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International Intergovernmental
Coalitions: An Overview Providingbackgroundinformationonexistingmodels(includinggeneralstructureandleadership,keyactivities&stakeholderinteraction,membership,andfinances),successes,remainingchallenges,andasummaryofarecentindependentevaluation
oftheFreedomOnlineCoalition.
Preparedby:JustinHashimoto,[email protected]
Forfollow-upquestions,contact:
AddisonSmith,[email protected]
Draftversion2.0–July8,2016
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Executive Summary InJune2016,severalgovernmentsannouncedtheirintentiontoformanintergovernmentalcoordinationcoalitiononLGBTIissuescalledthe“EqualRightsCoalition”.ThiscoalitionwillbeofficiallylaunchedinJuly2016attheGlobalLGBTIHumanRightsConferenceinMontevideo.
ThefoundingmembersoftheEqualRightsCoalitionstatethatitwillbeprimarily“diplomaticinnature”andserveas“aplatformtoexchangeinformation,discussandlearnaboutdonorpractice,strategyandpolicy.”TheCoalitionwillnotreplacetheLGBTCoreGroupinNewYork,astheworkofthepartnershipwill“extendbeyondUNdiplomacy”andinclude“regionalandbilateralcooperation.”1
Inordertobetterunderstandthelandscape,benefitsandstructureofthesepartnerships,thisdocumentseekstoprovideageneraloverviewofsimilarcoalitions.DetailedCoalitioninformationcanbefoundintheappendix:
• FreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC)• CommunityofDemocracies(CD)• EqualFuturesPartnership(EFP)• ExtractivesIndustryTransparencyInitiative(EITI)• InternationalCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProviders
Association(ICOCA)• OpenGovernmentPartnership(OGP)• VoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRights(Voluntary
Principles)• InternationalForumonSOGIE(Kenya)
Interviewswithseveralrepresentativesoftheabovecoalitionsrevealedcommonalitiesregardingsuccessesandchallenges.Thefulllistcanbefoundin“Existingevaluation/analysis”.
1 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016.
Content • • •
v Executive Summary
v Introduction
v Existing evaluation and analysis
v Appendix: Existing Models & detailed coalition information
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Introduction
What is the overall landscape for these types of intergovernmental partnerships?
Is there commonality around the types of issues around which they form?
What are the models? What are the notable benefits and challenges?
BackgroundandLandscape
Intergovernmentalcoalitionsandpartnershipsformaroundavarietyofissues,andmostevolveinbothstructureandstrategyovertime.However,thesepartnershipstendtoformaroundseveralcommonthemes.Thesethemescontainelementsthatareusuallyrelatedtothepromotionofhumanrights,governmentopenness/transparency,peace-building,securityordevelopment.Themajorityofcoalitionshaveasetofcoreprinciplesorstandardsbywhichtheirmembersmustagreetoandabideby.
Althoughthecoalitionsandpartnershipsutilizedifferentmodelstostructurethemselves,theytendtohavecommonalitiesacrossthefollowingcategories:Governance,Activities,andStakeholderInteractionModel.
• Governance:o ASecretariat(eitherdedicatedinagovernmentpostingoradministeredbyanthird-
partyNGO,lawfirm,etc.),usuallywithasmallerdecision-makingsteeringcommitteeorcouncil.
• Activities:o Mostcoalitionshavebeenlaunchedataninternationalthematicconferenceoraround
theestablishmentofanimportantinternationaldocument.o Thecoalitionscontinuetheirworkthroughdifferentstructures:
§ Conferences§ Promotingrelevantpublicpolicythroughspecialinitiativesanddiplomacy§ Workinggroups§ Ormonitoringmembers’compliancewithinternationallyestablishedcodesand
principles.• StakeholderInteractionModel:
o Government-led§ Somecoalitionsareprimarilygovernment-led,buttheyactivelyinvolvecivil
societyorganizations,publicandprivatedonors/organizations/companies,andmultilateralagenciesintheirwork.Often(butnotalways),governmentscomprisetheprimarydecision-making/executivebody.
o Multi-stakeholder
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§ Othercoalitionsfollowamulti-stakeholdermodelinvolvingadifferentcombinationofgovernments,civilsocietyorganizations,privateandpublicdonors/organizations/companies,andinvestorsinboththeirworkanddecision-makingprocesses.
Thedifferenttypesofcoalitionmodelswillbediscussedfurtherinthefollowingsections.
StructuralCommonalitiesacrossCoalitions
AlthougheachoftheanalyzedCoalitionsutilizedifferentstructurestocoordinatetheirefforts,therearecommonalitiesacrossthefourfollowingcategories:KeyActivities&StakeholderInteraction,GeneralStructure&Leadership,Membership,andFinances.KeyActivities&StakeholderInteractionThemajorityofCoalitionshaveincorporatedsomemechanismofongoinginteractionandknowledge-sharingamongitsmembers.Thesemechanismstakedifferentforms:Formal&Informal.
o Formal:Definingandpursuingstrategicandtangibleissue-specificoutcomesthroughaformalmechanism(i.e.FormalWorkingGroups,participationontheBoard,SteeringCommittee,orAdvisoryBoard,etc.).
o Informal:generalinformationexchangeandknowledge-sharing,peer-to-peernetworking,etc.(i.e.informalin-personmeetings,teleconferences,emaillist-serv,etc.).
Additionally,mostoftheanalyzedCoalitionsoperatearoundalarge,all-memberconferencethatbringstogethermultiplestakeholders.Thefrequencyoftheseconferencesvary,butmostCoalitionshostthemonanannualbasis.GeneralStructure&LeadershipRegardingGovernance:InboththeGovernment-LedandMulti-Stakeholdermodels(describedinintroduction),thereisusuallyasmallerbodyofCoalitionmemberswhoformagoverningcouncil,steeringcommittee,orBoardofDirectors.ThissmallercontingentofCoalitionmembersusuallyservesastheprimarydecision-making/executivebody.RegardingSecretariats:Themajorityofanalyzedcoalitionshaveapermanentsecretariat.ThesecretariatiscomprisedofCoalitionMembersandusuallyhasaspecifiedhost.TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionandVoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRightscontracttheirsecretariat(FOCwithGlobalPartnersDigitalinLondon;VoluntaryPrincipleswithFoleyHoaglawfirminWashington,DC).ThereisnoreadilyavailableinformationonthesecretariatfortheEqualFuturesPartnership.CivilSocietyInteractionModels
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Alloftheanalyzedcoalitionsinvolvecivilsocietyatsomelevelintheirwork.CivilSocietyinteractionhappensinavarietyofways.Theyinclude(butarenotlimitedto):
• Workwithgovernmentinstitutionsinvolvedinthepartnership/coalition(EqualFutures)• Involvedindecision-makingthroughaBoardofDirectorsorSteeringCommittee,
o Thisinvolvementcanbeeitherintegratedintothegovernancestructure(asICOCA,OGP,orVoluntaryPrinciples)oroperateparalleltoit(CD)
• InvolvedinWorkingGroupspursuingstrategic,tangibleoutcomeso WGsareusuallysub-thematico Usuallyallowformultiplestakeholderengagement
• InvolvedinAdvisoryBoards/AcademicAdvisoryBoardso TheseBoardsusuallyrunparalleltotheexistinggovernancestructure,providingadvice,
inputandexpertise.• Involvedasobservermembers
MembershipMembershipinallCoalitionsiscontingentuponsubscriptionandcommitmenttoasetofcoreprinciples.ThemajorityofCoalitionshavespecificproceduresandpoliciesaroundmembershipapplication,commitment,andsuspension/removal.Applicationandremovalofmembersisusuallyhandledbythesecretariatorboard.FinancesTheCoalitionshavevariedfundingstreams,butmostarefundedthroughvoluntarygovernmentcontributionsandvoluntarymembercontributions.SomeoftheCoalitionsarefundedbydevelopmentagenciesandphilanthropicfoundationsthroughmultiyeargrants.Thereislimitedinformationavailableonspecificbudgets,butaccordingtotherecentevaluationontheFreedomOnlineCoalition(Morgan,2016)yearlybudgetscantypicallyrangefromUSD$150,000to$5million.
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Existing Evaluation/Analysis
Is there existing research about these types of partnerships?
Are there formal evaluations of the work or impact of specific initiatives that can be reviewed and incorporated?
Inrecentinterviewswithseveralrepresentativesoftheanalyzedcoalitions,weaskedthemtoidentifysuccessesoftheseparticulartypesofpartnerships,aswellassomechallengesthatremainandsuggestionstoovercomethem.Acrosstheresponses,therewerecommonalitiesthatcouldbegenerallyapplicabletosimilar,futureendeavors.Successes
• Facilitationofthecontinuoussharingofinformation,materialsandexpertise• Thecreationandmaintenanceofastrongandvariednetworkofmultiplestakeholders
o Involvementofstakeholders,includingCivilSociety,iscriticaltosuccess.Initiativesaremoreaccuratelyinformedandgroundedinrealityandcontext.
• Creationofanopenspace/structurethatbringstogethervariedstakeholderswhomaynothavehadtheopportunitytodosootherwise.
• Successfullyfillingagapthathasnotbeenadequatelyaddressedbyexistinginternationalorganizationsorregionalbodies.
Challenges(andsuggestions)
• Structureo Membership
§ Tendencyforcoalitionstobeinitially(intentionally)informalwithapplication,commitmentandremovalprocesses.Itmaybeadvantageoustothinkabouttheseprocessesintheearlystages,asinformalstructurestendtoproducedifficultchallengesasthemembershipgrowsand/ordiversifies.
§ Couldalsobeadvantageoustodiscussmembershipcommitmentsintheearlystages:helpfultobeclearandintentionalwithidentifyingcommitmentsthatexpectedofmembers
• Stakeholderso Sustainability:toomanymembersmaymakethecoalitionunsustainable.Helpfulto
analyzewhichstakeholder(andCivilSociety)interactionmodelismostappropriateintheearlystages,andtobeintentionalofstakeholderexpectations,aswellashowtoeffectivelyoperationalizethechosenmodels.
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ExploringLessonsLearnedandRecommendationsforCreativeMultilateralism(US-ledreview)Whilestillinprocessatthetimeofthisreview,theMultilateralandGlobalAffairsDirectorate(MLGA)oftheUSDepartmentofState–DRLisworkingwiththeUniversityofDenverKorbelSchoolofInternationalStudiestoexamineseven“creativemultilateral/multistakeholderorganizations”(CMOs)withwhichtheUShasbeenactivelyengaged.DescribingtheseCMOsasorganizationsthat“tendtobeissue-specific,exhibitless-formalmembershipcriteriaandgovernancerules,anddeployflexibleandevolvingtacticstowardtheirobjectives”theinitiativewillexaminetheevolutionofdifferentCMOs,identifying“similaritiesanddivergencesinapproachesandresults,inordertoidentifybothCMO-specificandbroaderrecommendations."2ThisinitiativewilllookatsevenCMOsfocusedonhumanrights,democracy,andgoodgovernance,including:theVoluntaryPrinciples;CD;EITI;FOC;ICoCA;andthePublic-PrivateAllianceforResponsibleMineralsTrade(PPA).SummaryofFOCevaluationTheFreedomOnlineCoalitionrecentlycommissionedanindependentevaluationofitsworkandeffectivenessinfourareas:membership,governance&structure,efforts&activities,andfunding.Thefollowingisabriefoverviewofhighlightsfromthatevaluation,whichwasreleasedinMay2016.Thefullevaluation:“ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition”(Morgan,2016)canbeaccessedhere.ThefollowinginformationwasretrievedfromMorgan,S.ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition;AnnexB.20163(unlessotherwisenoted).
Methodology:Overview• ResearchconductedfromSeptember2015toJanuary2016• Twointerviewquestionnaires
o GovernmentCoalitionMemberso Allotherstakeholders
• Questionnairesaddressedfourkeyareas:membership,governance&structure,efforts&activities,andfunding
• 30totalinterviewsconductedfromthefollowing:o GovernmentCoalitionmemberso WorkingGroupmemberso CSOs
2 See DRL-MLGA’s terms of reference for the Creative Multilateralism: Lessons Learned and Recommendations initiative. 3 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.
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o Externalstakeholderso Industryrepresentativeso Academics
Findings:Overview
• ActivitiesandStakeholderInteractiono RespondentscitedthefollowingasCoalitionsuccesses
§ “Creationofaspaceforgovernmentcoordinationandengagement…withotherstakeholdersthroughWorkingGroups”
§ “QualityofthesubstanceanddiscussionintheWorkingGroups”§ “Openingupconversationsoncriticalsubjects”§ “Annualconferenceshavebeenheldinlocationsaroundtheworld,includingthe
globalsouth.”§ “Thedigitaldefenderspartnership”
o RespondentscitedthefollowingasCoalitionshortcomings§ “LackofclarityonwhattheCoalitionisandwhatitistryingtoachieve”§ “Thechallengeofpointingtotangibleresultsandsuccesses;theneedtocreate
clearermetricstomeasuresuccesses”§ “NeedforbetterexternalcommunicationabouttheCoalition’swork”§ “Poorseniorlevelgovernmentattendanceatthemostrecentconferences”
• BenefitsofMembershipo “Improveddiplomaticcoordinationandtheopportunitytoworkwithlike-minded
governmentpartnerstobreakthroughsomeofthetraditionaldiplomaticblocks.”o “Demonstratingtootherpartsoftheirowngovernmentsthatitispossibletowork
constructivelywithotherstakeholders,particularlycivilsociety”o “FacilitatingengagementwithotherpartsofgovernmentonInternetfreedomandits
connectednesswithotherissuessuchascybersecurityandnationalsecurity”o “RaisingthevisibilityoftheirgovernmentatinternationaleventssuchastheIGF”o “UsingtheCoalitionasavaluablevenuetotalkaboutsecurityandhumanrights
concerns”o “Facilitatingtheuseofdiplomaticchannelstoprogresstowardsthe2012HumanRights
Councilresolutionregardingthesamerightsapplyingonlinethatapplyoffline”o “Increasingknowledgewithingovernmentofrapidlyevolvingtechnologyandthe
potentialimplicationsforhumanrights.”• GeneralChallenges
o “Broadeningmembershipgeographically”o “Keepingmembersengagedandcommittedtoastrongsetofprinciples”
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o “CreatinggreaterclarityontheaddedvalueoftheFOCandwhatitistryingtoachieve”o “Theneedforsomekindofaccountabilitymechanismtoaddressinstancesinwhich
membergovernmentsarenotmeetingtheirInternetfreedomcommitments”o “Developingspecificindicatorsandmeasuresofsuccess”o “Ensuringthatthepeopleintheroomhavetheauthoritywithintheirgovernmentsto
makepolicy.”Recommendations:Overview
• “ClarifytheaimsandobjectivesoftheCoalition”• “IncreasethelegitimacyoftheCoalitionbyestablishingamechanismthroughwhich
stakeholderscanraiseconcernsabouttheactionsofamembergovernment”• “Instituteamechanismwherebymembers’performanceatmeetingtheircommitmentscanbe
periodicallyreviewed”• “EstablishmorestablefundingfortheCoalitionthroughtheintroductionofmulti-year
commitmentsandatieredfundingmodel”• “CreateaformallinkbetweentheworkinggroupsandtheFOC’sgovernanceinordertoensure
thatoutputsfromtheworkinggroupsareconsideredandrespondedtobytheFOC”• “ImprovetheCoalition’scommunication,clarifyingmembershipcriteriaandrenderingmore
transparent,totheextentpossible,itsdiplomaticinterventions.”
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Appendix: Existing Models
How does knowledge-sharing and work happen?
How do various actors and stakeholders (civil society, private donors, multilateral agencies, etc.) interface with the coalitions?
How are the groups resourced and led?
DetailedCoalitionInformation
TheinformationinthisappendixwasretrievedfromMorgan,S.ClarifyingGoals,RevitalizingMeans:AnIndependentEvaluationoftheFreedomOnlineCoalition;AnnexB.20164(unlessotherwisenoted).
EqualRightsCoalition(ERC):Government-Led5Launchingin2016Summary“Theexactstructureisstilltobedeveloped.TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionprovidesaninterestingperspective,butanysuggestionsonhowtostructurethecoalitionarewelcome.OneoptionisthatthecurrentworkinggroupsthathavebeenestablishedfortheMontevideoConferencewillcontinueunderthecoalition…membersoftheworkinggroupsaremorethanwelcometocomeupwithsuggestionsregardingthestructureandworkingmethodsofthecoalition.TheCoalitionintendstoholdasenior-levelconferenceatleastbiannually…andestablishinformalworkinggroupstosecurecontinuityandprovideaforumforregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,goingbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragingconcretecooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.”6GeneralStructureandLeadership“Theexactstructureisstilltobedeveloped.TheFreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC)providesaninterestingperspective,butanysuggestionsonhowtostructurethecoalitionarewelcome.OneoptionisthatthecurrentworkinggroupsthathavebeenestablishedfortheMontevideoConferencewillcontinueunderthecoalition.”7
4 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 5 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016. 6 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016. 7 Equal Rights Coalition: Factsheet. Internal document. June 2016.
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KeyActivities
o Knowledge-sharing§ “TheCoalitionwillshare,asappropriate,informationbetweenourStatesonhow
besttoadvancethehumanrightsofandsupportinclusivedevelopmentfor,LGBTIpersonsandtoconsidermeasuresneededtoprotectandadvancetheserightsworkingincloseengagementwithallrelevantstakeholders,includingotherStates,regionalandmultilateralorganizations,CSOs,andtheprivatesector.
o ConferencesandWorkingGroups§ TheCoalitionintendstoholdasenior-levelconferenceatleastbiannually…and
establishinformalworkinggroupstosecurecontinuityandprovideaforumforregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,goingbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragingconcretecooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.
§ Theconferencesandworkinggroupsareimportantforathroughwhichaccountabilityregardingourcommitmentswillbeensured,includingmutualexchangeonrecentprogressmadeamongcoalitionmembers.Civilsocietyinvolvementandparticipationwillbecrucialinthatregard.”
StakeholderInteraction
o Governments§ “AllgovernmentsthatwanttosubscribetotheFoundingPrinciplescanbecomea
memberofthecoalition”o Multilateralandregionalorganizations
§ “CoalitionMemberswillensuretoworkincloseengagementwithmultilateralandregionalorganizations.Iftheywish,theycouldbecomeobserversinthecoalition.”
o CivilSociety§ “Inthecontextofshrinkingspaceforcivilsociety,Coalitionmemberscommitto
consultingcloselywithcivilsocietyandactivelyengagingtheminourindividualandcombinedinternationalefforts.”
MembershipMembershipprocess:
o Governmentso “AllgovernmentsthatwanttosubscribetotheFoundingPrinciplescanbecomea
memberofthecoalition…theFoundingPrinciples…affirmthattherightsandfreedomsenshrinedininternationalhumanrightslaw,includingtheUniversalDeclaration,applyequallytoLGBTIpersons.Thisisequallyaffirmedinthe‘LeaveNoOneBehind’commitmentinthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.”
o Multilateralandregionalorganizationso “CoalitionMemberswillensuretoworkincloseengagementwithmultilateraland
regionalorganizations.Iftheywish,theycouldbecomeobserversinthecoalition.”o CivilSociety
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o “Civilsociety,particularlyLGBTIhumanrightsdefenders,arecrucialactorsintheefforttorealizeequalrightsforall.Inthecontextofshrinkingspaceforcivilsociety,Coalitionmemberscommittoconsultingcloselywithcivilsocietyandactivelyengagingtheminourindividualandcombinedinternationalefforts.”
Finances
o Noinformationisavailableonthisyet.
FreedomOnlineCoalition(FOC):Government-Led8Launchedin2011SummaryAcoalitionof30countries,launchedbyDutchForeignMinisterUriRosenthalatthefirstFOConferenceintheHague,theNetherlandsin2011.Thecoalitiongathers“informallyasgovernmentsandinconsultationwithotherstakeholdersatnumerousconferencesandintergovernmentalmeetingsrelevanttointernetfreedom…tocoordinateviewpoints,sharerelevantinformation,anddiscussstrategiestoadvanceanopeninternet.”9Thecoalitionholdsanannualmulti-stakeholderconference,hasacapacitybuildingelement(launchedtheDigitalDefendersPartnershipin2012),andthreeworkinggroupsthatcontinueworkbetweentheannualconference10:
• “AnInternetFreeandSecure”• “DigitalDevelopmentandOpenness”• “PrivacyandTransparencyOnline”
GeneralStructureandLeadershipGovernance
o HeadedbytheCoalitionChair(currentlyCostaRica)o Rotatesamongmemberstatesannuallyo Providesdiplomaticsupport,coordinatesoverallFOCactivitiesalongside
internationalconferenceso CoalitionChairisassistedby“FriendsoftheChair”
o Groupofmembers(8countries)o Thegroupprovidessupport,assistancewithdiplomaticworkandpreparationof
annualconference.o WorkingGroups
8 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/. 9 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/. Freedom Online: Joint Action for Free Expression on the Internet. Publication. February 2013. https://www.freedomonlinecoalition.com/about/documents-list/ 10 Freedom Online Coalition. https://www.freedomeonlinecoalition.com/.
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o Multi-stakeholdero 15-20membersworkingtowardpracticaloutcomesonkeyissuesofconcern.
Secretariato FOCSupportUnit
o Neutral,thirdpartyo ProvidesadministrativeandcoordinativeassistancetotheCoalitiono Alsoactsaspointofcontactforpublic
CurrentSecretariathost:GlobalPartnersDigital(London)KeyActivities&StakeholderInteraction
o WorkingGroups§ “Thegroupsactasamechanismformulti-stakeholderengagement,consistingof
15-20members,includingFOCgovernmentsandrepresentativesfromcivilsociety,academia,andtheprivatesector.Theworkinggroupsholdtwomainfunctions:
• SecurecontinuityandrelevanceofFOCengagementbyworkingcontinuouslythroughouttheyearandin-betweenphysicalFOCmeetings.
• Provideanavenueformulti-stakeholderengagementwithFOCgovernments.Byprovidingaforumofregularcommunicationwithotherstakeholders,thisengagementgoesbeyondmereinformationexchangeandencouragesconcreteandissuerelatedcooperationtocreatetangibleoutcomes.”
§ TheTORoftheWorkingGroupscanbeaccessedhere.o AnnualConferenceo Informalmeetings
§ “MembersoftheCoalitionregularlygatherinformallyasgovernmentsandinconsultationwithotherstakeholdersatnumerousconferencesandintergovernmentalmeetingsrelevanttoInternetfreedomaswellasinspecificcountries,tocoordinateviewpoints,sharerelevantinformation,anddiscussstrategiestoadvanceanopenInternetineachcontext.
§ Occasionally,theCoalitionalsoorganizesseparatesessionsandworkshopsininternationalforumsthemselvesinordertoinvitecooperationwithotherstatesandstakeholders.”
o DigitalDefendersPartnership§ “FoundedattheFreedomOnlineConferenceinKenyain2012,theDigital
DefendersPartnership(DDP)isagrantmakingmechanismthatprovidessupporttoorganizationsandindividualsworkinginthedigitalemergencyfield.”
§ Moreinfohereo JointActivities
§ “TheFreedomOnlineCoalitionoffersitsmembersaninformaldiplomaticspacetoshareinformationandconcernsaboutcurrentdevelopmentsthatthreatentocompromiseInternetfreedomaroundtheworld.
§ ThisfastanddirectinformationsharingallowstheCoalitiontoreactquicklyto
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recentdevelopmentsanddeliberatetheminaninformalsettingamonggovernmentswhoaregovernedbythesameprinciplesofInternetFreedom.
Inmanycases,thisallowstheCoalitiontoreacttogetherbyissuingJointStatementsandpressreleases,representingtheviewsofeitherthewholeCoalitionorspecificmembers.”MembershipApplicationprocess:
o SendapplicationtotheChairCountryandFounderoftheCoalitiono Alternatively,expressionsofinterestandformalapplicationscanbesenttotheSupportUnit
(Secretariat).o Contactviacontactformonwebsiteoremail
o Membersareassessedontheironlinehumanrightsdomesticrecord,votingrecordininternationalfora,andforeignpolicy.
Membershipcommitments:“Onceagovernmenthasjoined,thereisarequirementtoupholdthefoundingprinciples,butthereisnomechanismofenforcement.”Removalprocess:Thereisnocurrent,formalstructureofmembershipsuspensionorremoval.InarecentindependentevaluationoftheFOC,therewas“remarkableconsensusamongrespondentsthatthereoughttobeamechanismtoeithersuspendorremovemembers.”Finances
o Fundingstreamo Voluntarycontributionsfrommembergovernmentso “Industry”forspecificactivities(conference,travelsupportforCSOs)
Noavailable/accessibleinfoonbudget.CommunityofDemocracies(CD):Government-Led11Launchedin2000SummaryAgovernment-onlycoalitionof106countries,theCDbuildsonthe2010WarsawDeclarationandseekstoprovide“ongoingsupporttocountriesthatarelaunching-orcontinuing-theirdemocraticjourney.Activitiesrangefromknowledgetransferthroughforumsthatsharebestpracticeswithelectedofficials,politicalcandidatesandcivicactiviststointensivementorshipprograms.”12
11 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. 12 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure. Revised February 2016. http://www.community-democracies.org/The-Community-of-Democracies/Our-Community/Boilerplate-about-the-Community
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Thecoalitionhostsabiennialministerialconference,partnerswiththeUNSpecialRapporteuronFreedomofAssociation,hasapeerinformationexchangenetwork(LeadersEngagedinNewDemocraciesorLEND),andsixworkinggroupstocontinueeffortsbetweenconferences13:
• EnablingandProtectingCivilSociety• EducationforDemocracy• PromotingFreedomofOpinionandExpression• Elections• WomenandDemocracy• CommunityofDemocraciesGovernanceandEffectiveness
GeneralStructureandLeadership
• Government-onlycoalition,Government-led• 106governments• Involvesworkofcivilsociety,publicandprivatesector
Governance
• SecretaryGeneral• “AnExecutiveCommitteeassiststhePresidencywhichrotatesbetweenmembersofthe
GoverningCouncileverytwoyears.”14• GoverningCouncil:28Countries• InternationalSteeringCommittee
o “Includes28representativesofcivilsocietywhoprovideongoingcounseltotheGoverningCouncilandentireCD.Itdevelopsstrategiesandactivitiestopromotecivicspace,evaluatesCDactivities,proposesareasforconsideration,andexpressestheviewsofcivilsocietyduringGoverningCouncildeliberations.”15
• AcademicAdvisoryBoardo “Panelofexpertsconsistingofdistinguishedprofessorsandresearchersinthefields
ofdemocratization,comparativepolitics,law,governance,civilsocietyandhumanrights.ThemembersprovideexpertisetothevariousbodiesoftheCD,producepolicypapersandplayacriticalroleinorganizingeducationalworkshops.”16
13 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. 14 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 15 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure. 16 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure.
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Secretariat
• Permanent,7plustheSecretaryGeneral• Host:Warsaw,Poland• LiaisonOffice:UNGeneva
KeyActivities
o Workinggroups.§ EnablingandProtectingCivilSociety§ EducationforDemocracy§ PromotingFreedomofOpinionandExpression§ Elections§ WomenandDemocracy§ CommunityofDemocraciesGovernanceandEffectiveness
o Country-specificinitiatives.o Ministerialconferenceso Capacitybuildingworkwithcivilsociety.o TheLeadersEngagedinNewDemocracies(LEND)Network
§ “Apeer-to-peerhub;aglobalforumforexchanginginformationandexpertiseondemocratizationandbuildingstrongandaccountabledemocraticinstitutions.”17
StakeholderInteractiono Governments
§ Keyactivities(describedabove)§ GoverningCouncil(describedinmembership)
o CivilSociety§ InternationalSteeringCommittee
• “Includes28representativesofcivilsocietywhoprovideongoingcounseltotheGoverningCouncilandentireCD.Itdevelopsstrategiesandactivitiestopromotecivicspace,evaluatesCDactivities,proposesareasforconsideration,andexpressestheviewsofcivilsocietyduringGoverningCouncildeliberations.”
o OtherStakeholders§ AcademicAdvisoryBoard
• “Panelofexpertsconsistingofdistinguishedprofessorsandresearchersinthefieldsofdemocratization,comparativepolitics,law,governance,civilsocietyandhumanrights.ThemembersprovideexpertisetothevariousbodiesoftheCD,producepolicypapersandplayacriticalroleinorganizingeducationalworkshops.”
17 Community of Democracies. http://www.community-democracies.org/. Strengthening Democracy. Brochure.
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MembershipApplicationprocess:
• Prospectivemembersevaluatedonthefollowing:o Supportforemergingandtransitionaldemocracieso ParticipationintheUNDemocracyCaucuso Designationofaseniorofficialtoactasthepointofcontacto PotentialtoprovidetangiblecontributionsthatwillstrengthentheCD
Membershipcommitments:
• Memberscommittothe19coredemocraticprinciplesintheWarsawDeclarationof2000.Removalprocess:
• Membershipcanberevokedfor“unconstitutionalinterruption”or“deviationfromthedemocraticprocess.”
• GoverningCouncilremovesamemberbyconsensusFinancesThereisnoreadilyavailable/accessibleinformationonfundingstream,revenueorbudget.EqualFuturesPartnership(EFP):Government-Led1819Launchedin2012SummaryAgovernment-led,multilateralinitiativethatencouragesmembercountriestofocusontheeconomicandpoliticalempowermentofwomen.ThePartnershipincludes28countriesandtheEuropeanUnion,partnerswithprivatesector,non-profitandmultilateralinstitutions,andhasanadvisorysubcommitteeledbycivilsocietyandprivatesectorpartners.20ThePartnershipworkswith“keystakeholdersintheircountries,includingcivilsociety,toidentifypolicyandprogrampriorities”andsets“achievablegoalsascommitmentswithinthePartnership,exchangesbestpracticesandlessonslearned,andreportsonprogress.”21EFPishostingitssecondhigh-levelEqualFuturesmeetinginSeptember2016.Itisunclearhowoftenthepartnershipmeetsinanofficialcapacity.
18 US State Department. http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/equalfutures/index.htm Equal Futures Partnership. 19 Phone interview. EFP Representative. 07 July 2016. 20 US Department of State. http://www.state.gov/s/gwi/equalfutures/index.htm. Equal Futures Partnership. Updated 2016. 21 US Embassy. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2014/09/20140922308745.html#axzz4CQIGwEC9. Facts on Equal Futures Partnership for Women’s Participation. September 2014.
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GeneralStructureandLeadershipo Establishednewstructurein2015o LedbySteeringCommittee,6members
o Setsstrategicvisiono Memberoutreacho Consistsofpastchair,currentchair,andfuturechair,aswellasrepresentativesfrom
regionalsubcommitteeso Regionalsubcommittees
o Asia&Pacificislandso Europeo MiddleEastandNorthAfricao LatinAmericao Africa
o SupportUnito Supportssteeringcommittee,managesadvisorycommittee,managesandmaintains
websiteo Consistsoftwomembers
§ Rotatingchair(positionrotatesbetweenCapitals)§ Supportofficer(positionalsorotatesbetweenCapitals,usuallyanofficer
withinarelevantinstitutionofamemberState)o AdvisorySubcommittee
§ RepresentativesfromNGOs,academia,andsubjectmatterexpertsareinvitedtoparticipate.Thesubcommitteefocusesonassistingthesteeringcommitteeandlargerpartnershipinsettingagendas,sharingmaterialsandinformationwithpartnershipmembers,promotingpartnershipactivitiesandinitiatives,providingmutualsupportthroughjointactions.
§ SubcommitteeisorganizedandmanagedbythePartnership’sSupportUnitKeyActivities
o “EqualFuturespartnercountriescommittotakingactions--includinglegal,regulatory,andpolicyreforms---toensurewomenfullyparticipateinpubliclifeatthelocal,regional,andnationallevels,andthatwomenleadandbenefitfrominclusiveeconomicgrowth.
o Member“Pairing”§ Structuralcooperationbetweentwocountriesthatarefocusingonthe
same/similarclusterofissues.Thisparticulartypeofcooperationcaninvolveknowledge-sharingandtheexchangeofexpertsandmaterialsrelatedtotheissue.Thesetypeofexchangesaideandstrengtheneachgovernmentintheircountry-levelcommitment/initiative.
§ Example:USAandMexicohavebeenpairedtofocusonsurvivorsofsexual-basedviolenceandtheireconomicempowerment.Theyexchangeexpertsandinformationonthisissue.Thisisusuallydonethroughinstitutions(i.e.theDOJintheUSA).
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§ Theaboveexamplehasproventobebeneficial.Sincegovernmentmembersarerequiredtoincludeallrelevantstakeholdersinthedesignandpursuitoftheircommitments,thesetypesofactivitiescreateanetworkandestablishrelationshipswithmultiplestakeholderswithinstitutionsbothwithinandbetweenthe“paired”countries.(forexample,DOJisnowconnectedwithavarietyofstakeholdersinMexico)
§ Membercountriesshowaninterestinpairingacrossregionsaswell,aslongastheyhaveacommongoalorsetofgoalstoworktowards.
o EmphasisonNetworkBuilding§ Movingawayfrommeetingsthatfocussolelyoncraftingdeclarationsthatstate
what“shouldbe”done.§ Encouragingmembersinallregionsoftheworldtobuildnetworkswitheach
otherandallrelevantstakeholderstodevelopandstrengthentheiridentifiedinitiativesandcommitments.
o CurrentlyexploringopportunitytodraftajointstatementStakeholderInteraction
o Workingcloselywithkeystakeholderstoidentifypolicyandprogrampriorities,EqualFuturesmemberssetachievablegoalsascommitmentswithinthePartnershipandreportonprogress.Membersexchangebestpracticesandlessonslearnedinaflexibleandagileframework.Keymultilateralstakeholders,suchasUNWomenandtheWorldBank,aswellasleadingbusinessesandnon-profitinstitutions,alsosupporttheworkofEqualFutures.”
o AdvisorySubcommittee§ RepresentativesfromNGOs,academia,andsubjectmatterexpertsareinvitedto
participate.Thesubcommitteefocusesonassistingthesteeringcommitteeandlargerpartnershipinsettingagendas,sharingmaterialsandinformationwithpartnershipmembers,promotingpartnershipactivitiesandinitiatives,providingmutualsupportthroughjointactions.
§ SubcommitteeisorganizedandmanagedbythePartnership’sSupportUnit(explainedinstructure)
o MainavenueforCivilSocietyisthroughcountry-levelgovernmentinstitutions(ForeignAffairsoffice,DOJ,etc.)thatareworkingtowardsthecommitmentsidentifiedbythegovernmentmember.
§ Sincegovernmentmembersarerequiredtoinvolvecivilsocietyandallrelevantstakeholdersintheirworktowardstheircommitments,CSOscanworkinpartnershipwiththerelevantcountry-levelinstitutionstohelpachievethesecommitments.
Membership
o Currently29countriesandtheEUo Grewfrominitial12foundingcountries.
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Applicationprocess:o Governmentrepresentativesandotherinterestedstakeholderssendanemailtoinquirefor
moreinformation.o Governmentsinterestedinjoiningsubmitsaletterofintent.Lettermuststatetheirreasons
forwantingtojoin,theirgoals,andtheirwillingnesstoparticipatewithstakeholdersandothermembers.
Membershipcommitments:
• Eachmembermustdefineasetofcommitments,constructedwithallrelevantstakeholdersatthenationallevel(orEUlevel,inthecaseoftheEU)
o Mustbefirmsetofobjectivesthataremeasurableinprogress.Objectivescanfocusontheboththepoliticalandeconomicempowermentofwomen,ortheycanfocus/elaboratemoreononeissuethantheother.Itdependsonthecountry,andeachcountrygetstodecidewhatismostprevalenttothem.
o Musthaveclearagendaformid-termperiod.o Mustparticipateinthemeetingsandactivitiesthey’reorganizing.
Removalprocess:• Noformalremovalprocess.• SteeringCommitteeiscurrentlyexploringpossibilitiesrelatedtoamechanismforremoval.
Finances
o SupportUnitOfficerisfundedthroughtheOfficer’sCapital.Consideredan“in-kind”contributiontothePartnership.
o Usually,theGovernment(s)chairingtheSupportUnitisresponsibleforitsfinancialmaintenance.Asthisisarotatingrole,theresponsibilityshiftsfromyear-to-year.
o Meetingsareusuallyscheduledinproximitytolarge,relevantevents/fora(CSW,UNGA,etc.)sincemostGovernmentmemberswillbeinthesamelocation.Thisisamodelthemembershipissatisfiedwith-itisalsoeconomicallybeneficial(lesstravel,lessscheduling,etc.)
Ifmeetingstakeplaceoutsiderelevantevents/fora,eachmemberisresponsiblefortheirowntravelcosts.ExtractivesIndustryTransparencyInitiative(EITI):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2003SummaryAmulti-stakeholdercoalitionconsistingof51countries,industryandinstitutionalinvestors,privatesector,andcivilsocietyfocusedonincreasingaccountabilityandtransparencyonthegovernanceofnaturalresources,suchasgas,oil,metalsandminerals.
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Eachcountryestablishesamulti-stakeholdercoalition(government,industryandcivilsociety)thatisoverseenbytheEITIInternationalBoard.ThenationalcoalitiondecideshowtoeffectivelyimplementtheEITIstandardsintheircountry.Then,keyinformationandrecommendationsarereportedandwidelysharedforpublicdebateandrecommendations.22GeneralStructureandLeadership
• Multi-stakeholder• 51countries,industryandinstitutionalinvestors,privatesector,andcivilsociety
Governance• GoverningBoardof20,includingBoardChair• Boardhasrepresentativesfromgovernments,CSOs,companies,andinvestors• “EachBoardmemberexcepttheChairisinvitedtohaveanalternate,whoiswelcometo
observeBoardmeetingsanddeputizeforthemember.”23• Boardmeets2-3timesperyear
o Boardhas7committees,reestablishedevery2-3yearso Committees:Audit,Finance,GovernanceandOversight,Implementation,Outreach
andCandidature,RapidResponse,Validation• All-memberconferenceevery3years
Secretariat• Permanent,24members• Host:Oslo,Norway• “Rolespecificallyincludes:outreachandadvocacy,communicatingandsharinglessons
learnedwithstakeholders,providingtechnicaladvice,oversightofthevalidationprocessandhighlightingresultsincountries”.24
• Alsoorganizestheall-memberconferenceandBoardmeetingsevery2-3years.KeyActivities
o ImplementingtheEITIstandards.§ Trainingandcapacitybuilding§ Highlightingandsharingtheworkofimplementingcountries§ Consideringnewapplications§ RaisingawarenessoftheEITIstandards.§ Countryreportswidelysharedforpublicdebateandrecommendations
StakeholderInteraction
o Governments,CSOs,companies,andinvestorssiton“GoverningBoard”.Thereare20Boardmembers.
o Governments,CSOs,companies,andinvestorsareinWorkingGroups.Thereare7WG.Anall-memberconferencehappensevery3years. 22 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Who are we and How we work. Last updated 2016. 23 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Last updated 2016. 24 EITI. https://beta.eiti.org/about/who-we-are. Last updated 2016.
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MembershipApplicationprocess:
• Governmentscanbe:o ImplementingCountry(appliestobeEITImember,isconsideredacandidateuntil
evaluationandsuccessfulvalidationofimplementingtheEITIstandardsafter2.5years.CandidateCountrybecomesCompliantCountryandiscontinuallyevaluated)
o Supporting(Provide“political,technicalandfinancialsupport”.Multiplemethodstojoininglistedontheirwebsite:https://beta.eiti.org/supporters/countries)
• “Companies,investorsandNGOsindicatetheirinterestinjoiningtheEITI,tosupporttheimplementationoftheEITIstandardsandconsideravoluntaryfinancialcontribution.”25
Membershipcommitments:
o ImplementingcountriescommittotheEITIstandards.o Supportingcountriesandstakeholdersprovidecommitmentsinavarietyofways.Theseare
listedonthewebsite:https://beta.eiti.org/supportersRemovalprocess:
o Countrycanbesuspendedwheno Thecountryhasnotmadeanyimportantprogresso ThesituationinthecountrydoesnotallowtheEITIprocesstomoveahead,suchasin
thecaseofpoliticalconflict.o ThecountrymanifestlybreachestheEITIPrinciplesandRequirements.o Thegovernmentofasuspendedcountrymayapplytohavethesuspensionliftedat
anytime.o Countrycanbedelistedfromtheimplementingcountrystatuswhen
o IthasbeensuspendedandhasnotaddressedthecorrectivemattersasidentifiedbytheBoard.
o Ithasn'tmadeenoughprogressinimplementingtheStandardwithintherequiredtimeframe.
o IfitmanifestlyfailstoadheretoasignificantaspecttotheEITIPrinciplesandRequirements.
AdelistedcountrymayreapplyforreadmissionasanEITIcandidateatanytime.Finances
o Themajorityoffunding(62%in2014)26comesfrom
25 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 26 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.
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o Governmentso Developmentagencies
o Additionalfundingcomesfromcompanieso 2014Revenue:$5millionUSD
InternationalCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProvidersAssociation(ICOCA):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2010SummaryAmulti-stakeholderorganizationconsistingofgovernments,privatesector,andcivilsocietyorganizationsfocusedon“promoting,governing,andoverseeingtheprovisionofsecurityservicesandrespectforhumanrightsandnationalandinternationallawinaccordancewiththeCodeofConductonPrivateSecurityServiceProviders.”27TheorganizationisestablishedasaSwissnon-profitassociation.ThemandateoftheICOCAfocusesonthreemainactivities:Certificationofmembers(“assessingwhetheracompany’ssystemsandpoliciesmeettheCode”),Reporting,monitoringandassessingmemberperformance(compliancewiththecode),andHandlingcomplaints(investigatingallegedviolationsofthecode).28GeneralStructureandLeadership
• 6governments,16CSOs,overmorethan100privatesecuritycompanies29Governance
• BoardofDirectorso 12memberso Equalstakeholderrepresentation
• GeneralAssemblyo Allmemberso GAmeetinghappensatleastonceperyear
Secretariat
• Permanent,5members• OperatesundersupervisionofanExecutiveDirector,appointedbyBoardofDirectors• “Secretariat…responsibleformaintainingrecordsnecessaryfortheongoinggovernanceof
theAssociation[including,butnotlimitedto]:rules,bylaws,recordsofvotes,anyotherrecordsofgovernance”30
27 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/en/icoc-association. The ICOCA Association. Last updated 2016. 28 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/en/mandate. Mandate. Last updated 2016. 29 According to http://icoca.ch/en/membership site as of July 8, 2016. 30 ICOCA. http://www.icoca.ch/
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KeyActivitieso Promotes,governs,andoverseestheICOCAcode.Focusesonthefollowingactivities
for/onitsmembercompanies:§ Certification(compliancewiththeICOCAcode)§ Reporting,monitoringandassessingprogressandcompliance§ Handlingcomplaintsandpotentialcodeviolations
StakeholderInteraction
o Governments,CSOs,andprivatesecuritycompaniesshareequalrepresentationontheBoardofDirectors.Thereare12members.
AllmembersparticipateintheGeneralAssembly.Thishappensatleastonceperyear.MembershipApplicationprocess(fulldetailshere):
o ApplicationsaresubmittedtotheSecretariat,reviewedbytheBoard.TheBoardistheprimarydecisionmakeronmembership.
o Alternatively,privatesecuritycompanies(PSCs),CSOsandgovernmentscanapplytobean“observermember.”Applicationssubmittedtosecretariat,membersarechosenbytheBoard.
Membershipcommitments:
o Membershipdividedintothreecategories:o PrivateSecurityCompanieso CivilSocietyOrganizationso Governments
o CommitmentsaremadetotheICOCACodeofConduct.o Certificationisreceiveduponevaluationandcompliancewiththecode.o Mustadheretoongoing,independentmonitoringandevaluation.
Removalprocess:
o Complaintscanberaisedagainstmembers.o ComplaintsreviewedbyBoard-memberscanbesuspendediftheBoardfindstheyhave
violatedthecode.MoreinformationcanbefoundintheTORFinances
o MajorityoffundingisprovidedbyICOCAmembersthrough:o Industrymemberdueso Applicationfee(one-timefeeforjoining)
o Governmentcontributionsarevoluntaryo In-kindcontributionsprovidedbytheGovernmentofSwitzerlandandGenevaCentreforthe
DemocraticControlofArmedForces(DCAF)
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o 2016budget:$1.1millionUSDOpenGovernmentPartnership(OGP)-Government-Led31Launchedin2011SummaryPrimarilyagovernment-ledpartnershipconsistingof69participatingcountries,OGPincludescivilsocietyorganizationsintwoways:aninternationalsteeringcommitteeofequalgovernmentandcivilsocietyrepresentation,andtheIndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeamthatworksto“broaden,strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”32ThePartnershipfocusesonpromotingmoreaccountableandtransparentgovernmentsthatareresponsivetoitscitizensby“ensuringopengovernmentpolicydebates…supportinglocalreformers,fosteringengagementwithawiderrangeofstakeholdersandholdingcountriesaccountablefortheprogresstheyaremaking.”33GeneralStructureandLeadership
• Government-led,multilateralinitiativeo InvolvesCSOsandmultilateralagenciesinitsworko IncludesCSOsintwoways:
§ Internationalsteeringcommittee§ IndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeamthatworksto“broaden,
strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”34
Governance• Internationalsteeringcommittee
o 22members(11government,11civilsociety)o 4co-chairs(2government,2civilSociety)o 2OGPambassadorso Meetsatleast3timesperyear,includingonceatMinisteriallevel
Secretariat• Permanent,14members• Alsoidentifiedasthe“OGPSupportUnit”
31 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/about. Brochure. 2015. 32 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Last updated 2016. 33 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 34 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Last updated 2016.
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• “Designsandimplementsthecoreprogramofwork…alsooverseesrelationshipswithmultilateralpartnersandfundersandprovidesstrategicadministrativeassistancetotheSteeringCommitteeandthebroaderpartnership.”35
KeyActivities
o EachMemberCountryidentifiesspecifictransparency,accountability,andpublicparticipationcommitmentsintoaNationalActionPlan(NAP)
o Peerexchangeandworkinggroups§ Thegoal:“todevelopanactiveandmutuallysupportivecommunityofreformers
fromaroundtheworld,engagedinspecificthematicareasandexperiencingsimilarchallenges.”
o OpenGovernmentAwards§ Thegoal:“awardsaregiventoreformersfromgovernmentandcivilsociety
organizationswhohaveledopengovernmentinitiativesresultinginrealandsustainablechangeinpeople’slives.”
StakeholderInteraction
o GovernmentsandCSOsshareequalrepresentationonthe“InternationalSteeringCommittee”.Theymeetatleast3timesperyear,includingonceattheministeriallevel.
CSOsadditionallyleadthe“IndependentCivilSocietyEngagementTeam”thatworksto“broaden,strengthenandengageastrongcivilsocietynetworktoparticipateinOGP,particularlyatthenationallevel.”MembershipApplicationprocess:
o GovernmentsmustmeetOGPeligibilitycriteria:§ FiscalTransparency§ AccesstoInformation§ PublicOfficialsAssetDisclosure§ CitizenEngagement
o Ifeligibilityismet,aLetterofIntentmustbesenttotheOGPSteeringCommittee.Mustbesignedby“seniorpoliticalleader”andincludecommitmenttoOGPprinciplesandIndependentReportingMechanism
o AMinistrybustbeidentifiedasthe“lead”indevelopingaNationalActionPlano CSOs
o Noofficialprocedureforjoining.ThebrochurelistsseveralwaysthatCSOcanparticipate.Theyinclude:
§ HelpingagovernmentachieveOGPeligibilityandmembership§ Co-creatingNationalActionPlans§ AssistingImplementation§ AssessingPerformance
35 OGP. http://www.opengovpartnership.org/. Informational Brochure.
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§ ContributingtolearningMembershipcommitments:
o CommitmenttotheOpenGovernmentDeclarationof2011o DevelopmentofNationalActionplanwithmulti-stakeholder/publicconsultationo Commitmenttoongoingindependentevaluationonprogress
Removalprocess:
o “OGPhasadoptedaResponsePolicytoenableconcernsaboutmemberstoberaised.Responsestoissuesraisedaremadepublicthroughtheirwebsite.Membersarealsorequiredtoproduceaself-assessmentreport,whichisalsomadepublic.”36
Finances
o Fundingcomesfromo Philanthropicfoundationsthroughmultiyeargrantso Bilateralaidagencieso Annualcontributionsofallparticipatingmembergovernments
o 2014revenue:$4.5millionUSD
VoluntaryPrinciplesonSecurityandHumanRights(VoluntaryPrinciples):Multi-StakeholderLaunchedin2000SummaryAmulti-stakeholdermodelpartnershipthatincludesgovernments,companiesandNGOsinvolvedintheextractivesindustry(oil,mining,andgascompanies).TheVoluntaryPrinciplesarea“setofprinciplesdesignedtoguidecompaniesinmaintainingthesafetyandsecurityoftheiroperationswithinanoperatingframeworkthatencouragesrespectforhumanrights”37Thepartnershippursuesitsmissionthrough“mutuallearning,bestpracticesharingandjointproblemsolvingwithdifferentstakeholders.”Additionally,thereisanannualplenarymeetingformembers,aswellasarequiredannualreporteachmembermustsubmitdetailingtheirprogressonimplementationoftheprinciples.38
36 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/. 37 Voluntary Principles. http://www.voluntaryprinciples.org/. Last updated 2016. 38 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.
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GeneralStructureandLeadership• Multi-stakeholdermodel,includesgovernments,companiesandNGOsinvolvedinthe
extractivesindustry(oil,mining,andgascompanies).Governance
• Primarydecision-makingmechanism:thePlenary• Primaryexecutivebody:SteeringCommittee• FinancialandadministrativeissuesarehandledbytheVoluntaryPrinciplesAssociation
Secretariat• ProvidedbyFoleyHoag,lawfirmbasedinWashington,DC
KeyActivitiesandStakeholderInteraction
o Annualplenarymeeting§ Emphasisofworkisengagingmultiplestakeholdersinknowledge-sharingand
problemsolving.o EachmemberoftheVoluntaryPrinciplessubmitsanannualreportthatillustratestheir
progresstowardsimplementationoftheprinciples.MembershipApplicationprocess:
o ApplicationsaresubmittedtotheSecretariat.o Theprocessforgovernmentscanbefoundhereo Theprocessforcompaniescanbefoundhereo TheprocessforNGOscanbefoundhere
o TheSteeringCommitteeistheprimarydecision-makeronmembership.
Membershipcommitments:o MembersmustadheretoTheVoluntaryPrinciples.Theycanbeaccessedhere
Removalprocess:
o “Agovernment’sstatusintheVoluntaryPrincipleswillbereviewedifthereisconsensusinoneconstituencythatthegovernmentiscommittinggenocide,widespreadorsystematicwarcrimesorcrimesagainsthumanity.”39
o NGOsmustre-applyeveryyeartocontinueinvolvement.o Thereisnodefinedprocessforcompanies.
Finances
o Fundingcomesfromo Governmentso Corporatemembers
39 Morgan, S. Clarifying Goals, Revitalizing Means: An Independent Evaluation of the Freedom Online Coalition; Annex B. 2016. http://www.global.asc.upenn.edu/publications/clarifying-goals-revitalizing-means-an-independent-evaluation-of-the-freedom-online-coalition/.
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Noinformationonrevenueorbudget.InternationalForumonSOGIE(Kenya)40Launchedin2014SummaryMainlygovernment-led,thisinformalpartnershipevolvedfromaHumanRightsDefendersWorkingGroupinitiativefocusedonhelpinglocalembassiesimplementEUguidelinesonHumanRightsDefendersandSOGI.AlthoughthepartnershipevolvedfromanEUrelatedinitiative,itnowincludestheUSA,Canada,Brazil,Mexico,andAustralia.Additionally,thepartnershiphasgrowntoincludedonors,CivilSociety,andKenya-basedSOGIorganizations.Membersofthepartnershipmeetbi-monthlyinKenyatodiscussandrespondtocurrenteventsrelatedtoSOGIhumanrightsinthecountryandsurroundingregion.GeneralStructureandLeadership
• Government-ledbutinvolvesmultiplestakeholdersinitswork• Noformalstructure,leadershiporSecretariat/SupportUnit.
KeyActivitiesandStakeholderInteraction
o TheAgendaismostlyinformedbythecontextofwhatishappeningrelatedtoSOGIhumanrightsinKenyaandsurroundingstructure.Thereisinformalinformation-sharinganddiscussionsthatoccur.
o Primaryissues:§ Safety§ Development§ Consultationsonprojectedcountry-levelinterventions
o ThePartnershiphassmallWorkingGroups(about4)thatfocusondifferentissues(litigation,safety&protection,etc.).
o Stakeholderscanparticipateintheworkinggroupsandlargerbi-monthlymeetings,oncetheirmembershipisapproved.
MembershipApplicationprocess:
• Recommendationbased.Mustbeapprovedbygeneralmembership,usuallyatbi-monthlymeeting.
o Membersofthepartnershipwillpresentanewmemberwhoisinterestedinjoiningtothelargergroup.Thelargergroupthenstatesanyobjectionsanddecidesifthey
40 Phone interview with SOGI Partnership Representative. 06 July 2016.
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canbeapart.o CivilSocietyapplicantsmustbeconnectedtooneoftheCivilSocietygroupmembers
(forexample,oneofthetwomainSOGIorgsinKenyaorIGLHRCandbeintroduced/recommendedbythem.)Additionally,aCSO/NGOcanbeconsideredtojoinwithoutadirectconnectiontothegroupifthey’reseenasbringingaconstituencythathasbeenleftbehind.
Membershipcommitments:
• Thereisgeneralagreementamongmembersregardingsafetyofinformationthatissharedanddiscussed–otherthanthattherearenoformalcommitments.
RemovalprocessThereisnoformalprocessforremovalofmembers.Finances
• Mostlyfundedbytwogovernmentmembers.Noformalfundingstructure/process.• Therewasacallmadetofundthisinitiative/partnership.Mostlygovernmentsresponded,
butdonorsandcivilsocietyalsoresponded.Theyputmoneyintoapooledfundwhichisusedforbothoverhead(whichhasminimalcosts)andprograms.