International Design International Design Study for the Neutrino Study for the Neutrino

FactoryFactory

The IDS-NFThe IDS-NF

K. Long, 8th April 2008

ContentsContents

►MotivationMotivation

►Bringing the ISS to a conclusionBringing the ISS to a conclusion

►The International Design Study for the The International Design Study for the

Neutrino FactoryNeutrino Factory

►ConclusionConclusion

Fundamental questionsFundamental questions►Origin of mass:Origin of mass:

And why is neutrino mass is so smallAnd why is neutrino mass is so small►Why is there no antimatter:Why is there no antimatter:

And can leptonic CP violation make a And can leptonic CP violation make a decisive contributiondecisive contribution

►Did neutrinos play a role in:Did neutrinos play a role in: Inflation?Inflation? Galaxy formation?Galaxy formation?

►Unification of matter and force:Unification of matter and force: Do the differences between the quark and Do the differences between the quark and

lepton properties hold the key?lepton properties hold the key?

Motivation

Theoretical speculationsTheoretical speculations►Grand-unified (vertical) Grand-unified (vertical)

symmetrysymmetry Relate quarks and leptonsRelate quarks and leptons

►Family (horizontal) Family (horizontal) symmetrysymmetry Relate fermions across Relate fermions across

generationsgenerations►Supersymmetry:Supersymmetry:

Heavy Majorana neutrinosHeavy Majorana neutrinos See-saw mechanismSee-saw mechanism

►Light neutrinosLight neutrinos►Large neutrino mixing Large neutrino mixing

anglesangles

Motivation

Generations of Generations of matter matter

III III II II I I

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Generations of Generations of matter matter

III III II II I I

tau

-neutrino

bbottom

ttop

muon

-neutrino

sstrange

ccharm

eelectron

ee-neutrino

Lep

tons

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ddown

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Qua

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Generations of Generations of matter matter

III III II II I I Generations of Generations of

matter matter

III III II II I I

tau

tau

-neutrino

-neutrino

bbottomb

bottom

ttopt

top

muonmuon

-neutrino

-neutrino

sstranges

strange

ccharmc

charm

eelectrone

electron

ee-neutrino

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downd

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The experimentalists’ The experimentalists’ contributioncontribution

►Search for leptonic CP violationSearch for leptonic CP violation►Determine mass hierarchyDetermine mass hierarchy►Measure mixing parameters with a Measure mixing parameters with a

precision sufficient to guide theoretical precision sufficient to guide theoretical speculationspeculation Or, better, determine structure of theoryOr, better, determine structure of theory

►Standard Model itself established in this wayStandard Model itself established in this way

►Seek to:Seek to: Determine neutrino-mixing parameters with Determine neutrino-mixing parameters with

a precision approaching that of the quark-a precision approaching that of the quark-mixing parametersmixing parameters

►Ultimate theory must unify quarks and leptonsUltimate theory must unify quarks and leptons

Motivation

Quark-leptonQuark-lepton relationship – relationship – exampleexample

ISS 2006

Motivation

►Define:Define:

►Precision Precision evaluated evaluated assuming:assuming:

Quark-leptonQuark-lepton relationship – relationship – exampleexample

cos131212

912.33 1312

ISS 2006

Motivation

TimescaleTimescale►Emerging consensus:Emerging consensus:

A programme of high statistics, high precision, A programme of high statistics, high precision, measurements of neutrino oscillations is measurements of neutrino oscillations is required to follow T2K and NOvA;required to follow T2K and NOvA;

The decision point is likely to be around 2012:The decision point is likely to be around 2012:►Explicit in the C.E.R.N. Strategy Group statement;Explicit in the C.E.R.N. Strategy Group statement;►Endorsed by EPP2010Endorsed by EPP2010

►Not quite a consensus on what will Not quite a consensus on what will constitute the programme:constitute the programme: Opportunity:Opportunity:

►Make Neutrino Factory an option on this timescaleMake Neutrino Factory an option on this timescale

Motivation

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Neutrino Factory roadmap

MICE

Systems development

MICE

Systems development

ISS

International Design Study

Neutrino Factory project

ISS

International Design Study

Neutrino Factory project

Interim Design ReportInterim Design Report

Reference Design ReportReference Design Report

MERITTarget test programme

EMMA

Systems development

EMMA

Systems development

Detector and diagnostic systems developmentDetector and diagnostic systems development

Timescale:Timescale:► Are we slipping?Are we slipping?► ISS conceived as a step on the way:ISS conceived as a step on the way:

A one-year programme to lay the foundation for A one-year programme to lay the foundation for a more in-depth design study to followa more in-depth design study to follow … …

► The IDS-NF:The IDS-NF: Goal: to produce a ‘Reference Design Report’ for Goal: to produce a ‘Reference Design Report’ for

the Neutrino Factory by 2012:the Neutrino Factory by 2012:► The RDR is conceived as the document that will allow The RDR is conceived as the document that will allow

the ‘decision makers’ to consider initiating the Neutrino the ‘decision makers’ to consider initiating the Neutrino Factory projectFactory project

The IDS-NF, therefore, differs from the ISS in that The IDS-NF, therefore, differs from the ISS in that the emphasis will increasingly be placed on the the emphasis will increasingly be placed on the engineering in order to:engineering in order to:

► Demonstrate the technical feasibility of the various Demonstrate the technical feasibility of the various systems; andsystems; and

► Evaluate the cost of the facility at the 30—50% levelEvaluate the cost of the facility at the 30—50% level

Motivation

Bringing the ISS to a Bringing the ISS to a conclusionconclusion

► Seeking to publish:Seeking to publish: Physics report in Rep. Prog. Phys.Physics report in Rep. Prog. Phys. Accelerator and Detector reports in JInstAccelerator and Detector reports in JInst

► Executive summary:Executive summary: 10-pager: written by P.Dornan; almost final10-pager: written by P.Dornan; almost final

► The ISS:The ISS: Made the case for the high-sensitivity Made the case for the high-sensitivity

programme of neutrino-oscillation measurementprogramme of neutrino-oscillation measurement Demonstrated the need to evaluate the Demonstrated the need to evaluate the

performance of cost of the various facilities, and performance of cost of the various facilities, and the Neutrino Factory in particular, on the the Neutrino Factory in particular, on the timescale of 2012timescale of 2012

Demonstrated need for combined approach, Demonstrated need for combined approach, optimising accelerator and detector togetheroptimising accelerator and detector together

Developed an internationally agreed baseline for Developed an internationally agreed baseline for the Neutrino Factory accelerator complexthe Neutrino Factory accelerator complex

Developed an internationally agreed baseline for Developed an internationally agreed baseline for the Neutrino Factory neutrino-detection systemsthe Neutrino Factory neutrino-detection systems

► This is the launch point for the IDS-NFThis is the launch point for the IDS-NF

ISS outcomesISS outcomesConcludingthe ISS

The IDS-NFThe IDS-NF

► WWW page for communication:WWW page for communication: http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/

► Meetings to date:Meetings to date: CERN: 29–31Mar07: initial ISS CERN: 29–31Mar07: initial ISS → IDS-NF transition → IDS-NF transition

meetingmeeting RAL: 16–17Jan08: Plenary meeting #1 …RAL: 16–17Jan08: Plenary meeting #1 … FNAL: 10–12Jun08: Plenary meeting #2FNAL: 10–12Jun08: Plenary meeting #2

International Design Study of the

Neutrino FactoryInternational Design Study of the

Neutrino FactorySteering Group

A.Blondel, K.Long (chair), M.Zisman, Y.Kuno

Physics and Performance Evaluation:A.Donini, P.Huber, S.Pascoli, W.Winter

Accelerator:S.Berg, M.Medahi, Y.Mori, C.Prior, J.Pozimski

Detector:A.Bross, A.Cervera, N.Mondal, P.Soler

IDS-NF plenary #1: IDS-NF plenary #1: achievements:achievements:

►Agreed first version of the IDS-NF Agreed first version of the IDS-NF baseline:baseline: See See http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/docs/IDS-NF-Baseline-2007-1.0R3-http://www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk/ids/docs/IDS-NF-Baseline-2007-1.0R3-

Final.pdfFinal.pdf

►Also, agreed work planAlso, agreed work planfor period to NuFact08, for period to NuFact08, Valencia, 30Jun—05JulValencia, 30Jun—05Jul See (for example)See (for example)

http://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/project/IDS/workplan.htmlhttp://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/project/IDS/workplan.html

► IDS-NF startingIDS-NF starting(albeit a little slowly)(albeit a little slowly)

The IDS-NF

Accelerator baselineAccelerator baselineThe IDS-NF

ISS2006ISS2006

The IDS-NF VersionSub-system Parameter Value 2007/1.0Proton driver Average beam power (MW) 4

Pulse repetition frequency (Hz) 50Proton kinetic energy (GeV) 10 ± 5Proton rms bunch length (ns) 2 ± 1Number of proton bunches per pulse 3Sequential extraction delay (µs) ≥ 17Pulse duration, liquid-Hg target (µs) ≤ 40

Target: liquid-mercury jet Jet diameter (cm) 1Jet velocity (m/s) 20Solenoidal field at interaction point (T) 20

Pion collectionTapered solenoidal channel Length (m) 12

Field at target (T) 20Diameter at target (cm) 15Field at exit (T)` 1.75Diameter at exit (cm) 25

Decay channel Length (m) 100Adiabatic buncher Length (m) 50Phase rotator Length (m) 50

Energy spread at exit (%) 10.5Ionisation cooling channel Length (m) 80

RF frequency (MHz) 201.25Absorber material LiHAbsorber thickness (cm) 1Input emittance (mm rad) 17Output emittance (mm rad) 7.4Central momentum (MeV/c) 220Solenoidal focussing field (T) 2.8

Acceleration system Total energy at input (MeV) 244Total energy at end of acceleration (GeV) 25Input transverse acceptance (mm rad) 30Input longitudinal acceptance (mm rad) 150

Pre-acceleration linac Final total energy (GeV) 0.9RLA(1) Final total energy (GeV) 3.6RLA(2) Final total energy (GeV) 12.6NFFAG Final total energy (GeV) 25

Decay rings Ring type Race trackStraight-section length (m) 600.2Race-track circumference (m) 1,608.80Number of rings (number of baselines) 2Stored muon energy (total energy, GeV) 25

Beam divergence in production straight (g-1) 0.1Bunch spacing (ns) ≥ 100

Number of decays per year per baseline 5 × 1020

Baseline specification for the Neutrino Factory accelerator complex

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Detector baselineDetector baseline

► Two baselines:Two baselines: 3000 – 5000 km3000 – 5000 km 7000 – 8000 km7000 – 8000 km

► Magnetised Iron Neutrino Magnetised Iron Neutrino Detector (MIND) at each Detector (MIND) at each locationlocation

► Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Magnetised Emulsion Cloud Chamber at intermediate Chamber at intermediate baseline for tau detectionbaseline for tau detection

The IDS-NF

Detector baselineDetector baseline

VersionSub-system Parameter Value 2007/1.0Configuration Number of baselines 2

Intermediate baseline (km) 3,000 to 5,000Long baseline (km) 7,000 to 8,000Detectors at intermediate baseline MECC, MINDDetector at long baseline MIND

MIND Fiducial mass (kTonne) 50Magnetic field (T) 1Neutrino energy resolution (GeV-0.5) 55%/E

0.5

Background fraction Charged current (GeV-2) See table 3

Neutral current (GeV-2) See table 3Efficiency appearance: efficiency See table 3

disappearance: efficiency 0.9 (from 1 GeV)Systematic uncertainty Uncertainty on number of events in signal sample 2.50%

Uncertainty on number of events in background sample 20%MECC Fiducial mass (kTonne) 10

Magnetic field (T) 1

Baseline specification for the Neutrino Factory long-baseline neutrino detectors

The IDS-NF

Performance of baselinePerformance of baselineNeutrino FactoryNeutrino Factory

The IDS-NF

IDS-NF: the next steps:IDS-NF: the next steps:Accelerator working groupAccelerator working group

► Proton driver:Proton driver: Lattice design and simulation for proton driverLattice design and simulation for proton driver

► Description of the facilityDescription of the facility► Target:Target:

Analysis of MERIT data:Analysis of MERIT data:► To determine maximum length of bunch trainTo determine maximum length of bunch train

Start on consideration of target infrastructureStart on consideration of target infrastructure► Front end:Front end:

Review impact of interaction of magnetic field and accelerating Review impact of interaction of magnetic field and accelerating gradient with a view to reviewing layout;gradient with a view to reviewing layout;

Revise baseline cooling-channel design if requiredRevise baseline cooling-channel design if required► Acceleration:Acceleration:

Definition of lattice for normal and superconducting linac, RLAsDefinition of lattice for normal and superconducting linac, RLAs► Tracking through portions of lattice to determine output distributionsTracking through portions of lattice to determine output distributions

Definition of lattice for non-scaling FFAGDefinition of lattice for non-scaling FFAG► Tracking to study output distortion and to analyse emittance growthTracking to study output distortion and to analyse emittance growth

► Storage ring:Storage ring: Study of transfer lines and tracking in idealised lattice to study Study of transfer lines and tracking in idealised lattice to study

emittance growth, losses, and fluxesemittance growth, losses, and fluxes

The IDS-NF

S.Berg, M.Medahi,

Y.Mori, C.Prior,

J.Pozimski

http://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/project/IDS/workplan.htmlhttp://www.cap.bnl.gov/mumu/project/IDS/workplan.html

IDS-NF: the next steps:IDS-NF: the next steps:Detector working groupDetector working group

► Work towards full simulation/reconstruction of MIND:Work towards full simulation/reconstruction of MIND: Goals:Goals:

► For For EEνν < 10 GeV demonstrate: < 10 GeV demonstrate: Backgrounds below 10Backgrounds below 10-3-3

Efficiency can be increased with respect to present analysisEfficiency can be increased with respect to present analysis Determine:Determine:

► Signal and background efficiencies as a function of energySignal and background efficiencies as a function of energy► Energy resolution as a function of energyEnergy resolution as a function of energy

Begin optimisation:Begin optimisation:► Identify key parametersIdentify key parameters

Initial study of pattern recognition for muon identificationInitial study of pattern recognition for muon identification Include full set of physics processes:Include full set of physics processes:

► Quasi-elastic, resonance productionQuasi-elastic, resonance production► Beyond the baseline:Beyond the baseline:

If energy threshold could be reduced it might be possible to If energy threshold could be reduced it might be possible to achieve as good (or better?) performance at lower muon achieve as good (or better?) performance at lower muon energyenergy

► Crucial issue is magnetisation of massive detector with no ironCrucial issue is magnetisation of massive detector with no iron See talk by Sasha ZlobinSee talk by Sasha Zlobin

The IDS-NF

A.Bross,A.Cervera,N.Mondal,

P.Soler

Neutrino Factory International Design Study Meeting RAL 17 January 2008

22

Beam Diagnostics and Near Detector Beam Diagnostics and Near Detector aimsaims

Beam diagnostics (needed for flux measurement)– Number of muon decays

– Measurement of divergence

– Measurement of Muon polarization Near detector measurements needed for neutrino oscillation systematics:

– Flux control for the long baseline search.

– Measurement of charm background

– Cross-section measurements: DIS, QES, RES scattering Other near detector neutrino physics (electroweak and QCD):

– sin2W - sin2W ~ 0.0001

– Unpolarised Parton Distribution Functions, nuclear effects

– Polarised Parton Distribution Functions – polarised target

– Lambda () polarisation S from xF3 - S~0.003 _

– Charm production: |Vcd| and |Vcs|, CP violation from D0/ D0 mixing

– Beyond SM searches

– …

Neutrino Factory International Design Study Meeting RAL 17 January 2008

23

Near Detector ConclusionsNear Detector Conclusions Near Detector considerations: optimisation design

– Vertex detector: Choice of Pixels; eg. Hybrid pixels, Monolithic Active Pixels (MAPS), DEPFET; or silicon strips

– Tracker: scintillating fibres, gaseous trackers (TPC, Drift chambers, …)– Other sub-detectors: PID, muon ID, calorimeter, …

Tasks:– Simulation of near detector and optimisation of layout: could benefit

from common software framework for Far Detector– Flux determination with inverse muon decays, etc.– Analysis of charm using near detector– Determination of systematic error from near/far extrapolation– Expectation of cross-section measurements– Test beam activities to validate technology (eg. vertex detectors)– Construction of beam diagnostic prototypes– Other physics studies: PDFs, etc. (engage with theory community for

interesting measurements)

IDS-NF: the next steps:IDS-NF: the next steps:Physics & Performance Eval. Physics & Performance Eval.

Grp.Grp.► IDS baseline:IDS baseline:

Recompute performance plots for new baseline Recompute performance plots for new baseline Figures for other parameters (such as Figures for other parameters (such as θθ2323))

► Specific physics questions concerning the IDS Specific physics questions concerning the IDS baseline setup:baseline setup: Review physics case for the silver channelReview physics case for the silver channel Physics case for a higher muon energy (such as from NSI)Physics case for a higher muon energy (such as from NSI) Detector mass/useful muon decay splitting between shorter Detector mass/useful muon decay splitting between shorter

and longer baseline?and longer baseline? Useful muon decay splitting between Useful muon decay splitting between

neutrinos/antineutrinos?neutrinos/antineutrinos? Simultaneous two-baseline optimization for the IDS-NF Simultaneous two-baseline optimization for the IDS-NF

baseline setupbaseline setup What is the reason for the worse CPV sensitivity for large What is the reason for the worse CPV sensitivity for large θθ13 13

compared to earlier setups? compared to earlier setups? Detailed study of systematics Detailed study of systematics

► Investigate ideas beyond the baseline, such as the Investigate ideas beyond the baseline, such as the low energy Neutrino Factorylow energy Neutrino Factory

The IDS-NF

A.Donini, P.Huber, S.Pascoli, W.Winter

ConclusionsConclusions►Closing out the ISS:Closing out the ISS:

Publish the reports and the Executive Publish the reports and the Executive SummarySummary

►The IDS-NF has started:The IDS-NF has started: The ISS baseline has been adopted by the The ISS baseline has been adopted by the

IDS-NFIDS-NF First steps along the work plan have been First steps along the work plan have been

defineddefined►There is a lot to do:There is a lot to do:

Carry out the first stepsCarry out the first steps Make it possible for others to join the effortMake it possible for others to join the effort Lay the foundations for the crucial Lay the foundations for the crucial

engineering workengineering workFNAL: 10–12Jun08: Plenary meeting #2