather than the most of these new resources.
The day started with H.E.M. Bernard Fautrier, Plenipotentiary
Minister and CEO of the Prince Albert II of Monaco Foundation and
Robert Calcagno, CEO of
the Oceanographic Institute, Prince Albert I of Monaco
Foundation, introducing the program.
Moderated by François Simard (Polar andMarine Program,
International Union for the Conservation of Nature) the first
session included panelists Roy Palmer (Association of International
Seafood Professionals); Doris Soto (FAO - FIRA); Fabio Massa
(GFCM)
the discussion focused on the fact that aqua- culture is
happening, is the fastest growing primary industry and that the
demand for fish products has increased vastly in the last few
years.
Noting that more than one billion people in developing countries
depend on fish to survive and 16.5 percent of global protein
consumption is from fish with that likely to improve in the
future.
In order to get an understanding about the difference between
the East and the West in respect of aquaculture Mr Palmer quoted
Elisabeth Mann Borgese (1918-2002), founder of the International
Oceans Institute.
This highlights, he said, the importance of the industry to the
Asian countries and the failure of the West to come to grips with
production.
"That aquaculture has a philosophical base in the East and a
scientific base in the West has far-reaching implications.
"In the East, it is culture, it is life: culture to improve life by
providing food and employ- ment. It is embedded in the social and
eco- nomic infrastructure. All that science can and must do is to
make this culture more effective.
"In the West, aquaculture is science and
technology, embodied in industry and provid-ing profits:
money. It has no social infrastruc- ture. In this, the West
has much to learn from the East." - Elizabeth Mann Borgese
(1918- 2002), Seafarm, The Story of Aquaculture, 1980
Aquaculture takes centre stage at
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We must understand that aquaculture is already bigger
than
any other land based farming, so it is important to work with
it
through a shared stewardship, rather than campaign against it
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Insufficient thought to governance The importance of food security
and nutri-
tion was seemingly lost in North America, EU and Australia
with consistent demand on developing countries to supply the
majority of seafood for those countries.
In fact many countries have not givensufficient thought to
governance and really understood the difference between wild fish-
ing and aquaculture. This is a failure which clearly is holding
many countries back from getting involved in aquaculture.
Getting an understanding that the majority of aquaculture was not
about feeding ‘fish-to- fish,’ was an important issue and was
empha- sised by Mr Palmer highlighting that world production of
Tilapia was now 4,500,000
tonnes per annum which was the equivalent of 143kg every
second of every day.
He pointed out that Tilapia is one of the oldest species
aquacultured yet, as mature as it is, as a freshwater white flesh
species it is still very much in its infancy on its genetic
potential in comparison to Salmon and all terrestrial
proteins.
The question will be how much the indus- try will move
forward once such knowledge has been obtained bearing in mind the
vol- umes that are already being harvested. Surely,
this will be ‘chicken’ of the 2050’s, if not earlier, he
asked
Key element in food security and nutrition
Fish and plants grown in water are a key element in food security
and nutrition and need to be linked more to their
contribution
to reducing hunger and malnutrition and to supporting
livelihoods.
The bio-availability of fish protein is approximately five-to-15
percent higher than
that from land plant sources. Fish contain sev- eral amino
acids essential for human health, especially lysine and methionine.
The lipid composition of fish is unique, having long- chain
polyunsaturated fatty acids with many
actual and potential benefits for adult healthand child
development. Adding to this aquaculture for the poor is
such a compelling story that must not be con- fused with the
important but actually smaller activity of farming fish like
Salmon.
Size is not everything It was stated that small fish are more
important in poorer countries for their nutri-
ents/micro-nutrients. Size is not everything when it comes to
fish.
In fact small fish consumed whole with
bones are massive for vitamins D, A + B, minerals (calcium,
phosphorous, iodine, zinc, iron and selenium.
There was an interchange with the audi- ence with the panelists
about feed and feeding ‘fish-to-fish’ and it was highlighted that
carnivorous fish are not carnivorous in captiv- ity but also in the
wild where such fish have a 10:1 feed ratio where as in aquaculture
this was vastly improved.
Additionally, it was mentioned that fish, carnivorous or otherwise,
in the world have
limited chance of survival which is greatlyenhanced through
aquaculture techniques.
Plastic a major challenge for oceans
A suggestion was that there could be even
greater attention paid to stopping pollution from land entering the
oceans and plastic was highlighted. Noting that some 3.5 mil- lion
pieces of new plastic enter the world’s oceans daily and that six
million tonnes of rubbish every year is dumped into the world’s
oceans of which 80 percent is plastic, with an estimated 46,000
pieces of plastic per square mile of ocean, we should all make a
conscious effort to change our ways!
Put effort into creating more renewable
bio-degradable packaging (especially use ofalgae) and promoting
their use instead of the toxic, non-biodegradable plastics
that are currently in use.
Aquaculture needs good, clean quality water – it is land that
pollutes the oceans not
the other way around! The future is a shared stewardship
but
all of us must understand that aquaculture is already bigger than
any other land based farm- ing so it is important to work with it,
rather
than campaign against it. It was mentioned that ‘escapes’ are
often
used as a deterrent about aquaculture but it seems to be forgotten
by those that use that issue against aquaculture that one of the
great
things about aquaculture is the opportunity for stock
enhancement for various species around the world.
Enhancing stocks for the wild using the example of 40 percent of
Alaskan ‘wild’ salmon actually coming from the aquacul-
ture hatcheries and Rainbow Trout being grown by various
government hatcheries in Australia and then released specifically
for
recreational fishermen – many of whom arepaying a licence fee for
the privilege to fish the ‘escaped’ fish.
In fact the breeding of endangered species and ensuring the future
of all species is one of the major advantages of aquaculture.
This
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The juxtaposition of the yacht harbour in Monaco, with its
multi-million dollar vessels, and a wide-ranging debate on how the
oceans and
aquaculture might contribute to feeding a growing world population,
was not lost on the 120 delegates attending the 6th the Monaco Blue
Initiative (MBI) in Monaco in late June. However, the reality is
that the wealthy must do more to
assist those who are food deprived and the MBI, with a keen eye on
sustainability and conservation and under the guidance of HSH
Prince Albert II of Monaco and his
foundation, is taking up that challenge and recognising
aquaculture’s vital role
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along with genetic improvements - as with all animals - by taking
the best and improving product quality and fish performance is
actually where the future of the world’s food is more likely to
come from.
Reducing poverty, improving health and increasing sustainability at
the community as well as at a national level needs attention from
capacity building. A need to build capacity from within, a systems
approach based on world’s best practice.
Progress may well be assisted by new technologies but it is really
an innovation in a systems approach which engages the farmer
directly which will have the most effect.
The need to promote healthy diets from sustainable food systems is
essential.
Ending poverty and hunger is not possible unless we place agri-food
systems near the top of the priority list where research is the
backbone but development and transparency the keys to
success.
Microalgae to energy The second panel moderated by Pierre Erwes,
B.I.C.A with
panellists: Roger Gilbert publisher of International Aquafeed at
Perendale Publishers; Marc Metian at IAEA; Raphaela Le Gouvello of
SterMor; Roberto Cesari from the European Commission and Ricardo
Haroun from the Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran
Canaria aimed to discuss issues from microalgae to energy produc-
tion to medicinal derivatives, and new and excit ing uses of
aqua- culture which are coming to light in the modern age of
scientific discovery and technology.
In respect of key developments for feed Mr Gilbert stated that much
time, effort and research was going into limiting the amount of
fishmeal and fish oil needed for feed production and concepts
utilising insects, worms, algae, hemp, soybeans, and other protein
sources we well advanced.
Identifying food insecurity and where to focus our food production
focus, including fish farming, in Africa and Asia was an important
ele- ment. There’s a relationship - a benchmark if you will -
between the
production of scientifically-formulated compound feed and the
foodsecurity (or insecurity) of a country, he told his audience.
That figure was 133.5kg of compound feed per head of population –
which fed all livestock including aquaculture.
Many countries had not yet sorted out their governance arrange-
ments for offshore farming, but in countries like Panama companies
like Open Blue Cobia were farming.
Their farm is located in the Costa Arriba region of Panama with the
site located over the horizon in Panama’s Atlantic Ocean, more than
seven miles offshore in the deep, blue waters of the Caribbean Sea.
Who would have thought we would be growing a species like Cobia and
doing that far offshore?
There is much we can expect from aquaculture in future - in
terms
of food, products and energy. The enormous opportunity of marine
ingredients is slowly awaken-
ing yet it already stated the global market for the Blue Economy is
over US$176 billion – this includes biotechnology, bio-plastic,
bio-energy, marine cosmetics and nutraceuticals.
We are only scratching the surface of what can be achieved with
renewable and sustainable products from the oceans/waters of the
world.
Wind farms in the ocean, which are ‘no go’ zones and pushing fish-
ing away from those areas, could be used for grow-outs and
therefore not wasting the space, water or heat.
Aquaculture can work arm-in-arm with energy. Anything in the
water can work with aquaculture - not wasting space or
energy.
Increase in demand for aquaculture The third panel was moderated by
Oystein Lie of MarLife and the
panel consisted: John White of the Aquaculture Stewardship Council;
Giuseppe Di Carlo, WWF Mediterranean; Olivier Fourcadet,
ESSEC
Business School and Tiago Pitta e Cunha a senior advisor for Marine
and Maritime Policy to the President of Portugal.
The discussions were focused about the increase in demand for
aquaculture and the issue of not sacrificing quality for
quantity.
WWF and ASC dominated discussions about standards highlighting
that farmers needed to meet the standards and pay the costs
in order to engage in global business, but failed to discuss
issues relating to the subsistence farmers that relate to many poor
countries and how trade barriers may be created with
standards.
Mr White said that ASC had a vision regarding systems and
pro-cesses needing to be in place to aspire all farmers to become
certified. Mr Fourcadet expressed a view that consumer associations
needed
to be closer engaged, however, there was some discussion away
from the panel that few consumers are actually members of
such associa- tions.
It was discussed that in the EU young people were interested in
what they eat but that they had limited time to make choices in
their busy lives and there has been poor education on seafood, both
fisher- ies and aquaculture.
The panel expressed a view that people were prepared to pay more
for quality and environmental sustainability.
Conservation and protected areas The last session was moderated by
Sebastien Troeng of
Conservation International and consisted a panel of: Dan Laffoley,
World Commission on Protected Areas & International Union for
the Conservation of Nature; Christophe LeFebvre from the French
Marine Protected Areas Agency and Alasdair Harris of Blue
Venture).
This session started with a speech from Tony Burke, Member of
Parliament in Australia. Mr Burke was the former Minister for
Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities and
during his time he had created the largest MPA in the world only to
see it thrown out when his political party lost the last
election.
Clearly many in the audience were disappointed with the news
of
the demise of the MPA activity but likely few of them are
Australian tax payers or fishers/aquaculture farmers so would
not be aware of the costs such activities have cost the Australian
public.
Mr Burke said that the good news was that the ocean is the greatest
sink, but, alas, the bad news was also that the ocean was the
greatest sink!
Created upon the initiative of HSH Prince Albert II of Monaco, the
Monaco Blue Initiative (MBI) is a platform for thought and unites
International actors (scientic, economic, political and
associative) sharing a common commitment for the sustainable
management and the preservation of the oceans. It is co-organized
by the Oceanographic Institute,
Foundation Albert I, Prince of Monaco and thePrince Albert II of
Monaco Foundation.
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In words that only a politician could utter, he said he was deter-
mined to get the MPA model back in Australia and that ‘science must
never be the whole story in environmental decisions.’
Blue carbon The panel discussed Blue Carbon as an interesting
answer to some
of the questions of using marine resources towards climate, testing
the true resilience of marine ecosystems, and improving our
under-
standing of the link between ocean and climate.
There were concerns with the onset of the COP21 in Paris at the end
of 2015, on how to prepare for a better
tomorrow in harmony with the oce