INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE SETTLEMENT -...

INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE

SETTLEMENT

A completely updated edition of a definitive survey of the peaceful set-tlement of disputes – a key aspect of international law and internationalrelations. Many methods of handling such disputes have been developed,and this book explains what the relevant techniques and institutions are,how they work and when they are used.

Separate chapters cover the various diplomatic methods (negotiation,mediation, inquiry and conciliation), the legal methods (arbitration andjudicial settlement), the special arrangements for disputes concerningtrade or the law of the sea, and the role of the United Nations and re-gional organisations. The strengths and limitations of each method areillustrated with numerous examples taken from international practice.

This new edition deals with many current developments, includingthe latest UN peace-keeping operations, the work of the WTO and of theInternational Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, and the latest case-law of theInternational Court of Justice.

j. g. merrills is Edward Bramley Professor of Law at SheffieldUniversity.

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org

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INTERNATIONAL DISPUTE

SETTLEMENT

J. G. MERRILLSUniversity of Sheffield

FOURTH EDITION






c a m b r i d g e u n i v e r s i t y p r e s sCambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sao Paulo

Cambridge University PressThe Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.orgInformation on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521617826

C© J. G. Merrills 2005

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exceptionand to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place withoutthe written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published by Sweet & Maxwell Ltd 1984Second edition published by Grotius Publications 1991

Third edition published by Cambridge University Press 1998Fourth edition published by Cambridge University Press 2005

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

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CONTENTS

Preface page ix

Table of cases xi

Table of treaties and agreements xvii

List of abbreviations xxv

List of websites xxvii

1 Negotiation 1Consultation 3Forms of negotiation 8Substantive aspects of negotiation 12Negotiation and adjudication 18Limitations of negotiation 23

2 Mediation 28Mediators 29Consent to mediation 32Functions of mediation 36The limits of mediation 41

3 Inquiry 45The 1899 Hague Convention 46The Dogger Bank inquiry 47Inquiries under the 1907 Hague Convention 49Treaty practice 1911–1940 52The Red Crusader inquiry 53The Letelier and Moffitt case 56The value of inquiry 59

4 Conciliation 64The emergence of conciliation 64

v






vi contents

The work of commissions of conciliation 67The practice of conciliation 72The place of conciliation in modern treaty law 77Further developments 82The significance of conciliation 87

5 Arbitration 91Forms of arbitration 91The selection of arbitrators 95Terms of reference 98Basis of the decision 104Effect of the award 110Private international arbitration 117The utility of arbitration 121

6 The International Court I: Organisationand procedure 127Contentious jurisdiction 127Jurisdictional disputes 130Incidental jurisdiction 136Advisory jurisdiction 145Membership of the Court 147Chambers 150

7 The International Court II: The work of the Court 156The Court’s decision 156Extension of the Court’s function 161Legal and political disputes 166The effect of judgments 171The significance of the Court 176

8 The Law of the Sea Convention 182The Convention and its system 182The principle of compulsory settlement 184Exceptions to the principle of compulsory settlement 187Conciliation 190Arbitration 193Special arbitration 196The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea 198The Sea-Bed Disputes Chamber 200Inaugurating ITLOS 203The significance of the Convention 206






contents vii

9 International trade disputes 211From GATT (1947) to the World Trade Organization 211The Dispute Settlement Understanding 213Consultations 215Good offices, conciliation and mediation 216Panel proceedings 219Appellate review 223Implementation of rulings and recommendations 228Arbitration 231The WTO system in context 233

10 The United Nations 237The machinery of the Organization 238The work of the Security Council and

General Assembly 240The role of the Secretary-General 244The political organs and the International Court 250Peace-keeping operations 256Action under Chapter VII 263Are decisions of the political organs open to

legal challenge? 268The effectiveness of the United Nations 272

11 Regional organisations 279The range of regional organisations 279The role of regional organisations in disputes 287Limitations of regional organisations 294Regional organisations and adjudication 298Regional organisations and the United Nations 303

12 Trends and prospects 308Dispute settlement today 308A political perspective 311A legal perspective 315Improving the capacity of political methods 321Improving the capacity of legal methods 327Conclusion 334

Appendices 336A. Agreement between Argentina and the United Kingdom

establishing an Interim Reciprocal Information andConsultation System, 1990 336






viii contents

B. Report of the Commission of Inquiry into the Red CrusaderIncident, 1962 (extract) 338

C. Conciliation Commission on the Continental Shelf Areabetween Iceland and Jan Mayen, May 1981 340

D. Arbitration Agreement between the United Kingdom andFrance, July 1975 342

E. Special Agreement for Submission to the InternationalCourt of Justice of the Differences Between the Republic ofHungary and the Slovak Republic Concerning theGabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (1993) 346

F. Optional Clause Declarations (Cameroon, Nigeria andAustralia) 349

G. WTO: Rules of Conduct for the Understanding on Rules andProcedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes(extract) 352

H. Security Council Resolution 915, establishing UNASOG,May 1994 353

I. Terms of Reference of the Trust Fund for the InternationalTribunal for the Law of the Sea (2000) 355

J. Ruling Pertaining to the Differences between France andNew Zealand Arising from the Rainbow Warrior Affair(extract) 358

K. CIS: Concept for Prevention and Settlement of Conflicts inthe Territory of States members of the Commonwealth ofIndependent States (1996) 362

Index 369






PREFACE

Since the third edition of this book was published in 1998 there have beenmany developments with a direct bearing on its subject. The ending ofthe Cold War and the consequent changes in Eastern Europe continueto affect both the evolution of regional organisations in Europe and thework of the United Nations. The World Trade Organization, a relativelynewcomer seven years ago, is now firmly established and its arrangementsfor dispute settlement are widely used. The complex system set up by the1982 Law of the Sea Convention has also started to function as caseshave been taken to the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea orto arbitration. The International Court of Justice is busier now than atany time in its history, and both regional organisations and the UnitedNations have shown initiative in addressing disputes at the political level.It must, of course, also be noted that in 2003 Iraq was invaded withoutSecurity Council authorisation, thereby demonstrating the limitations ofthe Charter system of collective security and reminding us, yet again, ofthe distance to be travelled, if its provisions for dealing with the mostserious disputes and situations are to be effective.

The aim of this new edition is to examine the techniques and institu-tions available to states for the peaceful settlement of disputes, taking fullaccount of recent developments. Chapters 1 to 4 examine the so-called‘diplomatic’ means of settlement: negotiation, where matters are entirelyin the hands of the parties, then mediation, inquiry and conciliation, ineach of which outside assistance is utilised. Chapters 5 to 7 deal with legalmeans, namely arbitration and judicial settlement through the Interna-tional Court, where the object is to provide a legally binding decision. Tounderline the interaction of legal and diplomatic means and to show howthey are used in specific contexts, Chapter 8 reviews the arrangementsfor dispute settlement in the Law of the Sea Convention and Chapter 9considers the provisions of the World Trade Organization’s very impor-tant Dispute Settlement Understanding. The final part considers the roleof political institutions, the United Nations (Chapter 10) and regional

ix






x preface

organisations (Chapter 11), while the final chapter reviews the currentsituation and offers some thoughts for the future.

Those familiar with the previous edition will find significant new ma-terial in every chapter, including references to recent arbitrations, to thedeveloping practice of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea,the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice and practice underthe WTO system, as well as new political material relating to peace-keepingand other activities of regional organisations and the UN. In discussingthe various techniques and institutions my object has remained to explainwhat they are, how they work and when they are used. As before, I havesought to include enough references to the relevant literature to enablethe reader to follow up any points of particular interest. With a similarobjective I have retained and updated the appendices setting out extractsfrom some of the documents mentioned in the text.

For permission to quote the material in the appendices I am againgrateful to the editors of the International Law Reports. My thanks arealso due to Julie Prescott at the University of Sheffield for preparing themanuscript, to Finola O’Sullivan and Jane O’Regan at Cambridge Uni-versity Press, and to my wife, Dariel, whose encouragement, as always,was invaluable.






TABLE OF CASES

Aegean Sea Continental Shelf CaseInterim Protection (1976), 138, 240, 300Judgment (1978), 17–18, 21–2, 167–8, 176, 249

Aerial Incident Case (1996), 23n36Aerial Incident Case (2000), 132, 134Air Transport Arbitrations (1983, 1975, 1978), 123Alabama Claims Case (1871/2), 94, 101, 104–5Aland Islands Inquiry (1921), 60Ambatielos Case (1953), 171AMINOIL Case (1982), 119, 120ARAMCO Case (1958), 119Arbitral Award Case (1960), 113–14, 116–17, 126, 173, 288n26, 299Arbitral Award Case (1991), 114–15Arrest Warrant Case (2002), 129, 160, 179n55Article XXVIII Rights Case (1990), 231–2Asylum Case (1950), 178Avena Case (2004), 128n2Beagle Channel Award (1977), 30, 33, 34, 38, 43, 93, 100–1, 104, 116,

126Ben Bella Case (1958), 73–4, 75, 89Bering Sea Arbitration (1893), 108Bolivar Railway Company Claim (1903), 92Border and Transborder Armed Actions Case (1988), 18, 77n31, 131n11,

290n33, 300, 302BP v. Libya (1973), 105, 113, 115, 119n75Brcko Arbitration (1999), 108, 122Buraimi Arbitration (1955), 115Carthage Case (1913), 49n8Case No. A/18 (Iran–US Claims Tribunal, 1984), 103Certain Criminal Proceedings in France Case (2002/3), 130n8Chaco Inquiry (1929), 67–9, 72–5, 89, 289

xi






xii table of cases

Chaisiri Reefer 2 Case (2001), 206Channel Arbitration (1977/8), 95, 102, 104, 110, 111, 113, 122, 173Chorzów Factory Case (1927/8), 21n34, 58Clipperton Island Case (1931), 93Conditions of Admission of a State to Membership in the United Nations

Advisory Opinion (1948), 167n29Construction of a Wall Advisory Opinion (2004), 146–8, 169n53, 243,

255Copper Case (1987), 218Corfu Channel Case

Merits (1949), 158, 240, 243Danube Case (1997), 26, 346–9Diplomatic Staff in Tehran Case (1980), 18–19, 20, 23, 36–7, 158–70,

175–6, 244, 252, 255, 313, 319–20Dogger Bank Inquiry (1905), 47–50, 53, 59, 63Dubai/Sharjah Boundary Arbitration (1981), 98n25, 99n27East African Community Case (1981), 71–2, 73, 74, 76, 77, 89East Timor Case (1995), 135–6ELSI (Elettronica Sicula SpA) Case (1989), 152–4Eritrea/Yemen Arbitration (1998/9), see Red Sea Islands ArbitrationEuropean Communities – Bananas Case (1997), 227European Communities – Beef Hormones Case (1998), 230Expenses Case (1962), 270n80Fisheries Jurisdiction Case (1998), 132Fisheries Jurisdiction Cases (1973/4), 13, 25n39, 26, 131, 161, 164, 165,

175Franco-Siamese Frontier Case (1947), 68–9, 72–5, 89Franco-Swiss Internment Case (1955), 66, 69–70, 73, 76, 78, 88Free Zones Arbitration (1933), 108, 110Frontier Dispute Case

Judgment (1986), 152–3, 163, 165Nomination of Experts (1987), 173Provisional Measures (1986), 137–8

Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Case (1997), 26n43, 130, 156, 160, 174, 346–9Gasoline Standards Case (1996), 225–6Genocide Convention Case

Provisional Measures (1993), 149n60, 254–5, 269Preliminary Objections (1996), 131–2, 143Counter-Claims Order (1997), 144–5Applications for Revision (2003), 271






table of cases xiii

Gorm and Svava Cases (1952), 69Grimm v. Iran (1983), 103Gulf of Maine Case

Constitution of Chamber (1982), 150–1, 199Judgment (1984), 22, 152, 153, 154, 164, 166, 167, 173, 174

Haji-Bagherpour v. United States (1983), 103Haya de la Torre Case (1951), 178Heathrow Arbitration (1992/3), 95, 99, 106, 111n54, 123Interhandel Case (1959), 88Iran–United States Claims Tribunal, Jurisdiction Decision (1981), 95–6,

98, 103, 119–20, 126Island of Palmas Case (1928), 93Italian Property Tax Case (1956), 70Jan Mayen Conciliation (1981), 72–4, 77, 88, 90, 209, 340–2Japanese Loan Cases (1955, 1960), 74–5, 88Kasikili/Sedudu Island Case (1999), 129, 162KE 007 Inquiry (1983), 61, 63, 313LaGrand Case (2001), 138n30, 160Lake Lanoux Arbitration (1957), 4–5, 6, 8, 9, 12, 96, 122Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria 145

Application to Intervene (1999), 141n38Counter-Claims Order (1999)Merits (2002), 145Preliminary Objections (1998), 143, 302Provisional Measures (1996), 137n26, 246n20Request for Interpretation (1999), 143

Land Reclamation Case (2003), 205n55Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Case

Application for Revision (2003), 143–4, 154Application to Intervene (1990), 141–2, 320n8Composition of Chamber (1989), 151Merits (1992), 152, 154

Larsen v. The Hawaiian Kingdom (2001), 103n33Legality of Use of Force Cases

Provisional Measures (1999), 137Letelier and Moffitt Case (1992), 53n15, 56–9, 60LIAMCO Case (1977), 119n75Libya–Malta Continental Shelf Case

Application to Intervene (1984), 140–1Merits (1985), 142, 154, 172, 247






xiv table of cases

Ligitan and Sipadan CaseApplication to Intervene (2001), 141n38, 142Merits (2002), 129

Lockerbie CasesDiscontinuation (2003), 177n49Preliminary Objections (1998), 270–1Provisional Measures (1992), 268–9

Manouba Case (1913), 49n8Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions Case

Judgment (2001), 157Jurisdiction and Admissibility (1994), 17, 131

Maritime Delimitation Case (1985), 95, 107n45, 112–13Maritime Delimitation Case (1989), 95, 114Maritime Delimitation Case (1995), 177n49Metalclad Corporation v. Mexico (2000), 118n72Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua Case, see

Nicaragua CaseMinquiers and Ecrehos Case (1953), 172Monetary Gold Arbitration (1953), 93–4Monetary Gold Case (1954), 135, 320Mosul Inquiry (1925), 60MOX Plant Case

Provisional Measures (2001/3), 195, 205n55, 332n33–35Suspension of Proceedings (2003), 124, 195, 333n36

MV Saiga No. 2 CaseJudgment (1999), 205Provisional Measures (1998), 195

Namibia Case (1971), 148, 150, 243, 270n80Nicaragua Case

Application to Intervene (1984), 321Jurisdiction and Admissibility (1984), 133–4, 135, 169, 178, 251–2,

299–300, 302, 320Merits (1986), 131, 157, 166–7, 170, 175, 176Provisional Measures (1984), 138, 254–5, 300

North Atlantic Coast Fisheries Arbitration (1910), 108North Sea Continental Shelf Cases (1969), 26n44, 166, 171, 172Northern Cameroons Case (1963), 12, 179Norwegian Loans Case (1957), 132Nuclear Tests Cases (1974), 179–80Nuclear Tests II Case (1995), 180






table of cases xv

Nuclear Weapons Advisory Opinion (1996), 146, 243Oil Platforms Case

Counter-Claims Order (1998), 144–5Judgment (2003), 145, 158Preliminary Objection (1996), 131

OSPAR (Article 9) Arbitration (2003), 95, 105, 114, 123, 195n32Palena Case (1966), 93, 122Passage through the Great Belt Case (1991), 139, 177n49Peace Treaties Case (1950), 96, 97, 114, 243Phosphate Lands in Nauru Case (1992), 135–6, 177n49Piniagua Morales et al. Case (1995), 149n61Qatar/Bahrain Case, see Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions

CaseRainbow Warrior Case (1986), 94, 100, 108–11, 116n66, 125, 247, 248,

358–62Rainbow Warrior II Case (1990), 112Rann of Kutch Arbitration (1968), 35, 41, 42, 96, 104, 106, 122Red Crusader Inquiry (1962), 53–6, 58, 59, 197, 338–40Red Sea Islands Arbitration (1998/9), 94–5, 100–1, 102, 104, 109, 115,

122, 160n10Reparation for Injuries Case (1949), 242n7Right of Passage Case (1957), 130–1Roula Case (1956), 88Saghi v. Iran (1993), 103n36Saint Pierre and Miquelon Case (1992), 94, 102–3, 122Sapphire Case (1963), 119South West Africa Cases (1962), 11–12Southern Bluefin Tuna Case

Jurisdiction and Admissibility (2000), 124, 184n6, 195, 332Provisional Measures (1999), 205n55

Swordfish Case (2000), 195, 206, 332n35Taba Arbitration (1988), 77, 94, 101, 104, 111, 122Tavignano Inquiry (1912), 49–51, 53, 59Temple of Preah Vihear Case (1961), 134n20, 175Territorial Dispute (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya/Chad) (1994), 258, 329,

353–4Tiger Inquiry (1918), 50–2, 60Tinoco Arbitration (1923), 93TOPCO Case (1977), 119Trail Smelter Arbitration (1938/41), 105, 106, 113






xvi table of cases

Tubantia Inquiry (1922), 51–2, 55Tunisia–Libya Continental Shelf Case

Application to Intervene (1981), 140Judgment (1982), 153, 163–4, 166, 172, 174–5Revision and Interpretation (1985), 20–1, 101n31, 143–4

UNESCO–France Arbitration (2003), 333n38United Nations Headquarters Agreement Case (1988), 19, 171n35United States – Shrimp Case (1998), 227United States v. Iran (2000), 125Venezuela–British Guiana Boundary Case (1899), 116, 126Vitianu Case (1949), 89Volga Case (2002), 205n54Western Sahara Case (1975), 145–6, 150, 159, 179, 243Wet Salted Cod Case (1988), 218WHO Regional Headquarters Case (1980), 146Youmans Claim (1926), 92Young Loan Arbitration (1980), 122n85






TABLE OF TREATIES AND AGREEMENTS

1794 Jay Treaty, 921814 Treaty of Ghent, 921866 Treaties of Bayonne, 9n121872 Arbitration Agreement concerning Claims to Delagoa Bay, 1081894 Gamez-Bonilla Treaty, 113–141899 Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of International

Disputes, 56–81902 General Treaty of Arbitration (Argentina–Chile), 931904 Declaration of St Petersburg, 471907 Arbitration Agreement (Colombia–Ecuador), 108

Hague Convention for the Pacific Settlement of InternationalDisputes, 48, 49–52

1911 Taft (Knox) Treaties of Arbitration, 52, 53n151913–40 Bryan Treaties, 52–3, 56, 66, 731914 Bryan-Suärez Mujica Treaty (Chile–United States), 571915 ABC Treaty, 531919 Covenant of the League of Nations, 237, 303, 3211919 Mandate for South-West Africa, 11, 12

Treaty of Conciliation (Chile–Great Britain), 53Treaty of Conciliation (Brazil–Great Britain), 53

1920 Treaty of Conciliation (Chile–Sweden), 64–5, 871921 Treaty of Arbitration and Conciliation

(Germany–Switzerland), 651923 Gondra Treaty, 53, 66, 67

Treaty of Washington, 661924 Treaty of Conciliation and Judicial Settlement

(Italy–Switzerland), 701925 Locarno Treaties, 65–6

Treaty of Conciliation (France–Switzerland), 651927 Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration

(Belgium–Denmark), 69

xvii






xviii table of treaties and agreements

1928 General Act for the Pacific Settlement of InternationalDisputes, 66, 68, 98, 128, 134

1929 Inter-American General Convention of Conciliation, 66Treaty of Conciliation (Czechoslovakia, Rumania, Kingdom of

the Serbs, Croatians and Slovenes), 66Protocol establishing the Chaco Commission, 67–8, 72, 74, 75,

89, 2891933 Saavedra-Lamas Agreement, 66

Treaty of Conciliation (Brazil–Poland), 871935 Arbitration Agreement concerning the Trail Smelter Dispute,

105–6, 1131938 Munich Agreement, 401944 Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation, 611945 Charter of the United Nations, 2, 40

Art. 1, 237, 250n28Art. 2(3), 2, 173, 183, 238Art. 2(7), 239Art. 11(2), 240, 242Art. 11(3), 238Art. 12, 253Art. 12(1), 255Art. 14, 239Art. 24, 251Art. 25, 254, 269Chapter VI, 238, 264, 321Art. 33, 22, 27, 303Art. 33(1), 2, 238, 240Art. 33(2), 240Art. 34, 178, 239Art. 35(1), 239Art. 35(2), 240Art. 36(1), 238, 240Art. 36(3), 243Art. 37(1), 238n2Art. 37(2), 240Art. 38, 240Chapter VII, 31, 239, 242, 254, 261, 263–8, 269, 271, 275,

276, 310, 321, 322, 354, 366Art. 39, 203, 264, 271Art. 41, 254–5, 264, 266, 269






table of treaties and agreements xix

Art. 42, 264, 265, 266Art. 43, 266Art. 51, 282Chapter VIII, 302, 303, 305, 364Arts. 52–4, 303Art. 52(2), 238Art. 53(1), 304Art. 98, 240, 244, 249Art. 99, 238, 240, 244, 246, 249, 283, 325

Statute of the International Court of JusticeArt. 1, 250n28Art. 9, 147, 148Art. 17, 148, 198, 199n39Art. 24, 86, 148Arts. 26–9, 150Art. 36(2), 84, 128, 129, 133, 171n34, 300, 301, 349, 351Art. 36(5), 133, 135Art. 36(6), 130Art. 37(5), 133, 134Art. 38(1), 359Art. 38(2), 162Art. 41, 136, 138, 139, 142, 248, 254, 268Art. 50, 158Art. 53, 175, 194Art. 60, 20, 143, 174Art. 62, 139–42, 154n75, 221Art. 63, 139, 221

1946 Trusteeship Agreement for the Cameroons, 121947 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 211–20, 223, 225–9,

231, 232, 234, 235, 352Treaty of Peace with Italy, 70Treaties of Peace with Bulgaria, Hungary and Rumania,

96–7Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty),

282, 283, 292United Nations Headquarters Agreement, 19, 171n35

1948 Charter of Bogotá, 282, 283n9Genocide Convention, 132, 137, 269American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (Pact of Bogotá), 77,

98, 128, 131, 282, 298, 300






xx table of treaties and agreements

1949 Revised General Act for the Pacific Settlement of InternationalDisputes, 66

1950 European Convention on Human Rights, 78–9, 186, 198,280

1953 Agreement on German External Debts, 1221956 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (United

States–Nicaragua), 2901957 Washington Agreement (Honduras–Nicaragua), 288

European Convention for the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes,77–8, 98, 128

1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Sea, 184–5, 19Geneva Convention on Fishing and Conservation of the

Living Resources of the High Seas, 195n331959 Antarctic Treaty, 6, 14–151960 Indus Waters Treaty, 391961 Exchange of Notes concerning Fishing (United

Kingdom–Iceland), 13, 15, 287Exchange of Notes concerning the Red Crusader Incident

(United Kingdom–Denmark), 53–6, 338–401963 Vienna Convention on Consular Relations, 129, 160

Charter of the Organization of African Unity, 78, 2841964 Protocol of the Commission of Mediation, Conciliation and

Arbitration of the OAU, 78, 284, 2981965 Treaty of Conciliation, Judicial Settlement and Arbitration

(United Kingdom–Switzerland), 76Convention on Transit Trade of Land-Locked Countries, 19Convention on the Settlement of Investment Disputes between

States and Nationals of Other States, 118International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of

Racial Discrimination, 78n351966 Concession Agreement between BP and Libya, 105, 113, 115,

119n75International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 78n35UN Covenants on Human Rights, 85n57

1969 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 79, 89, 1921971 Agreement for Arbitration of the Beagle Channel Dispute, 93,

100–1, 104, 116, 126Montreal Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts

against the Safety of Civil Aviation, 268, 269n761972 Charter of the Islamic Conference, 286






table of treaties and agreements xxi

1975 Convention on the Representation of States in their Relationswith International Organizations of a UniversalCharacter, 80, 191n21

Arbitration Agreement concerning Delimitation of theContinental Shelf (United Kingdom–France), 102, 104,342–6

Brussels Communiqué (Greece–Turkey), 17Algiers Accord (Iran–Iraq), 42–3Helsinki Agreement, 83, 85

1976 Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of theContinental Shelf (Libya–Malta), 140–2, 154, 172, 247

1977 Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of theContinental Shelf (Tunisia–Libya), 101n31

Air Services Agreement, ‘Bermuda II’ (UnitedKingdom–United States), 101n29

Treaty between Czechoslovakia and Hungary concerning theConstruction and Operation of theGabcikovo-Nagymaros System of Locks, 186

1978 Torres Strait Treaty, 13Camp David Agreements, 301Vienna Convention on Succession of States in respect of

Treaties, 26, 801979 Special Agreement concerning Delimitation of the Maritime

Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, 22, 150–1, 152, 153,154, 164, 166, 167, 173, 174, 199

1981 Agreement on the Continental Shelf between Iceland and JanMayen, 72–4, 77, 88, 90, 209, 340–2

Declaration of Algeria concerning the Settlement of Claims bythe United States and Iran, 122n21

African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 78n35Treaty establishing the Organization of Eastern Caribbean

States, 781982 Law of the Sea Convention

Art. 187, 201Art. 188, 202Art. 189, 202Art. 190, 201n47Art. 191, 203n49Art. 279, 183Art. 280, 183






xxii table of treaties and agreements

Art. 281, 124, 184, 195Art. 282, 124, 184, 195Art. 283, 27n47, 184Art. 284, 190n19Art. 287, 186, 208, 355Art. 288, 186, 209Art. 289, 186, 197n35Art. 290, 186, 195, 201n46, 205Art. 292, 186, 205, 206Art. 293, 187, 202Art. 294, 186Art. 295, 187Art. 297, 188, 189, 190Art. 298, 188, 189, 190, 208Art. 299, 190Art. 308, 203Annex V, 191Annex VI, 198, 200, 201, 202, 203Annex VII, 124, 193n25, 195, 206, 332Annex VIII, 196, 197

Antitrust Cooperation Agreement (United States–Australia),2n2, 3n4

1983 Special Agreement concerning Frontier Delimitation (UpperVolta/ Burkina Faso–Mali), 137, 163

Special Agreement concerning Maritime BoundaryDelimitation (Guinea–Guinea-Bissau), 95, 112, 114–15

1984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Argentina–Chile), 38n19Agreement concerning the Assets of the East African

Community, 71–2, 73, 74, 76, 77, 891984 Treaty of Peace and Friendship (Argentina–Chile), 38n191985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 80,

81Protocol of Cartagena de Indias, 283n11

1986 Agreement to Arbitrate the Boundary Dispute concerning theTaba Beachfront, 77, 94, 101, 104, 111, 122

Single European Act, 2801987 Esquipulas II Accord, 291, 301

Montreal Protocol to the Vienna Convention for theProtection of the Ozone Layer, 80n44

1988 Free Trade Agreement (Canada–United States), 223n29






table of treaties and agreements xxiii

1990 Agreement establishing an Interim Reciprocal Informationand Consultation System (Argentina–United Kingdom),5, 336–8

Agreement to Settle Dispute concerning Compensation for theDeaths of Letelier and Moffitt (Chile–United States), 57

1991 Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community, 2851992 Convention on Biological Diversity, 123n88

Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment ofthe North-East Atlantic (OSPAR Convention), 105, 123,332n34

Convention on the Protection and Use of TransboundaryWatercourses and Lakes, 123n88

Convention on the Transboundary Effects of IndustrialAccidents, 123n88

Framework Convention on Climate Change, 81North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 118, 119,

234, 235Protocol of Washington, 282Stockholm Convention on Conciliation and Arbitration

within the CSCE, 83–7, 123, 289Treaty of Maastricht, 280

1993 CIS Treaty on Creation of Economic Union, 281n4Commonwealth of Independent States Charter, 363Special Agreement concerning the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros

Project (Hungary–Slovak Republic), 174, 346–91994 Agreement establishing the World Trade Organization,

212–36, 332, 352–3Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the

1982 Law of the Sea Convention, 184n6, 200–3Convention to Combat Desertification, 81

1995 Agreement regarding the Application of Competition andDeceptive Marketing Practices Laws (Canada–UnitedStates), 3–4

Dayton Peace Agreement, 33, 108Joint Declaration on Cooperation over Offshore Activities in

the South West Atlantic (Argentina–United Kingdom),14n23

Straddling Stocks Agreement, 2091996 Special Agreement concerning the Kasikili/Sedudu Island

Dispute (Botswana–Namibia), 162






xxiv table of treaties and agreements

1997 Convention on the Law of the Non-Navigational Uses ofInternational Watercourses, 81

Kyoto Protocol, 87Treaty of Amsterdam, 280

1998 Aarhus Convention, 871999 International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing

of International Terrorism, 1222001 Constitutive Act of the African Union, 78n33, 279, 285, 2952002 Special Agreement concerning a Boundary Dispute

(Benin–Niger), 150n64, 174






ABBREVIATIONS

AFDI Annuaire franµais de Droit InternationalAJIL American Journal of International LawAnnuaire Annuaire de l’Institut de Droit InternationalArchiv des Volk. Archiv des VolkerrechtsAust. Year Book Int. L. Australian Year Book of International LawBYBIL British Year Book of International LawCalif. Western Int. LJ California Western International Law JournalCamb. LJ Cambridge Law JournalCan. Bar Rev. Canadian Bar ReviewCan. Yearbook Int. L. Canadian Yearbook of International LawCML Rev. Common Market Law ReviewColum. JL & Soc. Prob. Columbia Journal of Law and Social ProblemsColum. J. Transnat. L. Columbia Journal of Transnational LawDenver J. Int. L. & Pol. Denver Journal of International Law and

PolicyGa. J. Int. & Comp. L. Georgia Journal of International and

Comparative LawGlobal Community Global Community Yearbook of International

Law and JurisprudenceYBILJGrotius Soc. Trans. Grotius Society TransactionsHarv. Int. LJ Harvard International Law JournalICLQ International and Comparative Law QuarterlyIHRR International Human Rights ReportsILM International Legal MaterialsILQ International Law QuarterlyILR International Law ReportsInd. J. Int. L. Indian Journal of International LawInt. Org. International OrganisationInt. Rel. International RelationsIRAN–US CTR Iran–United States Claims Tribunal ReportsIsrael L. Rev. Israel Law Review

xxv






xxvi list of abbreviations

J. World Trade Journal of World TradeLeiden JIL Leiden Journal of International LawMelbourne JIL Melbourne Journal of International LawMich. L. Rev. Michigan Law ReviewNTIR Nederlands tijdschrift voor internationaal

rechtNYUJ Int. L. & Politics New York University Journal of International

Law and PoliticsOcean Devel. & Int. L. Ocean Development and International LawProc. Am. Soc. Int. L. Proceedings of the American Society of

International LawRev. Egypt. Droit Int. Revue Egyptienne de Droit InternationalRGDIP Revue Generale de Droit International PublicRIAA Reports of International Arbitral AwardsSan Diego L. Rev. San Diego Law ReviewSyr. J. Int. L. & Com. Syracuse Journal of International Law and

CommerceU. Chi. L. Rev. University of Chicago Law ReviewUKTS United Kingdom Treaty SeriesUNTS United Nations Treaty SeriesU. Toronto Fac. L. Rev. University of Toronto Faculty Law ReviewU. Toronto L.J. University of Toronto Law JournalVa. JIL Virginia Journal of International LawYBIEL Yearbook of International Environmental LawYearbook of WA Yearbook of World Affairs






WEBSITES

African Union, www.africa-union.orgArab League, www.leagueofarabstates.orgCouncil of Europe, www.coe.intEconomic Community of West African States, www.ecowas.intEuropean Court of Human Rights, www.echr.coe.intEuropean Court of Justice, www.curia.eu.intInter-American Court of Human Rights, www.corteidh.or.crInternational Centre for the Settlement of Investment Disputes,

www.icsid.orgInternational Court of Justice, www.icj-cij.orgInternational Criminal Court, www.un.org/law/icc/International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, www.ictr.orgInternational Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia,

www.un.org/icty/International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, www.itlos.orgIran–United States Claims Tribunal, www.iusct.orgNorth American Free Trade Agreement Secretariat,

www.nafta-sec-alena.orgOrganization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, www.osce.orgOrganization of American States, www.oas.orgOrganization of the Islamic Conference, www.oic-oci.orgPermanent Court of Arbitration, www.pca-cpa.orgUnited Nations, www.un.orgUN Department of Peacekeeping, www.un.org/Depts/dpko/UN General Assembly, www.un.org/ga/UN Security Council Information, www.un.org/Docs/scinfo.htmWorld Trade Organization, www.wto.org

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