TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
International biomass tradeBlas Mola-Yudego
Bioenergy markets and policies
Lignoselluloosabiomassat ja niiden energiakäyttö
(6 ECTS) 3513019
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Heinimö, J. (2008). Methodological aspects on international biofuels trade: international streams and trade of solid and liquid biofuels in Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(8),
702-716.
International trade
An illustration of biomass streams within a country and between countries. Products presented in brackets represent examples of products.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Wood streams in the Finnish forest industry in 2004 compiled by using the stream model described in the text, million m3, round wood includes bark
Particle- and fibreboard mills were included in other wood products industry.
Finnish case
Heinimö, J. (2008). Methodological aspects on international biofuels trade: international streams and trade of solid and liquid biofuels in Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(8),
702-716.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Finnish case
Heinimö, J. (2008). Methodological aspects on international biofuels trade: international streams and trade of solid and liquid biofuels in Finland. Biomass and Bioenergy, 32(8),
702-716.
Consumption of biofuels in Finland (2004)
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Wood chip markets
Wood chips, derived mostly from recovered/waste wood or virgin wood (harvesting residues)
Baltic node: Sweden, Denmark and Germany main importersRussia and Baltic countries as exporters
Other players: China (exp>imp), Japan (imp)
Junginger, M., Goh, C. S., & Faaij, A. (2014). International Bioenergy Trade. Lecture Notes in Energy. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Waste wood markets
Junginger, M., Goh, C. S., & Faaij, A. (2014). International Bioenergy Trade. Lecture Notes in Energy. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Pellet trade flows
Global wood pellet trade streams in ( a ) 2010, ( b ) 2011, ( c ) 2012 [>10 ktonnes] (Data: Cocchi et al. 2011 ; Lamers et al. 2012a ; EUROSTAT 2013 )
Lamers, P., Marchal, D., Heinimö, J., & Steierer, F. (2014). Global woody biomass trade for energy. In International bioenergy trade (pp. 41-63). Springer Netherlands.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Pellet trade flows
15 largest operating pellet plants (2012)
Lamers, P., Marchal, D., Heinimö, J., & Steierer, F. (2014). Global woody biomass trade for energy. In International bioenergy trade (pp. 41-63). Springer Netherlands.
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
¯
Production & Consumption
Production
Consumptio
No Data
Production and consumption
Production
Consumption
The consumption and production patterns have however been changing along the last 5 years
Lack of comprehensive statistics and accounts
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Pellet trade flows2011 Trade flows over 100k (left) and 500k (right)
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
<5 5-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-100 100-
200
Sweden
Finland
Perc
enta
ge o
f pro
ducers
Capacity (1000 t / yr)
Pellet production in Northern Europe
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
<25kW
>25kW
Total consumption
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
1800000
2000000
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
< 25 kW
25kW-2MW
> 2MW
Total consumption
Finland Sweden
Pellet consumption in Northern Europe
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Strengths Weaknesses
Finland
- Enough domestic
production to increase
the number of pellet
users
- Domestic raw
materials
Sweden
- Develop pellet
market
- Many small scale
producers
- Well develop
delivery network
- Most of the pellets
produced according to
pellet standard
- Favourable taxation
Finland
- Lack of good quality
raw materials
- No pellet standard
- Amount of fines
formed in bulk
deliveries
-Taxation
Sweden
- Lack of raw
materials
- Many small
producers do not
follow any standards
- Quality of imported
pellets (amount of
fines)
Opportunities Threats
Finland
- Development of
pellet handling and
transportation
- Make pellet market
local instead of global
- Increase the
domestic pellet
consumption
- New raw materials
Sweden
- New raw materials
- Improving the
harbour facilities for
handling imported
pellets
Finland
- Decreasing sawmill
production effect on
raw material
availability
- Rise in the pellet
price
- Uncertainty of raw
material supply can
delay forthcoming
plants
Sweden
- Competition for raw
materials with other
industries
- Rise in the raw
material price
- Reduction in pellet
importation
Pellet Markets in Northern Europe
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
R2 = 0.51
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Ag
gre
ga
ted
pe
lle
t p
lan
ts c
ap
acity
(x 1
00
0 t)
Aggregated sawmill capacity (x 1000 t)
AU
BE
CZ
DE
EE
ES
FI
FR
HU
IT
LV
NO
PO
SE
SK
UK
R2 = 0.79
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00
Saw log production m3
Pelle
t capacity
t (
x 1
000)
By-product
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Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Forest Biomass Forest Wood
Demand BioenergyDemand Forest
Products
SRF
By-product
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Sawdust Timber
Demand PelletsDemand Forest
Products
By-product
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Production cores
The areas concentrate 30% of the total pellet capacity estimated for EuropeThe areas with stripes, 50%The whole light areas entail 90%
Main coresA: Central EuropeB: ScandinaviaC: FinlandD: Baltic
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Central
Baltic Scandinavia Finland
N plants 69 18 72 18% European plants 18 % 5 % 19 % 5 %Pellet capacity 2924 993 1975 834% European capacity 25 % 8 % 17 % 7 %
Population (hab. x106) 58.5 2.9 7.2 2.9Population density (hab. km-2)
157.5 31.9 35.5 27.6
% Forest land 48 % 52 % 68 % 68 %% Agriculture land 45 % 41 % 17 % 15 %Total Area (x 103 km2) 371.1 90.5 204.0 105.1
Characterization of the four main areas defined, according to their shares of the pellet capacity, their population and forest land covered.
Production cores
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Area Countries Capacity (x103 t y-1) % (Country Total Capacity)
“Central Europe” Austria 957 95 %Germany 1 388 74 %Belgium 235 87 %Switzerland
19 25 %
France 170 15 %Italy 145 31 %Slovenia 10 18 %
“Baltic” Estonia 385 100 %Latvia 14 9 %Lithuania 514 88 %
“Scandinavia” Denmark 180 44 %Sweden 1 785 72 %
“Finland” Finland 834 72 %
Production cores
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Zone Country To / From Export to
Import from
"Central Europe" Germany Austria 90.9 49.1France 20.8 60.3EU27 321.6 204.8 Exporter
Austria Czech Republic 0 66.0Italy 124.4 0EU27 136.1 174.6 Importer
Switzerland Germany 1.5 22.6Italy 3.8 0EU27 5.6 43.6 Importer
Italy Austria 0.1 266.3Slovenia 1.5 57.2EU27 2.2 529.7 Importer
"Baltic" Estonia Denmark 208.6 0Latvia 1.0 95.1EU27 281.3 89.3 Exporter
Latvia Lithuania 1.0 2.9Sweden 66.5 0EU27 157.5 3.5 Exporter
Lithuania Denmark 32.4 0Latvia 2.7 25.3EU27 62.6 24.3 Exporter
"Scandinavia" Sweden Finland 2.1 72.6Denmark 98.5 2.1EU27 102.9 373.4 Importer
Denmark Sweden 7.1 61.7Estonia 0 174.0EU27 9.7 689.1 Importer
"Finland" Finland Sweden 60.5 0.1Estonia 0 4.2EU27 125.2 6.6 Exporter
Production cores
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Countries
Production growth (average) Consumption growth (average)
Policy InstrumentsAmount (thousand
tonnes)
% Amount (thousand
tonnes)
%
Austria 89 32 75 30 Subsidies, Feed in tariffs
Belgium 190 26 Subsidies, Tax reduction, Green
certificate system
Denmark – 9 – 4 90 11 Subsidies, Biofuel tax exemption,
Energy tax, Feed in tariff
Finland 42 19 22 32 Energy tax, Green certificate
system
France 54 91 50 41 Tax/VAT reduction, Green
certificate
Germany 2770 85 172 31 Subsidies, Tax/VAT reduction,
Green certificate
Netherland 3 3 103 19 Feed in Premium
Italy 98 33 128 33 Subsidies, Green certificate
Sweden 107 11 144 11 Subsidies, Carbon and energy tax,
Biofuel tax exemption, Green
Electricity system
Poland 66 126 29 132 Green certificate system
Policy incentives
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Year Policy initiative
1991 Carbon tax and energy tax focus on heat
1997-2005 Investment subsidies
2001 Carbon tax increased
2003 Green electricity certificate system
2004 Tax on electricity for household and services
Sweden
Year Policy initiative
1990 Carbon tax introduced
1990 Investment subsidies for CHP plants
1998 Energy tax increased
Finland
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Year Policy initiative
1991 Energy tax and carbon tax reformed
1993 Biomass agreement and
compensation scheme for
renewable electricity
1994-1998 Energy tax increased on heating
and power
1995-2000 Subsidy scheme for small wood
pellet boilers
1996 Feed in tariffs introduced
2008 Increasing the existing CO2 tax
2001 NOx tax introduced
Denmark
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Year Policy initiative
1990 Non refundable capital grants for biomass
energy technology
1995 Emission regulation for small scale heating
system
1997 Emission regulation for industrial heating
system
1998-2007 Investment subsidies for biomass heating
technology including pellet
1998 Pellets and briquettes-Requirement and test
specification introduced
2004 Feed in tariff system in producing green
electricity
2008 New subsidy scheme for pellet heating
installation
Austria
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Year Policy initiative
1991 Feed in tariffs for renewable energy
1999 Investment subsidies for automatic pellet
heating system
1999 Taxes on fossil fuel increased and tax on non
renewable electricity introduced
2009 Renewable heat law introduced
Germany
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
Year Policy initiative
2002 Green Certificate system introduced in
Flanders region
2003 Green Certificate system introduced in
Wallonia region
2004 Green Certificate system introduced in
Brussels capital region
2004 Investment subsidies for pellet heating
devices in Wallonia region
Belgium
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
au
ba
be
ch
cz
de
dk
ee
es
fi
fr
gr
hu
it
lt
lv
ne
no
po
pt
se
si
sk
uk
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0h80 (global concentration)
h20
(lo
cal c
on
cen
trat
ion
)
local dominance global and local dominance
Country averages for the pellet plants analysed, for global and local concentration indices (h20and h80, respectively). The size of the circles represent the country’s total pellet capacity.
Market dominance
TEST
Blas Mola-Yudego ([email protected])
EU Bionet III: http://www.eubionet.net/
Raw material supply: sawdust, localised production, new feedstocks, imports
Logistics: limitatation (vs e.g. fossil fuels), location
Sustainability concerns: food vs wood, rising price, land
Fuel quality: lack certification, standards, quality control
Lacking financial policy support: subsidy, stability of policy fwk
Unfair competition fossil fuels: VAT tariffs
Main Barriers