International Journal of Innovative Pharmaceutical ... · Viola odorata, Ocimum sanctum, Piper...

REVIEW ARTICLE Sumit Summy et.al / IJIPSR / 4 (7), 2016, 871-886

Department of Pharmacy ISSN (online) 2347-2154

Available online : www.ijipsr.com July Issue 871

OCIMUM SANCTUM (TULSI) “QUEEN OF ALL MEDICINAL

HERBS”: A REVIEW

Sumit Summy*, Priya Patyal

M. Pharmacy Scholar, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bahra University, Shimla, INDIA

Corresponding Author:

Sumit Summy

M.Pharmacy Scholar

School of Pharmaceutical Sciences

Bahra University,

Shimla, INDIA

E-mail: [email protected]

Phone: +91-8988058414

International Journal of Innovative

Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research www.ijipsr.com

Abstract

Ocimum sanctum is the sacred and traditionally medicinal plant worshipped in Hindu religion. It is also known as tulsi or holy basil belonging to family Lamiaceae. Major portion of total population of developing countries still uses traditional system of medicines. 80% of rural population of whole world is dependent on herbal medicines according to WHO. Due to this, the scientists do more research work on properties and uses of natural herbs. Each part of the plant i.e. stem, leaves, seeds, root, flower or whole plant is known for its medicinal properties, therefore Ocimum sanctum is regarded as “Queen of Herbs”. It has easy availability in India, so practitioners are widely recommending this herb. The plant is recommended for the treatment of various diseases like cough, sore throat, kidney stone, eye disorder, respiratory disorders, and stress and so on. It is also known for its analgesic, anti-cancer, anti- asthmatic, anti-emetic, anti-diabetic, anti- fertility, anti-lipidemic, hypotensive properties etc. Eugenol is the chief chemical constituent of the plant. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins and triterpenoids are some biologically active compounds obtained from seed, stem and leaves. Eugenol is used in perfumeries, flavourings, essential oil and in medicine as local anaesthetic and antiseptic. This review will throw some more light on the pharmacological and medicinal properties of this holy herb.

Keywords: Ocimum sanctum, tulsi, Ayurvedic Properties, Alkaloids, Eugenol.




INTRODUCTION

Tulsi is a sacred plant of Hindu religion worshipped all over India. Tulsi means „incomparable

one‟ or „matchless one‟ and is derived from „sanskrit‟ [1]. The plant is known as holy basil in

english [2]. Tulsi has a mythological background [10]. Vishnupriya is the other name of tulsi

which means the one that pleases Lord Vishnu [2]. Tulsi is among the eight indispensible items of

vedic worship rituals which ensures tulsi plant in every house and temple. In India, tulsi is the

most respectful and honoured herb due to its sacredness in religion and spirituality. Due to this, in

the western region it is known as Sulabh „the easy obtainable on‟ [10]. Botanical name of tulsi is

„Ocimum Sanctum‟ belonging to family Lamiaceae. This plant is traditionally known for its

medicinal properties [2]. Tulsi has two varieties – Black (Krishna Tulsi) and Green (Rama Tulsi).

They have similar chemical and medicinal properties [1]. Genus Ocimum has various species like

Ocimum sanctum L (Tulsi), O. gratissimum (Ram Tulsi), O. canum (DulalTulsi), O. bascilicum

(Ban Tulsi), O. kilimandschricum, O. americanum, O. camphora and O. Micranthum. They are

cultivated in different parts of the world and are widely known for their medicinal properties [3].

Tulsi is also described as: Vanya (wild) and Gramya (Grown in homes) [5]. Plant is useful in the

treatment of cold, cough, malaria, dengue, bronchitis, asthma, sore throat, influenza, heart

disorders, eye diseases, mouth infections, insect bite, stress, kidney stone etc.[4].

Fig 1: Leaves of tulsi [61]

Cultivation

Tulsi grows in tropical and warm regions. Plant is originated in India and is distributed and

cultivated throughout the country. It is cultivated upto 1800m above the sea level [5]. In India

plant is grown from Himalayas to Andaman and Nicobar islands. It is widely grown in some areas

of Asia and Africa [1]. It grows naturally in moist soil. Size form and medicinal properties of the

plant depend upon the type of soil and variations in the rainfall. There are almost 150 species of

Ocimum genus in the tropical regions of Asia [6].




Morphology

It is erect, branched fragmented shrub with the height of about 30-60cm when mature. Its leaves

are simple, aromatic, branched, opposite, obtuse, ablong, elliptical and have dentate margins.

They are upto 5cm long [4]. Flowers are elongate racemes in close whorls and purple in colour.

Seeds are radish yellow and fruits are small [5]. It is planted after rainy season and harvested after

few months [4].

Taxonomy: [4]

Kingdom: Plantae

Division: Magnoliophyta

Class: Magnoliopsida

Order: Lamiales

Family: Lamiaceae

Genus: Ocimum

Species: sanctum

Binomial name: Ocimum sanctum L.

Table 1: Name of Tulsi in Local/International Languages [30]

Sr. No. Name Language State/country

1. Tulasii Assamese Assam, India

2. Tulsi,Kural,Kalotulsi Bengali West Bengal, India

3. Tulasi, Sabji Gujarati Gujarat, India

4. Tulsi, Niyan Posh Dogri Himachal Pradesh, India

5. Pachcha, Kunnakum Malayalam Kerala, India

6. Sabja, Tulasa Marathi Maharashtra, India

7. Bajiru, Kami-meboki Japanese Japan

8. Basilie, Sweet Basil English England

9. Loh lahk, Yu heung choi Chinese China

10. Naruk-pul, Yanggajuk Korean Korea

11. Tulsi patta, Bavariphul Nepali Nepal

12. Alfabega, Albacar Spanish Spain

13. Horapa, Kaphrau Thai Thailand

Table 2: Extract and the part of tulsi plant used for pharmacological activities

Sr.

No. Therapeutic Activity Extract used Part used Reference

1. Anti stress Ethanolic Whole plant (dried) [19]

2. Anti inflammatory Methanolic/aqueous Leaves [22,2]

3. Anti-fungal Methanolic/aqueous Leaves [23]

4. Anti-fertility Benzene Leaves [31,30] 5. Hepatoprotective Ethanolic/ aqueous Whole plant (aerial) [24,19]




6. Anti-diabetic Ethanolic / aqueous Leaves [25,26]

7. Anti-ulcer Ethanolic / aqueous Leaves [28,29]

8. Anti-microbial Ethanolic Leaves [32,33]

9. Anti-psychotic Methanolic / leaves

paste Leaves [34,35]

10. Anti-cancer Ethanolic Root [36]

Chemical constituents

Ocimum sanctum L. has a very complex chemical composition. It contains many nutrients and

pharmacologically active compounds which vary in different varieties of the plant [13]. Essential

oils and tannins are the main components of O.sanctum. The amount of basic components present

depends upon the geographical distribution and the variety of the plant used. The primary

constituents of tulsi are: eugenol (7%), methyl eugenol, a-caryophyllene and b-caryophyllene,

carvacrol (3%) and ursolic acid [12]. Leaves contain upto 0.9% of the volatile oil. It is bright and

yellow in colour. Seeds are the source of fixed oil. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins are also

present, citric acid, tartric acid and maleic acid are present in very less amount [11]. Some

amounts of sugars are present in seed mucilage and 1anthocynes in leaves. Stem and leaves of the

plant contains biologically active compounds like flavonoids, saponins and triterpenoids [13].

Fig 2 : Eugenol Fig 3: Ursolic acid

Fig 4 : caryophyllene Fig 5 : Carvacrol

Fig 6: Linalool Fig 7: Cineole




Chemical structures of eugenol [37], ursolic acid [38], caryophyllene [39], carvacrol [40], linalool [41], cineole [42].

Table 3: Phytoconstituents of Ocimum sanctum Linn. [19, 20, 30, 31]

Part Of The Plant Extracts Chemical Constituents Leaves Essential

oils Camphor, Caryophyllene oxide, 1,8,-cineole, cis-_-

Terpineol,Cubenol, Allo-oc-imene Cardinene, D-Limonene, Eicosane,Eucalyptol, Eugenol, Farnesene, Farnesol,

Furaldehyde, Germacrene, Heptanol, Humulene, Limonene, n-butylbenzoate, Ocimene, Oleic acid, Elemol, 1 4 - h y d r o x y

-α-humulene, Nerolidol, α- Selinene, β-selinene, Dimethyl benzene, Myrtenylformat, α-murolene, cadinene, δ - Cuparene,

Calamene, Geraneol, Phytol, Veridifloro, -Camphene, -Myrcene, -Pinene, -Pinene, -Thujene, -Guaiene, Gurjunene,

methyl chavicol and linalool.

Seeds Fixed oils Stearic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, sitosterol, hexourinic acid, Dilinoleno-linolins, hexourinic acid, palmitic acid.

Leaves (aerial parts)

Alcoholic extract

Aesculectin, Aesculin, Apgenin, Caffiec acid, Chlorgenic Acid, Circineol, Gallic Acid, Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide,

Isorientin, Orientin, Molludistin, Stigmasterol, Triacontanol ferulate, Vicenin-2, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Whole plant Mineral content

Vit. C (83μg), Carotene (2.5μg), Calcium (3.15%), Phosphorus (0.34%), Cromium (2.9μg), Copper (0.4μg), Zinc (0.15μg), V (0.54μg), iron (2.32μg), Nickel (0.73μg), insoluble oxalates.

Table no 4: List of some marketed formulations of tulsi available in market:

Sr. No. Company Name of the

product Ingredient Formulation

Ref.

No.

1. Hamdard Joshina

Ocimum sanctum, Linium usitatissimum, Cassia fistula, Adhatoda vasika, Onosma

bracteatum, Ephedra vulgaris, Mentha arvensis, Althoea

officinalis, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Malva rotundifolia, Cordia iatifolia, Zizyphus vulgaris Saccharum officinarum.

Syrup [43]

2. Hamdard Safi

Ocimum sanctum, Cassia angustifolia

Opercullna turpethum,Rosa damascene, Tinospora

cordifolia, Burada sheesham, Termenalia chebula, Zingiber

zerumbet, Swertia chirata, Cassia ocidentalis, Sphaeranthus

indicus, Chrozaphora apicata, Fumaria perviflora, Bauhinia

Syrup [44]




racemosa, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma zedoria, Berberis

aristata, Smilax china, Acacia Arabica, Convolvulus

pluricaulis, Tephrosia purpurea, Smilax aristochaefolia, Centalla

asiatica, Cassia absus.

3. Dabur Honitus

Ocimum sanctum, Glycyrrhiza glabra,

Solanum xanthocarpum, Viola odorata,

Taxus wallichiana, Zingiber officinale, Piper longum,

Adhadota vasica, Hedychium spicatum, Mentha species,

Madhu.

Syrup [45]

4. Multani Kuka

Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasika, Alpinia galangal, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Piper longum, Mentha arvensis.

Syrup [46]

5. Patanjali Divya Swasari

Pravah

Solanum indicum, Justicia gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica,

Viola odorata, Ocimum sanctum, Piper longum,

Cinnamomum zeylanicum.

Syrup [47]

6. Jolly Tulsi 51

Ocimum sanctum, Ocimum gratissimum, Ocimum canum, Ocimum bascilicum, Ocimum

citiodorum.

Drops [48]

7. Unati Panch tulsi

drops

Occimum basilicum , Occimum sanctum, Occimum

canumOccimum citridorumOccimum

gratissimum

Drops

[49]

8. Himalaya Bresol Tulsi, Haridra, Vasaka. Tablet [50]

9. Satyam

health care Vasatus syrup

Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica, Glycyrrhiza glabra,

curcuma longa, mentha pipreta, Solanum xanthocarpum, zingiber officinalis, piper

nigram, piper longum, turminalia chebula.

Syrup [51]

10. Trio health

care Tulcof plus

Ocimum sanctum, Adhatoda vasica, Glycyrrhiza glabra, curcuma longa, Solanum

xanthocarpum, piper nigram, piper longum, zingiber

officinale, viola odorata, caryophyllus aromaticus, cinnamomum zeylanicum,

myristica fragrans.

Syrup [52]




11. Trio health

care Respirid

Honey , Mentha piperita, Adhatoda vasica, Tylophora asthamatica, Celerodendrum serratum, Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, , Solanum

xanthocarpum, piper nigram, piper longum, zingiber

officinale

Syrup [52]

12. Dr

Alexander pvt ltd.

Touch skin face wash

Ocimum sanctum, Aloe barbadensis, Azadirachta indica.

Face wash [53]

13. Vedic

nature care pvt ltd.

Aaranya face wash

Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica,

Solanum lycopersicum, Mangifera lycopersicum,

Tamarindus indica.

Face wash [54]

14 Vedic

nature care pvt ltd.

Aaraya face and body

scrub

Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Phyllanthus emblica,

Solanum lycopersicum, Mangifera lycopersicum,

Tamarindus indica,Glycyrrhiza glabra.

Scrub [54]

15. Planet

Ayurveda Tulsi capsule Ocimum sanctum Capsule [55]

16.

Vaibhavi aromatic

and handicraft

Vanish herbal cloth spray

Tulsi extract Spray [56]

17.

Vaibhavi aromatics

and handicraft

Tulsi mosquito coil

Ocimum sanctum, Azadirachta indica, Curcuma longa.

Mosquito repellent

[56]

18. Patanjali Tulsi

panchang juice

Ocimum sanctum Juice [57]

19. Divya

pharmacy Divya peya

Ocimum sanctum, Syzgium aromaticum, Myristica fragrans,

Rosa centifolia, Nelumbo mucifera, Foeniculum vulgare,

Boerhavia diffuse, Centella asiatica, Plumbago zeylanica, Ephedra gerardiana, Santalum

album, Convolvulus pluricavlis.

Tea [58]

20 Patanjali Ojas body

soap

Ocimum sanctum, Curcuma longa, Amahaldi, Aloe

barbadensis. Soap [59]

21. Mahagro Herbal tulsi

powder Ocimum sanctum Powder [60]




Images of some marketed products

Fig. 8: Tulasi syrup [62] Fig. 9: Tulsi capsule [63] Fig.10: Tulsi drops [64]

Fig. 11: Face wash [65] Fig. 12: Anti-bacterial face pack [66] Fig 13: Tulsi green tea [67]

Traditional uses of tulsi

Tulsi is a home remedy in India [7]. Roots stems seeds, leaves, flowers etc. are the different parts

of the plant possessing different therapeutic potentials [10]. Traditionally juices of leaves and

fruits are commonly used to treat cough, upper respiratory tract infections, stress and superficial

fungal infections [7]. Preparations of Ocimum Sanctum advised to shorten the course of illness

and biochemical parameters occurring due to viral hepatitis. Leaf juice of O. Sanctum with

triphala is recommended in ophthalmic preparations for glaucoma, cataract, conjunctivitis and

other eye infections. Leaf juice is also given to treat dysentery, dyspepsia, chronic fever and

haemorrhage. Cold is curable using decoction of tulsi leaves [9]. Tulsi is also used as anti-dot for

snake bite and scorpion sting. Chewing tulsi leaves cures mouth ulcers and infections [5]. Herbal

tea, dried powder, fresh leaves are some of the forms in which O.sanctum is being taken. Tulsi is

being used as an insect repellent when mixed with grains [3]. Tulsi is planted in houses as a

mosquito repellent [1].

Pharmacological actions

Pharmacologically it is used as expectorants analgesic anti-cancer, anti-asthmatic, anti-emetic,

anti-diabetic, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, anti-fertility, anti-lipidemic etc.[1]. Tulsi is used to

treat fever, arthritis, convulsions and bronchitis [8].




Medicinal uses of tulsi

Fever and Common Cold: Tulsi leaves are widely used against fever and cold. Leaves of tulsi

are boiled with cardamom in half a litre of water. Boiled decoction is mixed with sugar and milk

helps to bring down the body temperature [4,1]. Leaves boiled with tea act as a preventive agent

against dengue and malaria fever [5]. Roots of tulsi plant taken in the form of decoction act as a

diaphoretic agent in case of malarial fever [14].

Cough: Tulsi has the property to mobilize mucus. It has the ability to remove cough from lungs

and nasal passage. So, it is widely used as an expectorant in many herbal preparations [14,4,1].

Sore Throat: Tulsi leaves boiled in water can be taken to cure sore throat. This water can also be

beneficial if used as a gargle [4].

Respiratory Disorders: Tulsi is very much useful in treating the respiratory disorders. It acts as

broncho-dilators in asthma. Airway obstruction is reversed by the bronchodilators in case of

asthma [15]. Decoction of tulsi leaves taken with honey and ginger effectively cures asthma and

bronchitis. In case of influenza, clove and common salt is added to decoction to get immediate

relief. Chewing leaves of tulsi cures cold and flu [10].

Healing Power: Regular intake of herbs sharpens the memory. This herb is a nerve tonic which

improves the memory power [16,1].

Kidney Stone: Studies have reported that the leaves and seeds of this herb possess diuretic

properties. They were found to reduce the uric acid level in rats. Regular intake of juice of tulsi

leaves with honey expels kidney stones from the urinary tract within 6 months [17,14,10].

Eye Disorders: Juice of dark basil leaves is effective against eye disorder like night-blindness

and sore eyes. Deficiency of vitamin-A is the main cause behind it. Two drops of juice should be

inserted into the eyes daily before bed [4]. Whole plant of tulsi is effective against this painful

disorder [18]. In the animal study, it was found that aqueous extract of tulsi leaves delayed the

maturation of cataract [16]. Leaf juice along with triphala is prescribed for glaucoma and chronic

conjunctivitis [8,10,1].

Pharmacological Properties of Ocimum Sanctum

Anti-Stress: Stress leads to the production of more free radicals which produces an adverse effect

on vital organs and human tissues. The agents which increase the physical endurance and the state

of non-specific resistance are called adaptogens or anti-stress agents [19]. Recent studies have

shown that O.sanctum has a powerful adaptogenic property. Leaves of tulsi helps to prevent and

reduce physical and mental stress [20]. Tulsi plays a role of a rejuvenator, which reduces stress,




relaxes body and improves the memory [5]. In an animal study it is found that the oral

administration of ethanolic extract of tulsi (dose 20mg/kg) for 7 days has increased the level of

adrenaline, non-adrenaline and decreased dopamine and serotonin levels in mice. This has

resulted in overcoming the swimming and gravitational induced stresses [19]. In another animal

study, it is found that the ethanolic extract of O.sanctum helps in preventing the change in plasma

level of corticosterone which is induced due to the exposure to noise stress. This also indicates the

anti-stress activity of tulsi [21]. Adaptogenic activity of plant may be due to its immuno-stimulant

capacity [5, 2].

Anti-Inflammatory Activity: Ocimum sanctum‟s methanolic extract (500mg) proved the anti-

inflammatory activity in rats. Fixed oils and linolenic acid present in tulsi have the ability to block

cycloxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Therefore they show

anti- inflammatory activity against PGE2, leukotrines induced edema in rats [2]. O. Sanctum‟s

aqueous extract (200mg/kg or 400 mg/kg) showed significant anti-inflammatory activity (P<0.05)

in rats induced with carrageenan paw edema. This showed that effect of O.sanctum was better

than indomethacine(std. drug) [22].

Anti-Fungal Activity: Methanolic fraction and aqueous fraction of Ocimum sanctum showed

anti- fungal activity against dermatophytic fungus i.e. Trichophyton mantagrophytes, T.rubrum

etc. Aqueous fraction showed better anti-dermatophytic activity as compared to methanolic

fraction [23].

Anti-Fertility Activity: Albino rats treated with benzene extracts of Ocimum sanctum leaves

(250 mg/kg body weight) decreased the total sperm count and sperm motility. The effects were

the results of androgen deprivation due to the anti-androgenic property of O.sanctum leaves.

There was an increase in sperm testosterone level whereas the level of FSH and LH, sperm count

were reduced in rabbits [30]. In another study, male swiss albino mice were treated with

O.sanctum (25-30 body weight). Results revealed that there was reduction in spermatozoa

motility and sperm count [31].

Hepatoprotective Activity: Tulsi protects the liver from various damages induced

experimentally. Experimentally induced liver damage due to anti-tubercular drugs in rats can be

protected by ethanolic extract of Ocimum sanctum. It is also found that paracetamol induced liver

damage can be protected by ethanolic extract of O.sanctum [19]. In the animal study, lead induced

liver injury resulted in the rise of serum bilirubin content and serum marker enzyme level. Due to

this, lipid peroxides accumulated in hepatic tissue. On treating with aqueous extract of O.sanctum,




all the parameters came to the normal level. This shows the hepatoprotective nature of O.sanctum

[24].

Anti-Diabetic Activity: Aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum has insulin sensitizing activity and

hyperglycaemic action which significantly proves its anti-diabetic activity. In the animal study, it

was that the aqueous extract of O.sanctum Linn. (300microgram/gram body weight) showed

significant reduction in blood glucose level (P<0.0001). [25] In the in-vitro study of O.sanctum

(ethanolic extract), it was found that stigmasterol and β-sitosterol isolated from the leaves, act as

an inhibitor of glucoamylase. So it can control the blood glucose level in case of

hyperglycaemia.[26] In another animal study, it was found that glibenclamide given with

O.sanctum decreased fasting mean blood glucose level more than glibenclamide when given

alone [27].

Anti-Ulcer Activity: In the animal study on albino rats, it was found that the ethanolic and

aqueous extract of Ocimum sanctum have the potential of anti-ulcer activity which may be due to

its cytoprotective action. Extract (200mg/kg) showed significant (P<0.05) reduction in volume of

acid. [28] Pre-treated rats with Ocimum sanctum (100-200mg/kg) showed a significant anti-ulcer

effect in comparison to the standard drug ranitidine [29].

Anti-Microbial Activity: Ethanolic extract of tulsi was tested against various gram +ve and gram

–ve bacterial strains i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella

typhi, Acinetobacter bauminnii. MIC and MBC ranges of ethanolic extract were 0.702 – 90

mg/ml. Therefore, ethanol extract showed strong anti-microbial activity [32]. 6% concentration of

ethanolic extract showed anti-microbial activity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

[33].

Anti-Psychotic Activity: Mice when treated with the methanolic extract of leaves of (50,100 and

200 mg/kg, p.o.) Ocimum sanctum showed a significant reduction in ketamine induced falling,

weaving, head bobbing and turning behaviour. It also reduced the latency time taken to climb the

pole. Dopamine level was also reduced in mice [34]. Paste of the Ocimum sanctum leaves (2%,

4%, 8% conc.) showed a significant potentiation in a dose dependent haloperidol induced

catalepsy in rats. It also decreased the locomotive activity [35].

Anti-Cancer Activity: NCIH-460 (non-small cell lung cancer cell line) in-vitro was treated with

the alcoholic root extract of Ocimum sanctum (10-50 µgm). It showed a significant decrease in

cell viability, colony forming capacity of NCI-H 460 cells due to the increased oxidative stress.

Study concluded that extract act by the increasing oxidative damage in cells [36].




CONCLUSION

Plants have been known for their medicinal properties since the period of civilisation. Some of

them are sacred and worshipped all over India. Tulsi is one of them. Tulsi is known as Queen of

herbs due to its matchless properties. In Ayurveda, it is used as home remedy for treating various

diseases. It is investigated that various parts of this plant is used for its anti-inflammatory, anti-

fertility, anti-bacterial, hepatoprotective and other therapeutic properties. Large amount of herbal

formulations are available in the market some of them are given in this review. Further studies are

recommended to explore its therapeutic properties.

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