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International Journal of


& Processing

JAN - JUNE 2016

IJCEP

e-ISSN: 2455-5576

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Associate Manager

ChairmanMr. Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director,JournalsPub,

New Delhi

Hidam Renubala

Ankita Singh

Akanksha Marwah

Deepika Bhadauria

Commissioning Editors

Priyanka Garg

Chhavi Goel

Shrawani Verma

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Alexander RussellMechanical Process Engineering, University of

Magdeburg, Germany.

Dr. Animes K GolderDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Indian Institute of Technology, Assam, India.

Dr. Asif MahmoodDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Prof. Ateeq Rahman Department of Chemistry, Bindura University

of Science Education, Bindura, Zimbabwe.

Dr. Bharat ModheraDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, India.

Prof. C. M. NarayananDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India.

Dr. Chandi Charan MalakarDepartment of Chemistry, National Institute of

Technology, Imphal, India.

Prof. Chang-Yu SunChina University of Petroleum, Beijing,

China.

Dr. Dharam PalDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Raipur, India.

Dr. Didik PrasetyokoDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of

Mathematics and Sciences, ITS, Surabaya, Indonesia.

Dr. M. Jhansi L. KishoreDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Institute of Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, India.

Dr. Mohamed AbasharDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

College of Engineering, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Dr. Nagamalleswara Rao KanidarapuBapatla Engineering College (Autonomous),

Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Dr. Nanda Gopal SahooDepartment of Chemistry, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Centre D. S. B. Campus,Kumaun University, Uttarakhand, India.

Dr. P. A. PawarDepartment of Chemical Technology,

Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, India.

Prof. Radha DasDepartment of Chemical Engineering,West Bengal University of Technology,

India.

Dr. Rajendrasinh JadejaDepartment of Chemistry,

The M.S. University of Baroda, Vadodara, India.

Saeed SoltanaliResearch Institute of Petroleum Industry

(RIPI), Iran.

Mr. Sanjay L BhagatPravara Rural Engineering College,

Maharashtra, India.

Dr. Shi-Peng SunNational University of Singapore,

Singapore.

EDITORIAL BOARD MEMBERS

Dr. Shivkumar RanganathanR & D (Battery), Su-Kam Power Systems

Limited, Apparel Park Cum Industrial Area, Himachal Pradesh, India.

Dr. Soumitra Kumar ChoudhuriDepartment of In Vitro Carcinogenesis,Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute,

Calcutta, India.

Dr. Srinivasan AnandanCenter for Nano-materials, International Advanced Research Centre for Powder

Metallurgy & New Materials (ARCI), Bolapur, Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Stoyan Novakov NedeltchevHelmholtz Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf

Institute of Fluid Dynamics,Germany.

Dr. Suryya K RanaDungarpur College of Engineering &

Technology, India.

Dr. Suyogkumar V. TaralkarChemical Engineering Department,

MIT Academy of Engineering, Pune, India.

Dr. T. K. RadhakrishnanDepartment of Chemical Engineering, National

Institute of Technology, iruchirappalli, India.

Dr. V. Venkata Basava RaoFaculty of Technology, Principal Investigator for Centre of Excellence TEQIP Coordinator,

University College of Technology (A),Osmania University Hyderabad, India.

Dr. Vangalapati MeenaDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

A. U. C. E (A), Andhra University, Andhra Pradesh, India.

Prof. Velluru SrideviDepartment of Chemical Engineering,A. U. College of Engineering, Andhra

University, India.

Dr. Vijaya Kumar BulasaraDepartment of Chemical Engineering,

Thapar University, Patiala, India.

Dr. Vipan Kumar SohpalDepartment of Chemical Engineering &

Biotechnology, Beant College of Engineering & Technology, Punjab, India.

Dr Wenming YangNational University of Singapore,

Singapore.

Dr. Zhi ShangLouisiana State University,

United States.

From the Editor's Desk

Dear Readers,

We would like to present, with great pleasure, the inaugural volume of a new scholarly

journal, International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing. This journal is part

of the Applied Sciences, and is devoted to the scope of present Chemical Engineering

issues, from theoretical aspects to application-dependent studies and the validation of emerging

technologies.

This new journal was planned and established to represent the growing needs of Chemical Engineering &

Processing as an emerging and increasingly vital field, now widely recognized as an integral part of

scientific and technical investigations. Its mission is to become a voice of the Chemical Engineering

community, addressing researchers and practitioners in this area.

The core vision of International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing in JournalsPub is to

propagate novel awareness and know-how for the profit of mankind ranging from the academic and

professional research societies to industry practitioners in a range of topics in Chemical Engineering &

Processing in general. JournalsPub acts as a pathfinder for the scientific community to publish their papers

at excellently, well-time & successfully.

International Journal of Chemical Engineering & Processing focuses on original high-quality research in

the realm of Alternative energy conversion & transport mechanisms, Thermodynamics, Chemical reaction

engineering, Polymer Science and Engineering, Modern instrumental analysis, Colloidal and interfacial

science, Molecular dynamics & Chemical kinetics, and many more.

Many scientists and researchers have contributed to the creation and the success of the Chemical

Engineering & Processing. We are very thankful to everybody within that community who supported the idea

of creating an innovative platform. We are certain that this issue will be followed by many others, reporting

new developments in the field of Chemical Engineering.

This issue would not have been possible without the great support of the Editorial Board members, and we

would like to express our sincere thanks to all of them. We also like to express our gratitude to the editorial

staff of JournalsPub, who supported us at every stage of the project.

It is our hope that this fine collection of articles will be a valuable resource for Chemical Engineering

readers and will stimulate further research into the vibrant area of Chemical Engineering and Processing.

Puneet Mehrotra

Managing Director

1. Electrolytic Degradation of Uric Acid Using Nickel Electrodes in an Unpartitioned and Partitioned Batch Cell B. Ashraf Ali, R. Chetty, S. Pushpavanam 1

2. Career and Employability Skills of Diploma Chemical Engineers Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod 11

3. Sapota Seed OilC.V. Subrahmanyam, D. Kamalakar 15

4. Influence of CeO Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Behavior of Electrodeposited Ni Coatings2

K.M. Aswathi, L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde 19

5. Magneto-Electrodeposition of Sn–Ni Alloy Coating for Better Corrosion ProtectionSandhya Shetty, Vaishaka R. Rao, Ampar Chitharanjan Hegde 29

Contents

IJCEP (2016) 1–10 © JournalsPub 2016. All Rights Reserved Page 1

International Journal of Chemical Engineering and Processing ISSN: 2455-5576 (online)

Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Electrolytic Degradation of Uric Acid Using Nickel Electrodes in

an Unpartitioned and Partitioned Batch Cell

B. Ashraf Ali1*

, R. Chetty2, S. Pushpavanam

2

1Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology Surathkal, Mangalore, India

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India

Abstract

Electrolytic degradation of an aqueous solution of uric acid (UA) was performed in an

unpartitioned and partitioned electrolytic tank using nickel electrodes. The concentration of

uric acid was measured using a UV–Visible spectrophotometer, and the effect of operating

parameters such as voltage, concentration of uric acid and the supporting electrolyte were

investigated. It is found that the concentration of uric acid decreases with time in both the

unpartitioned and partitioned batch operation. Whereas, the local electrolytic phenomena

are observed only in the partitioned electrolytic tank, which is completely absent in the

unpartitioned tank. In this study, degradation of 1000 ppm uric acid in alkaline solution with

90% removal efficiency was achieved in the partitioned tank at 10 V.

Keywords: electrolysis, nickel electrode, non-porous partition, uric acid, waste treatment

INTRODUCTION Wastewater can arise from different

sources: liquid wastes discharged by

domestic residences, commercial

properties, industry and agriculture. These

contain a wide range of potential

contaminants. The concentrations of these

contaminants span a wide spectrum.

A common compound present in the

wastewater is uric acid (UA) i.e., 2,6,8-

trihydroxypurin, a waste organic acid,

which is the principal vehicle of nitrogen

excretion for reptiles, birds and insects,

and is the end-product of purine

metabolism in humans.[0,0]

Although uric acid excretion is not limited

to humans, its source can be traced to

human urine, where the excretion ranges

from 250 to 750 mg/person/day[0]

and the

concentration of uric acid varies directly

with degree of pollution.[1]

The electrochemical degradation or

oxidation of wastewater is a process in

which the pollutants are

destroyed/oxidized and converted into

simpler forms like carbon dioxide and

water. The electrochemical method has

several advantages compared to biological

treatment, and has attracted a great deal of

attention, mainly because of its high

efficiency, environmental compatibility

and amenability to automation.[0]

In general, here an electric field is applied

on the anode, and the organic pollutants in

wastewater is oxidized to intermediate

products which are released into water.

In theory, if there is ample time, the

organic acids can be decomposed into CO2

and H2O, and the chemical oxidation

demand (COD) can be decreased so that

the wastewater is safe to be discharged.[0]



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Career and Employability Skills of Diploma Chemical Engineers

Chandrakumar Bhimraoji Mohod Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Polytechnic, Arvi Dist.- Wardha, Maharashtra, India

BACKGROUND

Today, Chemical Engineering is need of

human survival. From morning to night,

people used different products which are

generally made up of different chemicals.

From medicines to fuels, tremendous

needs of chemical products are

increasingly, which are useful in human

life. Chemical Engineering was initiated

with the aim to transform raw materials

into some beneficial products using

chemical reactions. The basic principle

behind chemical engineering is to analyze

and utilize knowledge of chemistry to

design, build and operate processes that

provides our society with products such as

petroleum fuels, toothpaste, paint, plastic

for athletic shoes or carpeting, insecticides,

pharmaceuticals, computer chips, etc.

Main motive of chemical engineers is to

analyze, design and make use of different

chemical (i.e. reactions), physical (phase

change) and biological (reactions inside

cells) processes so as to carry out

transformations of the matter. Chemical

engineers must be able to deal with matter

ranging from atomic to process scales.

This requires a comprehensive knowledge

of chemistry and the skill to apply physical

laws over a wide range of length scales.

So, the need of training and education in

chemical engineering is on most

demanding. With the opening up of the

economy, diploma Chemical Engineers are

increasingly offered opportunities with

global perspective as shown in the

following diagram.



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Sapota Seed Oil

C.V. Subrahmanyam*, D. Kamalakar

Department of Chemical Engineering, R. V. R. & J. C. College of Engineering (Autonomous), Chowdavaram,

Guntur, A.P., India

Abstract

The objective of this work was to extract and determine the chemical composition of oil

obtained from sapota seed fruits that are grown in India and characterize it. The sapota seed

oil was extracted from kernel using different solvents viz., (a) carbon tetra chloride, (b) n-

hexane and (c) toluene for eight extractions or stages. Nearly, 20–23% of oil yield was

obtained. The oil has acid value – 4.11 to 9.5, iodine value – 70.95, saponification value –

195.3 and density – 916 kg/m3. The chromatographic analysis indicates that, the oil consists

of oleic, stearic, palmitic and linoleic as its main fatty acids. The characteristic property

reveals that the oil can be used for cooking, confectionary and pharmaceutical purposes.

Keywords: confectionary fats, extraction, fatty acid composition, Sapota seed oil

BACKGROUND

Sapota (Achras zapota) commonly known

as ‘chikoo’ is largely cultivated in India

for its fruit value, while in other countries

such as South-East Mexico and

Guatemala, it is commercially grown for

chicle production. Chicle is a gum like

substance which is obtained from latex and

is specifically used in the preparation of

chewing gum. Sapota is mostly grown in

the states of Gujarat, Maharashtra,

Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh

and Kerala. Sapota fruit is highly

perishable and is also sensitive to cold

storage. The fruit’s texture is creamy and

soft; the flavour is a mix of sweet potato,

pumpkin, honey, peach, apricot,

cantaloupe, cherry, and almond. Sapota

fruit has grey/brown, sandy, outer surface

but without the fuzziness. Unripe fruits

possess white, hard, inedible pulp that

secretes sticky latex containing toxic

substance saponin. This milky latex

gradually disappears and its white flesh

turns brown as the fruit ripe. Once ripen, it

becomes soft, acquires sweet taste and

smooth or grainy texture with slight musky

flavour. The fruit is a good source of

digestible sugar (12–18%) and an

appreciable source of protein, fat fibre and

minerals, calcium and iron. The pulp is

mainly consumed fresh, but is also used

for making jam, ice cream, sauces and

other regional food products. It is rich in

calories and its sweet flavour can be

attributed to the presence of simple sugars

like fructose and sucrose that replenish

energy and revitalize the body. It contains

about 1–4 black, smooth, shiny shaped,

inedible seeds, located at its centre. The

seeds themselves are reported to be toxic.

Sapota seed kernel oil is the solvent

obtained after extraction or pressing from

its seeds. The oil is described as having an

‘almond-like odour’ and a ‘mild, pleasant

taste’, and is also used as a cooking oil in

some tropical countries.[1,2]

The oil is used

as a skin ointment. It helps in moisturizing

and softening the hair, thus making it more

manageable. It imparts shine with a soft

lustre and is proven excellent for curly



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Influence of CeO2 Nanoparticles on the Corrosion Behavior of

Electrodeposited Ni Coatings

K.M. Aswathi, L. Elias, A. Chitharanjan Hegde* Electrochemistry Research Lab, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Karnataka,

Surathkal, Srinivasnagar, Mangalore, India

Abstract

Nickel-Ceria (Ni-CeO2) nanocomposite coatings were developed on mild steel (MS) substrate

using electrodeposition method. The codeposition of the nanoparticles was achieved from the

optimized Ni plating bath loaded with CeO2 nanoparticles (particle size <20 nm). Ni and Ni-

CeO2 coatings were achieved at a wide current density (c.d.) range from 1.0 to 5.0 A/dm2

under optimal conditions, and their corrosion protection efficacy was examined in 5% NaCl

medium. The material property of Ni coatings towards corrosion was found to be enhanced

by the incorporation of the distributed phase, CeO2 nanoparticles, into the Ni matrix.

Potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques

were used to examine the corrosion behaviors of metal and nanocomposite coatings. The

obtained results showed an improvement in corrosion resistance for Ni-CeO2 coatings

compared with Ni, and the nanocomposite coating obtained at 4.0 A/dm2 was found to be

optimal with least corrosion rate (CR = 1.8 102

mm/y). The coatings have been

characterized using diverse instrumental methodologies such as SEM, EDS and XRD study,

and results are discussed.

Keywords: corrosion study, electrodeposition, Ni-CeO2 nanocomposite coatings, SEM

INTRODUCTION

The demand for metal matrix composites

is reaching new heights because of the

enhanced properties such as wear,

corrosion, oxidation resistance and

dispersion hardening or self-lubrication

relative to pure metal,[1,2]

so that they can

protect the metal substrates more

effectively against severe environments

during operation.[3]

Even though Ni is a

strong, tough metal that is resistant to

corrosion, erosion and abrasion, its

properties deteriorate during severe

environmental and stress conditions.[3]

To

overcome this limitation, the developments

of a metal matrix reinforced with ceramic

particles are emerging as a new attractive

field of research. Recently, rare earth

oxide nanoparticles have been also used in

the development of composite coatings in

various fields such as optics, electronics,

metallurgy, chemical and materials

engineering,[4,5]

due to their special

physical and chemical characteristics.

CeO2 is one of the powerful rare earth

oxides which can impart many superior

properties to the composite coatings

compared with the pure metal coating.[4,6]

Electrodeposition is the commonly used

method for the production of metal matrix

composite materials, through codeposition

of fine ceramic or polymer particles in a

metal matrix from electrolytic baths.[3–8]

Since, by electrodeposition,

nanocomposite coatings can be fabricated



Vol. 2: Issue 1

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Magneto-Electrodeposition of Sn–Ni Alloy Coating for Better

Corrosion Protection

Sandhya Shetty, Vaishaka R. Rao, Ampar Chitharanjan Hegde*

Electrochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Surathkal,

Srinivasnagar, Karnataka, India

Abstract

The present paper reports the development of excellent corrosion resistant Sn–Ni alloy

coatings from a new pyrophosphate bath by magneto-electrodeposition (MED) approach.

First part reports optimization of conditions for deposition of Sn–Ni coatings on mild steel by

conventional electrodeposition (ED) method and their characterization. The second part

demonstrates how the corrosion resistance of Sn–Ni alloy coatings can be improved

drastically by MED method, using same bath. Significant decrease of corrosion rate

exhibited by MED coatings (under parallel and perpendicular magnetic field, B) was

attributed to increase of Sn content in the deposit due to increase of its limiting current

density (iL). Drastic decrease of corrosion rates was due to basic difference in the process of

electro-crystallization and phases found in MED coatings, confirmed by scanning electron

microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) study. Low corrosion rates were attributed to

unique phase structures formed, namely Sn (220), (411), (501) and Ni (200) which do not

correspond to any distinct phases in ED Sn–Ni coatings. Changed crystallographic

orientation and surface morphology of MED coatings, responsible for less corrosion rate

were explained in the light of magneto-hydrodynamic (MHD) effect, and results are

discussed.

Keywords: corrosion behavior, magneto-electrodeposition, SEM, Sn–Ni alloy, XRD study

INTRODUCTION

Sn–Ni coatings are of great interest in

galvanotechnics, particularly due to its

very bright appearance and corrosion

resistance characters. In particular, the

electronics industry has used them in

through-hole plating of the printed circuit

boards as protective and etch-resistant

coatings for manufacturing the printed

circuit boards, and as a partial substitute

for gold. The excellent frictional

resistance, ability to retain an oil film on

its surface and good throwing power

compared to chrome plating made the Sn–

Ni alloy coating as most industrially

important. Apart from its application as an

alternative for electroplated chromium and

nickel in hardware, automotive, electrical

and electronics accessories, it has also

been used as good electrode materials in

Li-ion batteries.[1–3]

Wide spread use of

Sn–Ni alloy in Li-ion batteries is reasoned

by two important factors. One is its much

higher electrochemical capacity compared

to the traditional carbon materials, and

other one is the ease of its fabrication by

simple and inexpensive electrodeposition

technique.[4–6]

According to Brenner, there

have been many studies on Sn–Ni alloy

deposition from fluoride, pyrophosphate

and chloride solutions.[7]

In all these the

most important aspect of electrodeposited

Mechanical Engineering


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International Journal of


& Processing

JAN - JUNE 2016

IJCEP

e-ISSN: 2455-5576

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