International Conference on Shan Studies Maha ... for presentation.pdf · International Conference...

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection Khur Hsen 1

International Conference on Shan StudiesMaha Chulalongkorn University

Bangkok,Thailand.

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

ByKhur Hsen

16th

October 2009.


Domain of the Shan Saophas


The Town of Gyaing (Kran) {the place where Prince Naresuan declared independence}


The Shan Kingdom of organized by Kham Kai Noi (The site of Hsenwi before 1888)

Note: Hsenwi was once among the powerful Shan princedoms. During the time of Kham Kai Noi, the capital situated around the presenttown of Muang Yai, which was now also know as the South Hsenwi. The Hsenwi State was separated and recognized North Hsenwi& South Hsenwi in 1888 by the British. North Hsenwi situates north at the present site bearing this name. Muang Nawng was once apart of Hsenwi and its rulers’ descents from Hsenwi line.


The two routes to the Shan Country.


Map of King Naresuan Last Trip


Content

1. King Naresuan and Shan Sao Pha Connection.-Hsenwi-Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)

- Revolts during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

- The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.

- Muang Mit (Maing Mit) and Nanda Bayin.

- King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.

- Hongsawadi’s war with Ava, Shan and Siam.

- King Nyaung Yan’s war on the Shans.

- King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.

- King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.

- Situation of King Naresuan.- The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.-Conclusion.

2. Shan and Ava.-Pinya Dynasty (1312-1365).

-Sagaing Dynasty (1315-1363).-The First Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).-The Second Ava Dynasty. (1364-1421).-The Third and Last Ava Dynasty (1476-1544).

3. Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan and Siam.-Bayint Naung’s war on Ava.-Bayint Naung’s war on Shan and Siam.


Reference.In Shan.

1. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.

2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945.

3. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar Hsi Ha Muang Nawng. 1987

4. The Shan States History (Hand script) By Sao Yan Fa.

5. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean, published 9.9.1994

6. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.

7. Interview - Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin- Nang Moang from Mae Kin- Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu- Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu- Lung Sam Muang from Hwe Aw.

In Burmese.

8. A History of Mo Meik. By U KheMingda 1948.

9. Shan State’s Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963).By Director Saya Myint.

10. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991.

11. Shan Mart Than. (Typescript) By Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department,Art & Science University, Mandalay.

12. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. By Burma Socialist Programme Party.

13. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6

14. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8

15. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 9

16. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11

In English.

17. Harvey’s outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd.

18. History of Burma. By Sir Arthur Phayre.

19. Hsenwi State Chronicle (Article in The Guardian magazine, February 1967).

By Sir James George Scott.

20. History of the Shans in Upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias. Calcutta.Printed at the Foreign Department Press. 1876

21. Our Wars with the Burmese. Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. By Prince Damrong Rajanubhab.Translated into English by Phra Phraison SalarakThein Subindu (alias) U Aung Thein.Published 2001.


King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection

ByKhur Hsen

Hsenwi

AD (1460-1523) Khun Kham Hip Fah was the Saopha of Hsenwi and his Mahadevi was Nang Kham

Mung (a daughter of the King of ChiangMai). They had a son Khun Kham Hseng Fah and a daughterNang kham Nan.

In 1523-1543, Khun Kham Hip Fah was succeeded by Khun Kham Hseng Fah. As the Saopha ofMuang Nai did not attend his coronation ceremony, Khun Kham Hseng Fah was not satisfied andasked the king of Ava, Shwe Nan Kyeaw Shin’s help in capturing him. In return, he married his sisterNang Kham Nan to the King of Ava.

Khun Kham Hseng Fah had 6 children:1. Kham Han Fah.2. Kham Pak Fah (The father of Kham Kai Noi)3. Khun Kham Nan4. Kham Hso Fah5. Kham Wat6. Kham Lwat.

1543-1549 the Hsenwi throne was succeeded by Kham Han Fah and he had no children. 1549-1561,He was succeeded by Kham Pak Fah, who had three children:

1. Khun Kham Kieo (Kham Kai Noi)2. Khun Kham Hseng Soong3. Khun Kham Kheng

Kham Pak Fah had been known for his skills in war and martial arts since his younger days. Once hebecame Saopha, he constructed his military strength, practiced martial arts and also trained his son,Sao Kham Kieo (Later known as Kham Kai Noi).

In 1555-1556, after conquering Ava, Bayint Naung (King of Hongsawadi) attacked and capturedHsum Hsai and Hsi Paw, threatening Hsenwi as his next target, but failing to take it. Thadoe Min Saw(younger brother & son in law of Bayint Naung) became the new King of Ava. Kham Pak Fah wasnot content with the new king and in 1559 marched to Ava on the pretext of returning his aunt NangKham Nan to Hsenwi. His son, Sao Kham Kieo, accompanied him during the siege on Ava.

In 1559 Kham Pak Fah marched from Hsenwi to Ava and on arriving at Okpho Umin,The King ofAva heard that news and sent envoy to inquire the reason of the march. After learning the reason, theking of Ava said, it was not necessary to proceed further as he had already agreed to give his auntback, together with 100 elephants, 100 horses, 100 visses in gold, 100 visses in silver and 100 youngmaids as tribute.

Sao Kham Pak Fah agreed with the terms and wait for the promised gifts to arrive. But Ava sent thetributes in piecemeal, a tenth of the promise tribute was given as a token, on the pretext that, the giftswere not in store and they were trying hard to make it in time. Actually, at that time Ava was short inmen and arms to withstand against Hsenwi troops, they were buying times for Bayint Naung’s troopsto return, from his campaigns in Siam and Lanchang.1

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 52


On his return from Chiang Mai, Bayint Naung reinforced his army and marched to rescue Ava.Hsenwi lost the battle in 1561. Kham Pak Fah and Kham Kieo were captured in the battle. Kham PakFah was executed, but Kham Kieo was spared due to the intervention and request of his grandmotherNang Kham Nan, instead becoming a hostage in the Court of Ava and later in the court ofHongsawadi. In 1562, after his conquest of Hsenwi, Bayint Naung marched on to subdue MuangMao, Se-Kwang, HoHsa, Naa Hsa and other city states now along the Burma-China border.1

In 1568-69 on hearing the report by Saopha Song Khae (later, King Maha Dhamma Raza of Ayudhya)that Siam was going to revolt, King Bayint Naung sent Saopha Song Khae (Sawbwa Thaung Kyi inBurmese) back to Pitsanulok with an advance force, in order to prepare provision for the main armyand the defense of the town itself.2

Sao Kham Kieo was among the officers in the advance force, during which he changed his name andafterward known as Kham Kai Noi. As he had to reside in Pitsanulok and never return to his hometown until 1600, the Hsenwi Chronicle gave an account that he was being held as a hostage in Siam. 3

Meanwhile in Hsenwi, after Kham Pak Fah and Kham Kai Noi, lost in the battle of Ava, the ministersdid not resist. When Bayint Naung marched to Hsenwi, the ministers took the two princes (youngerbrothers of Kham Kai Noi) and fled to seek refuge in Chengtu (in China). In 1565 they returned tomake peace with Ava and Khun Kham Hseng Soong (younger brother of Kham Kai Noi), attained theSaophaship of Hsenwi and died in 1593.

In 1593, the youngest brother of Kham Kai Noi, Khun Kham Kheng, attained the Saophaship ofHsenwi. In 1599 Khun Kham Kheng was assassinated by his two uncles, Kham Hso Fah and Khun

Kham Nan.4

Nanda Bayin Period (1581-1599)

In 1581, in the month of TaSaungMong (12.11.1581) King Bayint Naung died and was succeeded byhis son Nanda Bayin. As Nanda Bayin ascended the throne of Hongsawadi, several towns and citieswere ruled by brothers, sons and relatives of Bayint Naung as follows.

Ava ruled by Thadoe Min Saw (younger brother of Bayint Naung).Prome (Pye) ruled by Thadoe Dhamma Raza (Bayint Naung’s younger brother).Toungoo ruled by Min Khong (younger brother of Bayint Naung).Nyaung Yan ruled by Minye Nanda Meik (son of Bayint Naung).Matama ruled by Thiri Thudhama Raza (son of Bayint Naung).ChiangMai ruled by Nawrahta Saw (son of Bayint Naung).

Besides,Siam ruled by Maha Dhamaraza (Saopha Song Kae)Shan country ruled by the Shan Saophas. 5, 6

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg. 47- 522. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 983. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg 574. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, Pg 53-545. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VI -Pg-136-1386. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Thamaing-by BSPP-Pg 378-37


Revolt during the reign of Nanda Bayin.

After Nanda Bayin ascended the throne of Hongsawadi, several cities were in revolts.-1582 Song Sop (Thaungdut in Burmese) and Santa (now in China) revolted.-1586 Min Letya, the Viceroy of Ava died and his middle son, Min-ye Kyaw Swa was

appointed as viceroy.-1587 Inn Ya- revolted.-1590 Muang Gong (Mogaung) revolted.-1593 Mawbi revolted.-1594 Moulmein revolted.-1596 Pye (Prome-Thadoe Dhamaraza), Taungoo and ChiangMai revolted.-1594 Maha Uparat was killed in battle and Minye Kyaw Swa became heir apparent to the

throne of Hongsawadi. Minye Thihathu, The King of Taungoo, the father of Nat ShinNaung, sent a message to Min Raza Gyi, the King of Arakan, asking him to join hisattack on Hongsawadi with a promise to give him his daughter after the battle waswon.

-1599 The combine attacks of the Arakan and Taungoo resulted in the fall of Hongsawadi.The city was sacked and its king deported to Toungoo.

-1600 King Nanda Bayin was assassinated by Nat Shin Naung.

After the fall of Hongsawadi, the whole of Burma was in turmoil for 16 years.

-1604 -Muang Nai unsuccessful revolt attempt.-King Naresuan’s unsuccessful attempt to attack Ava.As soon as King Nanda Bayin attained the throne of Hongsawadi, Song Sop (Thaungdut inBurmese) and Santa were the first to revolt. 1

At the coronation ceremony of Nanda Bayin, Prince Naresuan was present on behalf of Siam andSaopha of Muang Gong (Kong) was not present. Regarding it as an open revolt, Nanda Bayin sentthree brigades to subdue it. Among the three brigades, one was commanded by Maha Uparat Min Gyi

Swa, the second by Nat Shin Naung of Taungoo, and the third by Prince Naresuan. The first twoarmies failed to capture Muang Gong, while Prince Naresuan was successful in its capture. From thattime onwards, relation between Prince Naresuan and the other commanders changed. At that timePrince Naresuan realized that many large and small kingdoms were not content or obedient toHongsawadi rule.2

Note: “Prince Naresuan attacked Muang Gong” was not mentioned in any of the BurmeseHistories or Chronicles of various Shan States. Perhaps the city was Song Sop andnot Muang Gong, because at that time Song Sop was included as a part of MuangGong and it was Song Sop that was among the first to revolt. (Khur Hsen)

In1584 Muang Gong and Muang Yang were crushed for not sending troops for the campaign againstSiam. Sao Kai Fah, the Saopha of Muang Gong, was captured and sent to the capital, where he wasdisplayed for 7 days each at the 20 palace gates before his execution.3, 4.

In 1591, Muang Gong rose up and revolted again. The town was laid siege by Nanda Bayin for 7months, until all provisions of the defenders exhausted. Together with its Saopha, the town wascaptured. 5 For not sending troops in his Ava campaign, Nanda Bayin attacked MuangMit.6 OtherShan States were not so friendly with Nanda Bayin either, and once Hongsawadi collapsed, everystate declared its freedom.7

___________________________________________________________________________

1. A khyae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Ye Tha Maing by BSPP Pg 379-380.2. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII, Pg 214 on referring to Thai History.3. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-43.4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117.5. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. 6 Pg 1406. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg. 142

King Naresuan and Shan Saophas Connection Khur Hsen 127. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 104

Muang Gong (Muang Kong or Mogaung) was once among the twelve Shan Kingdoms and wassubjugated by Bayint Naung, who then re-formed the areas under his domain by includingMuang Gong as one of the Nine Shan Kingdoms in the southern part of Nam Mao. WhenBayint Naung launched his attack, Maung Gong was ruled by Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) and itwas said to have (99) Princedoms in his domain. 1, 2

Muang Gong is now situated in Northern Burma under Myitkyina Township in theKachin State (N-25:17:95; E-096:56:34). Once a powerful state ruled by ShanSaophas, it was mentioned several times in the Burmese History. At present it isfamous for its Jade mines. It situates by a stream called Mogaung Chaung, on theMandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 306 mile from Mandalay and 17 miles fromMyitkyina.

The first Saopha, Sao Luang Fah ascended the throne in 1215. While crossing thestream, the Saopha found a drum shaped sapphire in its bed and since then thestate was named Muang Gong (Muang Kong).

In another story, “The legend of the four Shan cities” it is said that Udi king ofShans in China (probably Yunnan) and his wife, Kinara Dewi gave birth to a blinddaughter who was put on a barge with provisions and set adrift along a river. Onthe way, she met a tiger (some versions claim it to be a were-tiger) who cured herblindness and they got married. They gave birth to four sons, all who went to visittheir grandfather. One son was given a dagger, the second a pet heron and the thirda drum. The youngest was given nothing, but was told to inherit his father the tigerprince. The three brothers set out with men and families in search of new suitableplaces to settle.

In one place, without hitting it, the drum sounded aloud. The prince regarded thisas an auspicious sign and he founded his city “Muang Gong”, after the drum givento him by his grandfather.

At one place the heron sang aloud and a town named “Muang Yang” (MoNyin inBurmese) was founded.

Places where the dagger suddenly stuck and left standing on the ground become“Muang Mit” (Mo Maeik in Burmese).

And the last son went to inherit from his father, and he named his town “WeingHso” (Wuntho in Burmese) or “Tiger Town “in remembrance of his father.

Since then, Muang Gong has flourished under the Shan Saophas; some werepowerful enough to invade the lowland of Burma. Only in 1556 did King BayintNaung subdue Mogaung and the other Shan Cities with his vast Army.

After 20 years, Sao Tip Fah ascended the Muang Gong throne and his descendantsruled continuously until they were occupied by King Alaung Phaya in AD 1753.

3

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. XI Pg. 388,2. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996. Pg 102

3. Burmese Encyclopedia, Vol. IX, Pg- 148


The Domain of Muang Gong in AD 1556.Muang Gong comprising ninety-nine Muangs and the most important among them were:

1. Maing-lung (Assam),2. Kassei (Manipur),3. Part of Aracan,

4. The Yaw country (a,m),

5. Kalei (uav;),6. Taungthwot (aomifoGyf) (Sumjok = SWc]SBp];) or Song Sop,7. Maing-Kaing,8. Maing-Yaung,9. Maing-Kwon,10. Sinkraing Khamti (Kham Nyang),11. Maingli (Khamti proper),12. Monyin,

13. Mautshobo (rkqdk;zdk),14. Kunung-Kumun (Mishmi country),

15. Khang-sei (Naga country).1

Dynasty of Muang Gong. .2. Hsarm Luang Fah 1215-1228 AD3. Sao Kam Fah (grandson of 1) 1228-12484. Sao Khun Lao 1248-13095. Sao Fu Reing 1309-13446. Sao Kai Fah 1344-13467. Paw Ngarm Muang 1346-13618. Khun Tao Fah 1361-13919. Sao Hong Fah 1391-141110. Sao Peaim Fah 1411-144611. Sao Si Fah 1446-149612. Sao Kai Fah (1) 1496-153013. Hsarm Luang Paw Muang 1530-153614. Sao Shwe Kieo 1536-155815. Sao Harn Fah 1558-156416. Sao Kai Fah (2) 1564-1583 1581-83 War with Nanda Bayin and became a new dynasty.

17. Sao Kon Kham 1583-159118. Sao Hom Fah 1591-1605 War with Ava- King Nyaung Yan.

19. Sao Ted Fah 1605-1626 founded the present Muang Gong.

20. Sao Hsin Luang 1626-162921. Interregnum 1629-163922. Luang Sao Paw 1639-165123. Keing Luang Ho Hoop 1651-166324. Sao Swe Yaw 1663-167325. Sao Swe Kheng 1673-172926. Sao Hom 1729-173927. Haw Sing 1739-174828. Haw Kham 1748-176529. Haw Sing 1765-1768 Sino-Burmese Wars at-Kong Tong

30. Muang Kyauk 1768-1771 Appointed by the Burmese King.

31. Muang Pin 1771-177532. Haw Sing 1775-177733. Interregnum 1777-178534. Sao Yaw Pan Khong 1785-1796. Captured and deported by the Kongboung dynasty.

______________________________________________________________________1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 19, 45,46


No.13. Sao Shwe Kieo (1536-1558) conquered by Burma and become a vassal in 1556.

No.15. Sao Kai Fah (1564-1583) Coincided with King Nanda Bayin of Hongsawadi. Muang Gong wasfirst subjugated by Hsin Byu Mya Shin (Bayint Naung), and was again attacked for not sendingtroops in the Siam Campaign together with Muang Yang (Monyhin) and Muang Mit. The battlelasted for 3 years before the town and the Saopha himself were captured. He was sent toHongsawadi and displayed for 7 days at each of the 20 palace gates before execution.

No.17. Sao Hom Fah (1591-1605). Wage war with King Naung Yan.1

Muang Yang (Monyin in Burmese).

Mong Yang was founded in AD 940 by one son of the Tiger King. Alongside with Muang Gong, itwas once a powerful State under the rule of the Shan Saophas. MoNyin Mintra (MoNyin Thadoe ofAva), and MoNyin Saolong (Sao Luang Mong Yang in Shan) are famous in the Burmese History.Now a small town, it situates on the Mandalay-Myitkyina railroad, 96 miles from Myitkyina and 227miles from Mandalay. 2

Maing Mit (Muang Mit) and Nanda Bayin.

In 1582, Thadoe MinSaw of Ava revolted against Hongsawadi and called for support fromMuang Mit, but was rejected.

In 1559, the former king of Ava was married to the sister of Hso Sao Fah, the Saopha ofMuang Mit. For this good tie, Muang Mit sent troops in support during the campaign on Siamin 1562; the Campaign on Chiang Mai in 1564 and the Campaign on Siam in 1568. But, in1582 Muang Mit refused to cooperate with the new king.

In1605, Anaukpetlun (the Uparat of Ava and son of King Nyaung Yan) marched in force byland and by boat to attack Muang Mit, which was forced to yield.3, 4

Ava and Nanda Bayin.

Nanda Bayin’s son, Uparat Min Gyi Swa was married to Nat Shin Mae, the daughter of the Kingof Ava (Thadoe Min Saw). In 1582 Uparat had a quarrel with his wife where she fall, hittingher forehead on the hard corner of their couch and bleeding profusely. The blood were soakedin her dress and sent it to her father. On hearing this news, the King of Ava was not satisfiedand prepared to seek revenge.

In1583, upon hearing the news of Ava gathering men and arms, Nanda Bayin marched toAva, leaving Hongsawadi under the care of the Uparat. He summoned Prome, Taungoo,Chiang Mai and Ayudhya to follow him with their troops. Prome, Taungoo and Chiang Maisent troops immediately but King Maha Dhamma Raza of Ayudhya sent a message that hewould send troops with his son, Prince Naresuan, as the commander.5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg 45-46.2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. IX Pg 1573. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 1084. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 1425. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. VI Pg 137- 138.


King Naresuan and Nanda Bayin.

Once the news that Nanda Bayin had marched to Ava was heard, Prince Naresuan did not intend tokeep up with Hongsawadi troops, instead he marched slowly and on reaching Muang Kran near theThai-Mon border, he made his main camp and waited for news from Ava. With regards to the revoltof Ava, he took it as a sign, telling him that it was time to seek for freedom. If Nanda Bayin won, itwas likely that he would attack Siam. In this case Prince Naresuan would take as many Thai familiesas possible, those who had been settled in Hongsawadi, to strengthen Siam. If Nanda Bayin lost, hewould attack Hongsawadi.

When the information of Siamese troops camped at Muan Kran was heard, the commander of thehome guard, Maha Uparat, sent two Mon noblemen, Banya Gyan and Banya Ram to inquire, thereason for the delay. He also arranged a plan, so that if Prince Naresuan marched north toHongsawadi, he would launch a frontal attack while the Mon would rise and attack from the rear. Butmany Mons were not content with Burmese oppression. Many families even fled to Siam and in thiscase, the plan was leaked to Prince Naresuan by a Mon monk. 1

Once he learned of Uparat’s plan, Prince Naresuan severed ties with Hongsawadi and declaredindependence. Then he crossed river Sitaung and marched to Hongsawadi. Maha Uparat had toprepare for the defence of the city, but as Prince Naresuan approached the city, news arrived thatNanda Bayin had won the battle and the victorious armies were marching home. Prince Naresuanwithdrew to Matama (Martaban) and gathered many Siamese families for home. It was said that about10,000 Siamese families went home with Prince Naresuan.2

Muang Kran was a town, situated on the borders of Siamese territory. This town was formerly calledDiangkrains by the Mons. Subsequently during the time of King Naresuan it was called Kreng. Atpresent the Burmese called it Gyaing (*sdKif;). It situates on the banks of the road leading to Mae Sot,

Tak Province. The people inhabiting Chiang Kran were Mons. It is suspected that the town was underSiamese rule when Sukhothai was the capital of Siam, but Tabinshwethi probably thought that it wasMon territory and wanted to annex to his dominions.3

Hongsawadi’s war with Ava, Shan and Siam.

Ava and the highland Shans had had good relations for centuries. As Shans and their descendents hadruled Ava for over two centuries, the Shans regarded Ava as relatives and allies. When war broke outbetween Ava and Hongsawadi, King Thadoe Min Saw of Ava called for the Shan’s aid. Howevermany could not arrive in time and only troops from Hsi Paw arrived with their Saopha. Even with thisaid Ava fell to Nanda Bayin. Thadoe Min Saw fled to get the Shan’s help4, but he died of illness atKhamti. 5 the Saopha of HsiPaw was killed in the battle.6

After the victory, Nanda Bayin took his sister, the Queen of Ava, back home to Hongsawadi. Onhearing of the Siam threat, Nanda Bayin marched from Ava immediately to Siam. Prince Naresuanlaunched his attack, forcing the Hongsawadi troops to retreat. As the monsoon was approaching,Nanda Bayin recalled his troops on the campaign.7

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VI - Pg-1382. Burmese Encyclopedia Vol. VIII- Pg-2153. Our Wars with the Burmese Thai-Burmese Conflict 1537-1767. Pg. 11-124. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 735. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 1386. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script)Pg 727. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 138


In 1585, Hongsawadi renewed the attack on Siam with Maha Uparat as the commander. PrinceNaresuan headed a welcome attack at (La Guan). The Burmese launched a four prongs attack andPrince Naresuan had to withdraw to (Sougali) where the offensive was repulsed. The retreatingHongsawadi troops were then harassed by Prince Naresuan. 1

In1586 Nanda Bayin himself commanded the campaign on Siam and left Maha Uparat in command ofthe home guards. Unsuccessful, he went home in 1587.

In 1590, the Saopha of Muang Gong revolted. On the twelfth 5th waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong(12th month of the Burmese calendar), Nanda Bayin sent 11 brigades commanded, by his son, ThadoeDhama Raza, the King of Prome (Pye) and Nat Shin Naung, the son of Taungoo to subdue therebellion. They returned in success.

In 1590, on the 12th waxing moon of Ta Saung Mong (12th month of the Burmese calendar), withMaha Uparat as commander, troops on the campaign against Siam marched again. Somdet PhraNaresuan, who was now the King of Siam, met them at (Lagoon). The Burmese troops retreated indisarray.

In 1591, a son of the Saopha of Maung Gong attacked and captured the town. Nanda Bayin sentMinye Kyaw Swa, one of his sons, as commander to subdue Maung Gong. He laid siege to the townfor 7 months until all food and provisions of the town were exhausted. The town was captured with itsSaopha.

In 1592 on the second waxing moon of Natdaw (1st month of the Burmese calendar i.e. Nov-Dec),Hongsawadi troops set out with Maha Uparat as their commander against Siam. Maha Uparat waskilled by King Naresuan in this campaign.2

The Burmese History gave an account of the battle. Throughout AD 1583, 1585, 1586, 1590 and 1592Nanda Bayin marched 5 times to subdue Siam, but were defeated and had to retreat, mainly becausethe defense of the city was too strong for the attackers, and the lack of provisions lead to starvation ofthe Burmese troops. All 24 brigades of Maha Uparat, the son of Nanda Bayin were routed. In the lastbattle in AD 1592, Uparat was hit by a shell from the Thai’s cannon while instructing his men tobattle. He was killed on the spot and the Burmese had to retreat.3, 4

In 1593, the Mons at Mawbi revolted and was subdued by Hongsawadi, after which every Mon wasexecuted regardless of their age or sex. Many Mon fled to seek refuge with the Arakanese andSiamese. In 1594, Moulmein revolted. King Naresuan supported this revolt and marched with them toinvade Hongsawadi.

In the same year of 1593, Pye revolted, then under the rule of a son of King Nanda Bayin. In 1598, thekings of Taungoo and Arakan attacked Hongsawadi.

In 1599, King Naresuan marched to Hongsawadi, launching his attack and laying siege to Taungoofor a month. While he was attacking Taungoo, his provisions, in the depot of Hongsawadi wereattacked and destroyed by the Arakanese troops. Without provisions, King Naresuan had to withdrawback to Siam. The King of Arakan ordered his men to burn down the Palace of Hongsawadi. In 1599,Hongsawadi was sacked and it’s King, deported to Taungoo. In 1600, the King of Hongsawadi wasassassinated by Nat Shin Naung (Prince of Taungoo). 3, 5

__________________________________________________________________________

1. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 139

2. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 140-141

3. Burmese Encyclopedia, (1962 edition) Vol. 6 Pg 1414. A Chae Pya Myanmar Naing Ngan Yae Thamaing. Pg 3805. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun Pg-102-103)


King Nyaung Yan’s war on Shans.

In 1597, when Hongsawadi was weakening under the constant attack by Siam, Minye Deikba wellknown as The Prince of Nyaung Yan, younger son of King Bayint Naung, seek refuge in the town ofPagan for his own safety. 5

In 1599, Hongsawadi collapsed with King Nanda Bayin deported to Taungoo, and was assassinatedby Nat Shin Naung in 1600. As the kingdom was held together with awe and military might, withoutthe mighty king, the once mighty kingdom split into several independent states, each declaring its ownfreedom.2

On hearing the death of Nanda Bayin, Prince Nyaung Yan went to Ava, where he made his base,marshalling his army and reconstructed Ava for the defense against invasion. He ascended the throneof Ava and found the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.

On hearing Prince Nyaung Yan had made himself, the king of Ava, The kings of Pye and Taungoodecided to crush before Ava could firmly established. The king of Pye and his army proceeded byboat along the River Irrawaddy while the army from Taungoo marched on land to Ava. The fleetwhich arrived far ahead of the land force encountered a naval battle, where Pye’s fleet was destroyedand its king drowned in the river.

On hearing this lost, the king Taungoo withdrew his troops from Ava; instead he turned to Pye andtried to occupy it. But the resistance of the home guards and loyal ministers proved too strong for him.In the end, the king of Taungoo went home, failing to achieve both goals.

Ava was thus secure and firmly established. Prince Nyaung Yan was coronate as King ThihaThudharma Raza of Ava. As Ava was still a small kingdom, there were two Burmese kingdoms (Pyeand Taungoo) to the south; the north and east were occupied by several Shan kingdoms.

Therefore, building strength and expanding his domain became his top priority in order to survive. AsShan kingdoms were loosely knitted, it will be easier to occupy some of them, before they couldreconcile in full force. Once in his fold, he could get more men and provision to strengthen hisexpanding army. And thus Shan kingdoms became his first target to conquer. 5

In the south, Mons in Moulmein and Mawbi revolted. They asked for King Naresuan’s support, whothen marched to Taungoo. But his supply line was attacked by the Arakanese and had to withdraw. Onhis return to Ayudhya, Chiang Mai requested for help and he had to march north once more.3

In the Shans view, Ava was ruled by Shan Kings or by Shan descendents. They had learned the lessonof how misery to be under, the draconic rule of King Bayint Naung and for them it was unacceptableto see a descendent of Bayint Naung ruling Ava. They wanted to restore the throne of Ava and someof the Saophas formed alliances to achieve this goal.

For generations, the strength of Ava depended on the support of the Shan Princely States. As therulers were Shan or Shan descendents, the relations were mostly friendly except in some cases wherebattles were fought for some reasons. Once the Dynasty was founded, King Nyaung Yan realized thisfact and invited the Shan to mend good ties and become his allies. But most of the Saophas did notaccept his offers, and instead were on their own way to restore the throne of Ava for the Shans. TheShans were not content with Hongsawadi and did not wish to recognize its descendents. As a result,some of the Shan Saophas requested for King Naresuan’s support.4

_________________________________________________________________________1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 107

2. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 1033. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 102

4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). Pg 74-77

5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg. 116


King Nyaung Yan and Muang Nai.

On receiving King Nyaung Yan’s envoy, the Saopha of Muang Nai rejected the offer almost instantly.The Saopha of Muang Nai, considering that they were once occupied and ruled oppressively by KingBayint Naung and now his descendents are asking to give the same bad treatment, which he could notaccept.

His refusal to recognize Nyaung Yan as the King of Ava resulted in battle. Maung Nai troopsmarched against Nyaung Yan, but just as they reached Baw Rid That, near Yawnghwe, Nyaung Yansent his troops to subjugate Muang Nai. The Saopha fled to seek refuge in ChiangMai, asking forKing Naresuan to lead the Shan confederation. 4

Just as with the Saopha of Mong Nai, many Shan Saophas opposed Nyaung Yan and were crushedbrutally. Meanwhile, the campaign of King Naresuan in lower Burmese territory yielded little success,and at the same time the Shan Saophas were requesting his help, King Naresuan decided to marchnorth into the Shan country.

King Nyaung Yan and Kham Kai Noi.

When Mong Nai and other Shan Saophas requested for his support, as an answer to their call, KingNaresuan sent Kham Kai Noi in advance, to marshal a strong force against Ava. Kham Kai Noi wentnorth through Hsa Htung, Muang Pai, Yawnghwe, Samka, Hsi Kip, Mauk Mai, Muang Nai and thento Kengtung, Keng Rung (Sippsongpanna) and Muang Ting, Kung Ma, Muang Lem, Muang Huim,Santa, Muang Mao, Muang Gong, Muang Yang and Muang Mit in the north and then to hishometown, Hsenwi.1,3

On reaching Hsenwi, Kham Kai Noi found that his youngest brother was assassinated and his twouncles Khun Kham Nan and Khun Kham Hso Fah were ruling the state. The presence of Kham KaiNoi and his army was enough for his uncles to flee. Khun Kham Hso Fah did not wish surrender orseek refuge in other states, he committed suicide. Khun Kham Nan went to China and asked for theirsupport.

After ascending the throne of Hsenwi in 1600, Kham Kai Noi neither sent envoys nor tributes to mendties with Ava or the Chinese. The Chinese asked Kham Kai Noi to send envoys in recognition of theirsovereignty. Kham Kai Noi rejected their requests, both Ava and China sent troops to subdueHsenwi.2

Nyaung Yan and his troops marched from the south to subdue Hsenwi while the Chinese army camedown from the north with the same goal. Kham Kai Noi had to fight on two fronts, facing two strongenemies at the same time. He found that he could not withstand the double blow. Withdrawing fromHsenwi, he went south in order to join with King Naresuan northbound force. But entering into abattle with Nyaung Yan’s troops near Maung Nai, where he died fighting in 1605.2, 3 In the sameyear, King Nyaung Yan died at Shwe Tha leong Tong, on his way back home after the battle ofHsenwi

As previously planned, the Shan Saophas hoped that they could wrest and restore the Ava throne withthe support of King Naresuan’s Siamese army. They waited in vain for the help that did not arrive.___________________________________________________________________________

1. Hsenwi State Chronicle. By Sir James George Scott. Pg 92. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script).Pg 55-563. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.4. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-77


While Somdet Phra Naresuan was preparing for his northbound expedition, Kham Kai Noiwas ordered to march in advance, marshalling his army along the way. Several reasons forthe Shans to ask for King Naresuan’s help were that, he was regarded as being of the samerace, he was known for his military skills and successes, and he had firearms in hispossession to cope with Burmese troops.1, 2

Awaiting King Naresuan’s help, Kham Kai Noi had to fight on his own until he was killed inbattle. The Saopha of Muang Nai was also killed in battle and the old town situated to thenortheast of the present town was sacked and destroyed. The Muang Nai Dynasty, the directdecedent of King Meng Rai came to an end and Burmese ministers ruled the state for 26years. After that interregnum, with the request of the Shan ministers, the Saophaship of

Muang Nai was restored by the Muang Mit House.1

The Saopha of Muang Gong, Sao Hom Fah (sw]:hBm],fL.) was also killed in battle and the

town sacked and destroyed. Muang Gong had to be reconstructed by the Saopha of a latergeneration. Hsenwi was not exempted from the turmoil of war. Wan Maw (Bahmo inBurmese) Muang Yang; Muang Mit suffered the same fate of being conquered.3, 4

In 1605, the then heir apparent of King Nyaung Yan, later who became King Anaukpetlun,marched in full forced to attack Muang Mit, by boat and on land. Sao Hso Yawn Fah(sw]:SiBw]yWn]:fL.), the Saopha of Muang Mit tried to withstand at Nga Sinkgu, Kyauk-le-bee

and Sagar Taung, but was overwhelmed by sheer numbers. 3, 7

Situation of King Naresuan.As previously agreed, King Naresuan arranged his northbound army, in order to join handswith the Shan Saophas. He and his brother, Prince Ekathotsarot, left the capital on the sixthwaning moon of the second Siamese month, 1604. They went by boat as far as Phra Lo,where they and the army landed and marched through Kamphaengphet. On reaching ChiangMai the king rest for a month arranging his army.

King Naresuan planned to cross the river Salween at Ta Hsang via Muang Hang and then joinforce with Muang Nai and other Saophas, before the attack on Ava could begin. From ChiangMai, King Naresuan ordered his brother, Prince Ekathosarot to march by way of MuangFang, while he and his main army marched to Muang Hang.

He made his main camp in a plain called Htung Ta Kwarng (Tbc].tL:kCac]:)8 (Keao in Thai

version), which situates on the eastern bank of Nam Hang. It was in this camp where hesuffered from a septic pustule, occurred on his chin. As his conditions worsen, he sentcouriers to summon his brother. Three days after the arrival of his brother, King Naresuandied, on Monday, the 8th waxing moon of the 6th Siamese Month (25th April 1605) afterreigning for 15 years. 5

___________________________________________________________________________1. Rasa Wang Muang Nai (Hand script) By the Muang Nai Court in 1887.

2. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. 73-77

3. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi. By U KheMingda 1948. Pg 145

4. The History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan by Nel Elias. Pg-42-44

5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 118

6. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab

7. Shan Mart Than. (Type writing) Pg 110

8. Interview.


The spot where he had die, situates to the north-east of Hui Auw, on the eastern bank of Nam Hang,near Wan Auang Long. According to the old traditions of the Tai (Shan) was, when a ruler or leaderdied, the corpse was cremated on the site and the ashes enshrined in a stupa like structure.

The dead were never allowed to carry across villages, towns or any settlement, by doing so, theybelieved evil would befall on the whole community, and in another ancient tradition, when a lord orleader died on the way before his goal could be achieve, the corpse must be cremated ahead of theplace where he died. Meaning, he did not retreat, instead marched ahead even after his dead. In thiscase King Naresuan died at Hui Auw on the eastern bank of Nam Hang; he was cremated furthernorth, about a mile south of Naa Kong Mu, where a stupa was built.

Even in the present days, the locals still believe that this place was sacred, protect them from harm intime of danger. Many claimed that they went to hide there and no Burmese patrol could find them.Further they added, in 2005, a long dead tree stump situates at this place have came back to live andin full greening again.3

The situation of the two routes to cross the Salween.

As some scholars argued that King Naresuan died in Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province) and not inMuang Hang (Muang Ton town ship, Shan State). This is the situation of the two routes to cross theSalween.

By choosing Weing Heng (Chiang Mai Province), as his base camp, he would march across theSalween at Ta Phar Leng (Ta Hpa Deng) via Muang Kyawt, by a shorter route. But the way wasdifficult for large transport, with narrow pathway and difficult in approaching the river. Some lightlyarmed infantry detachments could have used it, but not the heavy transports, cannons and elephants.

By choosing Muang Hang as his base, he could cross the Salween at Ta Sarng (tL:sac].), with more

favorable approach to the river on both banks. For heavy transports and beast of burden, crossing atTa Sarng was better than Ta Phar Leng.

River Salween or Nam Khong flows between deep gorges, with banks towering some hundred meterson both side. Although there were several crossing, few have favorable approach for large transport.Ta Sarng was one of them. It was called Ta Hsalar after a village situates on the eastern bank. Since itwas among the best, suitable enough for elephants, it was called Ta Sarng or Elephant Ferry orElephant Crossing. Later became Ta Hsaang (tL:Sac];) after Burmese records as they could not

pronounced correctly. During Bayint Naung’s several campaigns against Northern Siam and LanChang the armies of Hongsawadi passed this way. 4

From Chiang Mai, the Siamese army split into two columns, the main column under Somdet PhraNaresuan to Muang Hang and the second or supportive column marched to Muang Fang. As bothcolumns would cross the Salween on the same crossing, it seems the splitting meant to ease theburden in finding provision, especially to ensure enough fodder for the beasts of burden. 5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 1182. King Naresuan the Great by H.R.H Prince Damrong Rajanubhab3. Interview Mae Tao Noan (87 Ages) from Mae Kin, Nang Moang from Mae Kin

Lung Thein Aung from Naa Kong Mu, Lung Laa from Naa Kong Mu,Lung Sam Muang from Hwi Auw.

4. Khur Hsen’s view5. Siam-Burmese wars, by Bo Mu Ba Shin Pg 11


After crossing the river Salween, the nearest suitable camping site for a vast army was at the town ofMuang Pan. According to King Naresuan’s behavior in battle, he was very cautious and would notrisk his men’s life unnecessary. To march in thin files along the rugged terrains was seem as veryrisky, therefore he required secure base camps as stepping stones before he sent his troops crossingthe river which could last for days or perhaps weeks even if not in months.

By learning the situations of both pathway and the river crossings, it’s up to the scholars and readersto decide, by which pathway Somdet Phra Naresuan could have marched with his army, in order toreach Shan States.

Conclusion.

When King Bayint Naung and King Nyaung Yan subjugated the Shan kingdoms, almost every stateopposed and later revolted against their rules, but with the Shan Princely states situated in thelandlocked highlands, they had no opportunity to get the modern sophisticated weapons andknowledge as in the seaports. No match for swords and spears against firearms, which was the maincause of their defeat.

The Saophas had planned to join with Siam in order to build a strong empire. Their lives, theirsacrifices lost with their failure. Above all, it is very sad to learn that, even today, very few peopleknew of their plans and sacrifices. No record was written for the people, who had lost their lives toexecute this plan. As a consequence, the Shans living in Shan States are still suffering the retaliation.But no one knows it was the results of the failure.

Today, on behalf of the Shans, I have represents my research to this study. I also wish to remind forall people concerned, to remember of what our ancestors had done for us. Many were mislead to thinkthat our ancestors were useless and have done nothing for us, so we had to suffer. If you have suchconcepts in mind, please do not keep it any more, just forget it.

Wherever they may be, bless with Metta for the souls of our ancestors to rest in peace and forgivenessfor the Shan people, who have been misunderstood to think against their goodwill. May the soul ofour ancestors help us to be free from abuses and sufferings which we are facing in the present days.

Khur Hsen.17th June 2009.

Note:Muang, Mong, Moeng or Maing.

A Princedom consisted of a domain and its ruler was called a Mong or Maingin Shan. During the British spelled it Mong, while the Thai spelled it Muang,both for the same meaning. Maung is a Burmese title for a man’s name likeMister or Mr. in English.

Myosa Myanmar title for the ruler of town.


Shan and Ava.

As a middle school student, we had learned about the Pinya era, The Sagaing Era, the AvaEra which was known as “The Period of the Three Shan Brothers” or “The Shan Period”. Innowadays, some claimed that there was no “Shan Period” at all. Only some kings during theFirst and Last Ava Periods were Shans or of Shan descendent. They emphasized on Hso HarnFah, the son of Saopha of Muang Yang “Sao Luang” and branded him as a tyrant and themost evil throughout the entire Burmese History.

The detail of the dynasty was described to make sure whether the kings of Pinya, Sagaing andAva were Shans or not. By studying their line of heritage, it could shed a light on theseperiods and the reason for the Shan Saophas to ask for King Naresuan’s help in restoring thethrone of Ava.

The reference of these dynasties was the works of a Burmese researcher, a literacy awardwinner in 1963, during the time when Burma Revolutionary council was annihilating theShan Saophas. 1

In the ancient Burmese History, It described about the dynasties into several periods or eras,as The First TaGong Period, The Second TaGong Period, Tha-re-khitra Period (Srikhetra),The Pagan Period, The Ava Period, The Taungoo Period, Hongsawadi Period, Nyaung YanPeriod, Kong Baung Period and so on. And also in old Burmese saying, “Burmese started from

TaGong or TaGong was the cradle of the Burmese”.2 TaGong was also described as “TaGong was

a Shan word which means Drum Ferry”.3

The First TaGong Period was founded by King Abirazar, with 33 kings in its dynasty. Duringthe reign of the last King Bainaka, The city was attacked and sacked by the Chinese. The kingfled with his men, across the river Irrawaddy, but he died at Ma-lae Chong. His men split into3 separate groups and one of which lead by the king’s younger brother Bainakarit went eastand found the City of Muang Mao.4

After the collapse of Tha-re-khitra (Srikhitra), Tha-muak-darit gathered 19 villages and foundthe city of Pagan. The dense forest around the newly founded city harbored wild beasts, theboars, the tigers, giant birds and giant gliders (flying squirrels) which destroyed the crops andharmed the people. Giant birds were said to be large enough to peck and eat a whole adulthuman being.

For 12 years, the people of Pagan were harassed by these wild beasts and at last a young heroappeared and destroyed these wild beasts. His name was Pyu-Saw-Hti or Pyu Sao Hti inShan, which meant “The ruler of the Pyu” (Hti means the most highest which could be a king/prince/ sole leader). 5

The king was very satisfied, where he married Pyu-Sao-Hti to his daughter and made his heir-apparent. After the king had died, Pyu-Sao-Hti invited his mentor, a hermit to ascend thethrone. This king was known as Ya-thae-kyawng or the Hermit King. 6

__________________________________________________________________1. Khur Hsen note:2. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 203. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 234. Shan State’s Mirror (Award winner in national literature in 1963) By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 55. Myanmar Yarsawunagin. By U Poe Kyar. Published 1936. Pg. 14-166. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 26


Since then Pagan flourished and ruled consecutively and during the time of the 42nd king of thedynasty King Anawratha(1044-77), the daughter of the Saopha of Muang Mao Luang Sao Nang Moan

Lar (Saw Moon Hla in Burmese) became his Queen. It was a tradition to provide attendants andfollowers for a bride to serve in her new home.

Since that time Shan artisans and farmers who had followed with the queen settled around Pagan.Since they had the advance knowledge in irrigation, they soon gained control on most of the bestcultivatable land and they had much influence in the court of Pagan: as the Shan proverb goes “The

riches are influential and those who had rice (provision) in hand are the lords”.1

By the reign of the 52nd King of Pagan dynasty King Narathihapate (Tayok Pyae Min 1255-1287),the Shan had become influential ministers in the Court of Pagan. One of the most prominent Shan

minister was Thing-Kha-Bo in Burmese (Hseng Kham Pan in Shan = Sqc]Km];pn];) 2, a royal Shan

Prince who had a dispute with his brother Thing-Kha-O, fled to Myin Saing where he marriedwith a rich woman and bore three sons and a daughter. The three sons served in the Court ofKing Narathihapate.3

For their good service, Athingkaya (Ai Hseng Hkai in Shan-Aa}:Sqc]K},), the first son was

appointed as the governor of Myin Saing; RazaThingyan (Yi Hseng Kam-yI:Sqc]km],),the middle

son was appointed as governor of Mekhara (Makhaya), and the youngest son Thihathu (HsamHseng Hsai-Sam]Sqc]S]C) was appointed as the Governor of Pinle.2

The daughter was married to Thihathu (or) Kala Kya Min, the Governor of Pye (Prome), whowas also the son of King Narathihapate. Athingkaya, RazaThingyan and Thihathu were famous inthe Burmese history as “The Three Shan Brothers”.2

The three Shan brothers grew stronger enough to oust the King of Pagan Kyaw Swa (1286-

1299). After which the three brothers ruled alongside in their respected areas.

Min Saw Oo the wife of the deposed King Kyaw Swa was married and became the queen ofThihathu the Governor of Pinle. She was in three month pregnancy in the time of theirmarriage.

The three ruled as the governors for 5 years until the middle man, Razathingyan of Mekharadied. In 1310, Athingkaya of Myin Saing was poisoned to death by Thihathu, his youngestbrother.4

Thihathu, the third son, then mustered all his brothers’ men, together with his men from Pinle,moved to reside in Myin Saing. In 1312 Thihathu founded Pinya in the name of WizayaPura.3

________________________________________________________________________________________

1. The origin of Tai and a brief History of Shan States. By Khur Hsen, published 1996.2. Hsur Khan Fa. By Khun Hsai Jai Yean. published 9.9.1994 Pg 11-133. Shan State’s Mirror Shan State’s Mirror. By Director Saya Myint. Pg. 5-74. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 56


Pinya Dynasty.

AD (1312-1365)

There were 6 kings in line.

1. Thihathu AD (1312-1322).

Pinya (Pangya in Shan) was founded by Thihathu the youngest brother of Three ShanBrothers. He got a white elephant and was known as Ta-see-shin Thihathu (The king of onewhite elephant). His Queen Min Saw Oo, who was already pregnant before their marriagegave birth to Uzana. With Thihathu she also gave birth to Kyaw Swa and Nawratha. Thequeen of the north palace, who was also the late wife of Athingkaya of Myin Saing, gavebirth to Athingkaya Saw Yun (later founded Sagaing) She also had a son Taraphya with herlate husband (Athingkaya).

2. Uzana (1312-1342)

He was the son of Thihathu and Min Saw Oo. He was known for his donation of the 7monasteries. In 1342 he abdicated and made his younger brother Kyaw Swa the king ofPinya.

3. Kyaw Swa (1342-1350).

Son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers) and Min Saw Oo. For owning five white elephants hewas known as Ngar-See-Shin Kyaw Swa (King of the five white elephants). He gaveNawratha, his younger brother the town of Pinle. As their relation ran sour, Nawrathawent to reside with MinYeGyi of Sagaing who gave him the town of Kanni. He was laterknown as Nawratha of Kanni. Five elephants Kyaw Swa had three sons namely-Chethein

Uzana Pyong (Uzana Pyong the lame), Kyaw Swa and Narathu. Kyaw Swa died after reigningfor 8 years.

4. Kyaw Swa (1350-1359)

He was the second son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and known as Lay-see shin becauseduring his reign only four white elephants were left in his possession.

5. Narathu (1359-1364)

He was the youngest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa and was also known as Maw-par

Narathu because he was ousted and deported to their capital by the Mao Shans.

6. Uzana Pyaung (1364- ).He was the eldest son of Nga-See-Shin Kyaw Swa. He was assassinated by Thadoe MinPhya and thus the dynasty of Pinya came to an end.1

__________________________________________________________________________________________

1. Shan States Mirror (1963-Award winner in national literature) by Director Saya Myint. Pg 7-8.


Sagaing Dynasty

(AD 1315-1363).

In 1315 Athingkaya Saw Yun, son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers), founded Sagaing (Sae Keing in Shan

meaning tamarind town), to show his discontent against his own father on the role in poisoningAthingkaya, his uncle.

There were 7 kings in line.1. Athingkaya Saw Yun (1315-1322), son of Ta-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya

and the queen of north palace.

2. Taraphya Gyi (1322-1336), son of the north palace queen of Ta-see-shin Thihathu andAthingkaya of Myin Saing.

3. Shwe Tong Tet (1336-1339), son of Taraphya Gyi, who deposed his own father to becomea king, but was assassinated by attendants of his own father.

4. Kya Swa (1339-1349), son of Athingkaya Saw Yun and grandson of Ta-see-shin Thihathu

(Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

5. Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Min Ye (1349), younger brother of Kya Swa, grandson of Ta-see-

shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

6. Shin-byu-shin Taraphya (1349-1352), brother of Shin-byu-shin Nawratha Minye andgrandson of Ta-see-shin Thihathu (Shan Brothers) of Pinya.

7. Min Pyok (1352-1364), son in law of Athingkaya Saw Yun, was married to Soe Min

Godawgyi, who was the daughter of Athingkaya Saw Yun (son of Thihathu, ShanBrothers). Soe Min Godawgyi was previously married to Thadoe Sin Htein adescendent of the Pagan Dynasty. The couple bore three children Yahula, a son, twodaughters Shin Saw Gyi and Saw Ong Ma. Thadoe Sin Htein died and Soe Min Godawgyi

then remarried with Min Pyok. Min Pyok appointed his step-son Yahula as governorof Tagong with the name of Thadoe Min Phya. 1

___________________________________________________________________________



The First Ava Dynasty.

(AD 1364-1421)

Four Kings in line.

1. Thadoe Min Phya ( Yahula ) (1364-1367), son of Thadoe Sin Htein and Soe Min Godawgyi andgrand son of Thihathu (Shan Brother). He assassinated his step-father to become aking. He founded Ava in 1364.

2. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke (1367-1400), son of Min Shin Saw who was a son of Kyaw Swa, thedeposed Pagan King and Shin Myat Hla a daughter of the youngest sister of the “ThreeShan Brothers”. Min Gyi Swa Saw Ke married his son Min Swe to Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe

Khek sw]:SBv],Kqk];) as the north palace queen, who was the daughter of Saopha of

Muang Mao Hso Ngarm Fah (SiBw]cam],fL.).

3. Shin Byu Shin Taraphya (1400-1401), son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke. He was assassinated byNga Nok San, his attendants after reigning for 7 months

4. Min Khong the First (1401-1421), young name called Min Swe, son of Min Gyi Swa Sawke,

ascended the throne with the name of Min Khong I with Shin Mi Nok (Sao Swe Kheik) hehad 4 children, Minye Kyaw Swa (son), The Rakhine Queen (daughter). Thihathu (son)and Mintha Nyo (son). He also had another prominent wife, Shin Bo Mae, the southpalace queen. Shin Mi Nok died of illness after giving birth to her last child.

During the reign of Min Khong, in the year of 1403, the Saopha of HsiPaw Hso Kong

Fah (SiBw]kWc]:fL.) invaded, until they reached a place called Htun Tong Putet. Adviced

by Seetapyit and Wunzin Minyaza, his two trusted ministers, Min Khong married hisniece Min Sanda to Hso Kong Fah the Saopha of Hsipaw and made relatives.

In 1405, Min Khong again married his other niece, daughter of Razathu, the governorof TayokMyo to the Saopha of Yawnghwe. Since then the Shan Saophas called theKings of Ava as uncles.

Hso Kong Fah (HsiPaw) died in 1423 and his son with Min Sanda, Hso Wai Fah wasstill too young to govern the State. The Shan ministers invited Loi Hsarm

Fah(lW}Sam]fL.), brother of Hso Kong Fah who was then resided in Muang Mit, to marry

with Min Sanda and ascended the throne of HsiPaw. 1

_____________________________________________________________________________________



The Second Ava Dynasty

(AD 1421-1468)

The second Ava dynasty was consisted of 6 kings.

1. Sinbyushin Thihathu (1421-1425). Son of Min Khong and Shin Mi Nok (Shan Princess).He made Shin Bo Me his queen, who was the wife of his father. He died of an arrow,wounded in the battle of Aung Pinle, fighting with the Saopha of Hsipaw. Believersclaimed that he became Aung Pinle Shinbyushin Nat, number 27th of the 37 outer Natsor Guardian Spirits.

2. Min Hla Nge, (1425-), son of Shinbyushin Thihathu(Son of Min Khong & Shan Princess).Ascending the throne at the age of 9 yeas old. After ascending the throne for 3months, he was poisoned to death by Shin Bo Me.

3. Kalay Kyae Tong Nyo (1425-1426), son of Shin Byu Shin Taraphya (Son of Min Khong). Hewas beloved and support by Shin Bo Me to acquire the throne. On hearing MonyhinMin approaching with his troops, he fled to Rakhine (Arakan), but died on the way.Shin Bo Me went into lone seclusion at the Shwe Setdaw Pagoda, but was summonedby Monhyin Mintra to become his queen.

4. Monyhin Mintra (1426-1439). He was the great grandson of Ngar-see-shin Kyaw Swa (1342-

1350) of Pinya who was the son of Thihathu (Shan Brothers).

5. Minye Kyaw Swa (1439-1442), son of Min Khong the First and Queen Shin Mi Nok ( ShanPrincess).

6. Narapati (1442-1468), son of Monyhin Mintra. Shin Bo Me had much influence at least onfive kings of this dynasty. 1

___________________________________________________________________________



The Third and Last Ava Dynasty(AD 1476-1544)

1. Pye Song Min Thihathu (1476-1480).

Son of Narapati (the last king of Second Ava Dynasty), during his reign, gems were firstexcavated from Muang Koot (Mogok in Burmese) and MuangMit (Momeik in Burmese).

2. Min Khong the Second (1480-1501). Son of Pye Song Min Thihathu.

3. ShweNanKyawShin Narapati (1501-1526).

A son of Min Khong the Second. Even the nobles were not loyal to him. Khun Muang ofHsipaw (Khun Maing Nge in Burmese), was the only ally, who was still loyal and providedfull military assistance in time of needs.

He was attacked by the combine forces of Sao Luang of Muang Yang (Monyhin Salong inBurmese) and Thadoe Min Saw of Pye (Prome). Khung Muang of HsiPaw marched with fullforce in support, but on reaching Wet Wun, he was reported that Narapati had fall in battle.So, he cut short and returned to Hsipaw. Sao Luang then established his son Hso Han Fah asthe King of Ava.

4. Hso Han Pha (1526-1542) (Tho Han Bwa in Burmese).A son of Sao Luang Muang Yang (Monyhin Sa-long in Burmese). He was assassinated byMingyi-Yannaung, a Burmese minister in his court.

5. Sao Khun Muang (Sao Pha of Hsipaw) (AD 1542-1545).

7. Sao Hso Kaw Fah (a) SaoPhae (a) Mobye Narapati- (AD 1545-1551)He was the son of Sao Khun Muang of Hsipaw.

7. SithuKyawHtin (Sagaing) (1551-1555), who was conquered by King Bayint Naung.

The kings of the Shan descendents came to an end. The following kings came from Taungoo andHongsawadi.

8. Thadoe Min Saw (1555-1583), brother & son in law of Bayint Naung

9. Min LetYa (1583-, son of TabinShweHti

10. MinYe Kyaw Swa , son of Nanda Bayin

11. Minye Nanda Meik (King Nyaung Yan) (AD 1594-1602) the youngest son of Bayint Naung,Who founded the Nyaung Yan Dynasty.

12. Mahadhama Raza- AnokPhetLun Mintra (AD1605-1628).

Son of Nyaung Yan. Previously known as Maha Uparazar Thakin Lat.

After the fall of Pagan, Shan kings ruled the area now known as central upper Burma for nearly 3centuries. During this period, Shan Kings had ties with other Shan rulers in the highlands and otherareas (now Shan State, Kachin State, and Sagaing Division). Inter-marriages strengthen their tiesespecially for military issues.1

___________________________________________________________________________

1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 54-70).


Bayint Naung’s War on Ava, Shan, Siam.

Bayint Naung’s war on Ava.

1527-1543, during the third Ava dynasty, there was a time when Ava was reigned by Hso Han Fah

(SiBw]han]fL. - Tho Han Bwa in Burmese), the son of Saopha Muang Yang Sao Luang (sw]:lBc] -Monyhin Salong in Burmese) who attacked Ava and replaced the former king with his son. In 1543Hso Han Fah was assassinated by Minggyi Yan Naung, a Burmese Minister who then invited theSaopha of HsiPaw Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc]; - Khun Maing Nge in Burmese) to ascend the Avathrone. Mingyi Yan Naung himself entered into religious life and became a monk in the Madra

monastery.1

According to the old tradition in Burma, “He who killed a king can himself become a king” butMingyi Yan Naung was different. He probably knew well that he or another Burmese was not strongenough to repulse the Shans, which is why he had invited Sao Khun Muang to take the throne instead.

The Pinya, Sagaing and Ava periods were dominated by the Shans or of their descendents. The mostpowerful Shan States of those period were Kart Lua (Kale in Burmese); Muang Yang; Muang Gong;Ohn Bong or HsiPaw and Yawnghwe.

At the same time Pyee and Taungoo were ruled by Burmese kings. Therefore, in times of war, Ava

could not expect support but only threat from these two kingdoms.2

In 1545 Sao Khun Muang (sw]:Kbn]miBc];), the King of Ava died. He left 4 sons, the eldest of whom was

called Hso Kaw Fah (SiBw]ekL,fL.) young name Sao Phae (sw]:eP,), who at that time was the Saopha

of Muang Pai. He was invited by the ministers of the Ava court to ascend the throne with the name ofMobye Narapati. Once he became the King of Ava, Mobye Narapati removed the Shan queens andministers from the court and replaced them with Burmese queens and ministers. He even severed tieswith other Shan Saophas.

In 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin attacked Ava. Mobye Narapati the King asked for support from Hsi

Paw, who was then ruled by his nephew Hso Paw Fah (SiBw]epL,fL.). Hso Paw Fah refused to send

help saying, “Uncle, in times of prosperity and happiness you have kicked out and forgotten yourrelatives. And yet in a time of war you have asked for us. We Shans do not want to risk our precious

lives for the selfish king, who has forgotten his own relatives.”2

In 1551, beaten by 1549 Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin, King Mobye Narapati fled to Hsi Paw in search ofasylum. Rejected by his nephew, the Saopha of Hsi Paw, he was advised and guided by Pinnya Ba La

(ynmAv), the Burmese minister, to seek help from Bayint Naung, the King of Hongsawadi and asked

for help to restore the Ava throne.3

Sagaing Sithu Kyaw Htin ascended the Ava throne. He maintained good relation and ties with theShan Saophas, as in former days. In 1553 King Bayint Naung marched to Ava with his sons andbrothers in command. The Shans were in full force to back Ava, and on seeing that Ava was toopowerful, Bayint Naung withdrew to Hongsawadi.

In 1554 the Myosa of Thandwe (Sandoway) from Arakan swore allegiance to Bayint Naung and

Hongsawadi grew stronger than before.4

________________________________________________________________________22. Harvey’s outline of Burmese History 1925. Published by Longmans Green & Co, Ltd. Pg 11723. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg/ 7424. Rasa Wang Muang Ohn Baung (Hand script). By Kyaungtakar Myowun Loilong U Mu in 1945. Pg. 68-7025. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 95


Bayint Naung’s war on Shan and Siam.

After Shan troops withdrew from Ava, Bayint Naung launched a two prong attacks on Ava in 1555.The right prong, consisted of land forces marched through Taungoo and the left proceeded by boat viathe Irrawaddy River. Ava fell before Shan troops could return. Sithu Kyaw Htin fled in disguise butwas captured at Madra.

From Ava, Bayint Naung marched north and captured Myedu, Depaeyin, Badon and Sipoktara, thenunder the Shans. After establishing strong garrisons to defend against the threat of the Shans, BayintNaung returned to Hongsawadi. He appointed Minye Kyaw Htin, one of his younger brothers, as theviceroy of Ava with the name of Thadoe Min Saw. Later married to his daughter, Bayint Naungbecame the father-in-law as well as the brother of the Ava King. 1

After capturing Ava, Bayint Naung conquered Som Hsai (Sbm],Sa},) and Hsi Paw. 2 In 1556 when Bayint

Naung attacked Muang Mit, he met strong resistance. Hso Hip Fah (SiBw]hip],fL.), the Saopha of Muang

Mit together with his younger brother Hso Hsong Fah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the viceroy of Sinkgu, fought

fiercely at Sinkgu. But the field at Sinkgu was not favorable and they tried to stand at Sampanago butwere not so successful.

Finally, together with his brothers, sons and nobles, Hso Hip Fah and Hso Hsong Fah managed tofield 50 war elephants, 2,000 horses and 40,000 men at the battle of Ton Hong, in which BayintNaung’s troops had to retreat in disarray.

The victorious Muang Mit troops followed in hot pursuit but were repulsed by stronger and freshreinforcement. Muang Mit gave the fierce last stand near its capital town, in a village now called Man

Sak (wan]:Sk];). The death toll for the attackers was so high that even in present days it is known as

Pang Man Dai (pac],man]:ta}), or field of the dead Burmese.

Later with more troops and arms, Bayint Naung entered the field against Muang Mit, intensifying thebattle. On seeing how many of his men had been killed and were being killed, the Saopha was verysorry and fled to the Shan Saophas’ area in China. The Burmese History of the crystal palace (MarnNaan Yarsawun) mentioned that the Saopha was captured. Bayint Naung then appointed Hso HsongFah (SiBw]SWc],fL.), the Myosa of Muang Long, as the Saopha of Muang Mit. 2, 3

The two powerful Shan Kingdoms of Muang Gong (Mogaung) and Muang Yang (Monyhin) werethen conquered by Bayint Naung in July 1556. 4

In 1558, Muang Nai(miBc];na};), Yawnghwe(yWc]hBv]:), Muang Pai(miBc];pa};), Samka (sam]kL;) and Nawng

Mon(nWc]mWn]) were also defeated. After Muang Nai was captured, Bayint Naung crossed the Nam

Khong River (Salween) at Ta Hsaang(tL:Sac];)(a)Ta Sarng(tL:sac].- Elephant Ferry) to attack Chiang

Mai. The city was captured with its King. Once he had sworn loyalty to Bayint Naung, the King ofChiangMai was left to rule his own domain, leaving a Burmese detachment to ensure his loyalty.ChiangMai artisans were sent to settle in Hongsawadi. It was the first time that the Burmese acquired

the technique of making lacquer ware. In Burmese, lacquer ware was called Yun Hte (,Gef;xnf) or

utensils of the Yuan.5

___________________________________________________________________________1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 95.2. Mo Meik Rasawundawgyi By U KheMingda 1948 Pg 130-131.3. Shan Mart Than by Dr. Than Htun, Professor, History Department, Art & Science University, Mandalay.

Pg 99-100.4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre Pg 1175. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 8 Pg 310


However, Kham Pak Fah (Km];pak],fL.) the Saopha of Hsenwi, was not content with the new

king Thadoe Min Saw, and in 1559 marched to attack Ava with his son Sao Kham Kieo

(sw]:Km];kqw]:) who was later called Kham Kai Noi.1

On his return from ChiangMai, Bayint Naung reinforced his army and marched to help Avaand Hsenwi lost the battle in 1561.

In 1559, Bayint Nuang attacked the areas of Kale and Min Khinn. The king of Kathe (Manipur)

entered his daughter in a marriage alliance, and swore loyalty to Bayint Naung.2

It was required that a subjugated chief of a city or town give his daughter to theconqueror. Sons and brothers must also be sent to attend the court. By using them ashostages, the king could ensure the loyalty of the vassal states and checked them fromrebellion. Annually, the chiefs of every vassal state visited the capital, providing the kingwith gifts from their lands to make sure that they were still loyal to him. In times of warthese vassal states provided troops, arms, and beasts of war, such as elephants and horses,

for the king’s service. Otherwise, they were free to reign their own domain.3

In 1562, Muang Mao, Se Khwang, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Muang Na, and Santa the town now on the

China-Burma border were subjugated.2

Before Bayint Naung’s invasion, this region was known as the (12) Shan Kingdoms. BayintNaung rearranged the division by using the Nam Mao (Shweli River) as the boundary. The

north of the river was called “The 9 Mao States”( maw];kw]:miBc];), which consisted of Muang Mao,

Muang Wan, Muang La, Santa, Muang Men, Ho Hsa, Naa Hsa, Se Khwang, and Muang Khwan.

The southern bank was called “The 9 Shan States”( miBc];t};kw]:h};ehL), which consisted of the

Muang Gong, Muang Yang, Song Sop, HsenWi, Hsi Paw, Muang Mit, Yawnghwe, Mong Pai and

Muang Nai States.4

In 1563 Bayint Naung launched his first attack on Siam. He asked the King of Siam to givehim 1 of the 4 white elephants in Burmese history (U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Pg 96) and inthe Thai History (Our War With The Burmese by Prince Damrong Rajanubhab Pg 30) said, 2 out of 7white elephants, When the King of Siam refused, Bayint Naung attacked the capital,dethroning the King, and replaced him with Phra Mahin (Bya Mahein in Burmese), a son ofthe displaced king of Siam.

The former King, Chakaphat (Bya Thadiyaza in Burmese), his younger son Ramesuan (ByaMathon in Burmese), his ministers Ouk Phya Chakri (Byeiksaki in Burmese) and the fourwhite elephants were sent back to Hongsawadi. Siamese families of cooks, musicians,artisans as well as other skilled craftsmen were also sent to resettle in Hongsawadi. As avassal, Siam was to send an annual tribute of 30 war elephants and 300 visses in silver. A tax

from the seaport of Taninthayi (Tanoungsi) was also to be given.3

(1 viss = 3.6 lbs or 2.2 Kg).

__________________________________________________________________________

1. Puin Tai Tornt Kang, (Hand script). By Nadar His Ha Muang Nawng. 1987 Pg. 51-522. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 3103. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg. 964. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. 11 Pg 388


As the situation in Siam, ChiangMai (Zinme in Burmese) and LanChang (LinZin in Burmese) were inrebellion, and Bayint Naung had to march repeatedly in the years of 1564, 1565, 1568, 1569, 1570,1574, 1575, and 1579. 1

In 1565, when King Bayint Naung was still in Chiang Mai, prisoners from the Shan land, which KingBayint Naung had captured during various campaigns, revolted and burned the palace andmonasteries in Hongsawadi. Furiously, King Bayint Naung went back and crushed the rebellion. 2

In 1568 King Bayint Naung had to wage war on Siam. The captive King of Siam, who had beenordained to live as a monk, requested permission for a pilgrimage to Ayudhya. On reaching thecapital, he changed to a layman and join with his son, who was then the King of Siam, to revolt.

The revolt was reported to King Bayint Naung by Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza. Phra Pitsnulokwas then instructed to return to Pitsanulok, with a detachment to prepare provisions and supplies inadvance for the main army of Hongsawadi.

In 1569, Bayint Naung marched to Siam. The capital was on siege for ten months, but still showed nosigns that it would surrender. By using tricks and cunning Bayint Naung used Phya Chakri (OukByeiksaki in Burmese) who had been captured during the first war, as a decoy.

He was seem to escape in chains from the Burmese, the next day the Burmese chief of guards wasbeheaded and his head displayed on a stake in front of the city’s west gate. Betrayed and sabotaged byPhya Chakri, Ayudhya fall to Bayint Naung for the second time. King Phra Mahin was captured andsent back to Hongsawadi, but he died of illness along the way.

Phra Pitsanulok MahaDhamaraza was made King of Ayudhya. For their role in supporting Ayudhyaduring the battle, Bayint Naung marched to Lanchang. The city was captured but the king escaped, soBayint Naung returned to Hongsawadi in 1570.3

In 1571, a year after Bayint Naung returned from Siam, Muang Yang and Muang Gong revolted, butwas suppressed with less difficulty.

In 1574, by refusing to join the campaign on LanChang, Muang Gong and Muang Yang openlyrevolted. Bayint Naung had to proceed from Maingzan (Muang Saang) on the bank of Mekong to Avaand then subdued the rebellious Saophas.

The Saopha of Muang Yang was killed in battle and the Saopha of Muang Gong fled north, wherethere was only snow for water, with royal troops in hot pursuit. He was not captured and the Kingrecalled his royal troops and returned to Hongsawadi.

But later, the young Saopha of Muang Gong was procured by some of his own officers, and wasungenerously exhibited in fetters of gold at one of the city gates. Many of his officers were cruelly

sold as slaves to foreign merchants, who carried them beyond the sea.4, 5

___________________________________________________________________________

1. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 972. Burmese Encyclopedia (1962 edition) Vol. VIII. Pg 310-3113. U Ba Than Myanmar Yarsawun. Published by U Tin Htwe, July 1991. Pg 98.4. History of Burma by Sir Arthur Phayre. Pg 117

5. History of the Shans in upper Burma and Western Yunnan. By Neil Elias pg-43.

Date post:	06-Feb-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	vuthien
View:	235 times
Download:	4 times

International Conference on Shan Studies Maha ... for presentation.pdf · International Conference...

Documents