International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2018, ISSN: 2278 -7798
292 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR
Abstract— In chemical and material sciences, the
synthesis of nanosized particles is considered as a
developing field of research. In recent years, due to
variety of good and astronomical range of research
applications, this emerging field has generated
attention of various roles in nanoscience and
nanotechnology, categorically in nanomedicine. Silver
nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of between
1-100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles are of interest
because of their unique properties and applications. In
this article synthesis of silver nanaparticles was
achieved by chemical method utilizing biogenic
materials with water and heating treatment. The
techniques used to characterize synthesized silver
nanoparticles such as for morphological study of silver
nanoparticles analytical technique used SEM and for
attestation of silver nanoparticles UV–Visible
spectrophotometer demonstrated absorbance top for
reach of 436–446 nm.
Index Terms—Green agents, potato extract, rice
husk, silver nanoparticles, tulsi extract.
1) INTRODUCTION
In chemical and material sciences, the synthesis
of nanosized particles is considered as a developing
field of research. In recent years, due to variety of
good and astronomical range of research
applications, this emerging field has generated
attention of various scientific researchers. These
very small particles have a size characteristically
around 100 nm and the application of these
nanoparticles specially in the fields of biomedicine
and bioscience is increasing day by day.
Nanoparticles (NPs) can be synthesized by a
number of chemical, physical and biological
processes, some of these are rather prevalent and
others are novel Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
having very unique properties that include optical,
conducting, catalytic, magnetic, antimicrobial and
electrical. Green synthesis is a developing branch
involving environmentally benign or biogenic
materials like plant extracts or powder, fungi,
bacteria etc. that are also utilized in the synthesis of
nanoparticles. For synthesis of nanoparticles, green
method does not require any toxic chemicals & it
bids multifarious benefits like pharmaceutical
compatibilities, agricultural & biomedical
applications, in cost efficiency and most
consequential eco friendliness.
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver of
between 1 nm and 100 nm in size. Silver
nanoparticle due to those exceptional properties find
role in antimicrobial applications, biosensor
materials, composite fibers, cryogenic
superconducting materials, cosmetic products, and
electronic segments. Living organisms are exposed
to bacteria, viruses and fungi. Silver nanoparticles
are seen as a leader in the fight against pathogenic
microbial activity. Compared to the solid form of
silver, the increased surface area of silver
nanoparticles is a feature responsible for their behaviour in this regard. This results in better
contact with microorganisms, and more effective
biocidal activity. As indicated by the research silver
nanoparticles might be a viable weapon on battle
against infections by inhibiting their replication.
Their activity has been confirmed even against the
HIV-1 and influenza virus. They destroys different
types of fungi such as Aspergillus, Candida and
Saccharomyces. They act as an effective and
fast-acting agent.
2) LITERATURE REVIEW
Zoya Zaheer & Rafiuddin have reported the
spectrophotometeric and transmission electron
microscopic (TEM) data to the shape-directing role
of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on
the green extra-cellular synthesis of bio-conjugated
Ag-nanoparticles using Ocimum sanctum leaves
extract. TEM images revealed that the nanoparticles are mostly spherical (average particle size ranged
from 18 to 35 nm) with some truncated triangular
nanoplates, aggregated in a beautiful manner to
yield locket-like silver and capped by a thin layer of
biomolecules of O. sanctum, whereas nanoparticles
are highly poly-dispersed in presence of CTAB. The
shape and position of wavelength maxima strongly
depends on the reaction time, leaves extract and CTAB. The visual observations also suggest that the
prefect transparent silver solution becomes turbid in
presence of CTAB after some time. [1]
F. Buazar et.al. Developed the facile green
methodology to synthesize highly pure, safe and
durable zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO Nps) using
homemade starch-rich potato extract. The ZnO Nps
were synthesised using zinc nitrate and potato
Synthesis and Characterization of Silver
nanoparticles using green agents
Shekhar Pandharipande1, Sanjeevani Chavhan
2, Akshata Ramteke
3
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2018, ISSN: 2278 -7798
293 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR
Figure 1: The photographs of step wise procedure followed in synthesis on silver nanoparticles
International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR)
Volume 7, Issue 5, May 2018, ISSN: 2278 -7798
294 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR
Extract, and the whole reaction is carried out for 30
min at 800C. In the synthesis, starch-rich potato
extract acted as the reducing agent and as a
stabilizing layer on freshly formed ZnO Nps. Hexagonal shaped ZnO Nps with size about 20 to
1.2 nm were synthesised and characterized using
X-ray diffraction, transition electron microscope
and scanning microscopy analyses. Fourier
transform infrared spectral analysis indicated that
highly pure ZnO nanopowders were obtained at
higher temperatures. The use of environmentally
benign and renewable material as the respective reducing and protecting agents, starch-rich potato
extract, as well as a gentle solvent medium (H2O),
offered a simple and quite efficient procedure for the
synthesis of ZnO Nps in neutral medium with
promising potential for biological and biomedical
applications. [2]
Parsa Dar, et.al. Synthesized silver nanoparticles
using three different biogenic materials Multani mitti (Fullers earth), Tomato (Solanum
lycopersicum) seeds & Rice Husk (Oryza sativa).
The possible presence and variability of
comprehensive biomolecules in these materials
turned as capping and reducing agents which
optimize the reduction rate and stabilization of
silver nanoparticles. Characterizations were done by
using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray
diffraction (XRD). Stable silver nanoparticles of
average size 4.6, 41.1 and 10.6 nm were obtained for
Multani mitti, tomato seeds and rice husk
respectively. Phenolic and carboxylic biomolecules
were identified as active reducing agents of Ag++ to
AgO. The antimicrobial activity was carried out against Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella enterica,
Escherichia coliand Staphylococcus aureus strains
by using well diffusion method. Maximum zone of
inhibition (ZOI) was found against Staphylococcus
aureus by all of the three biogenic materials. [3]
3) PRESENT WORK
Material and Methodology
Raw materials and Chemicals: Potato Extract,
Rice Husk, Multani Mitti, Tulsi, Silver Nitrate,
Distilled Water, Ammonia Solution, Ethanol.
Objectives: The main objective of present work is
synthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticle
using green agents like tulsi extract, multani mitti, tomato seed powder & rice husk powder.
Process Description: The procedure for synthesis
of silver nanoparticles using biogenic materials with
water by heat treatment is as follows:-
• Run 1 Known amount of rice husk powder, silver
nitrate and water is taken.
• Run 2: known amount of rice husk powder, silver
nitrate and tulsi extract is taken.
• Run 3: known amount of tomato seeds powder,
silver nitrate, water and potato extract is taken. • Run 4: known amount of multani mitti powder,
silver nitrate, water and potato extract is taken.
• The respective mixtures are heated for 1hr 30 min
at 1000C with continuous agitation.
• After getting the black solid particles, the mixture
is cooled to room temperature.
• Known amount of ammonia solution is added to
the cooled mixture run 1 and 2. • The samples of these mixtures are analyzed for
ascertaining formation of silver nanoparticles using
UV Spectroscopy.
• Some of the samples are further dried & solid
samples are analyzed for surface morphology using
SEM.
The photographs of step wise procedure followed in
synthesis on silver nanoparticles are shown in figure 1.
4) RESULT AND DISCUSSION
SEM analysis: Figure 2. a to h show typical photographs of the
studies of silver nanoparticles by means of SEM.
Around the examined area; one can notice the
presence of objects of sizes within less than too few µm. It can be observed that spherical shaped Ag
particles are adhered onto rice husk surface.
UV-spectrophotometer analysis:
The ascertainment of formation of silver
nanoparticles is done by using UV-Spectroscopy
analysis. Figure 3 shows the UV-visible spectra
recorded for AgNPs using tulsi extract & rice husk with ammonia solution, rice husk with ammonia
solution, tomato seeds with potato extract & multani
mitti with potato extract respectively. As the
biogenic materials were used the mixture underwent
a change in colour from yellowish brown to black
due to silver ion reduction which showed formation
of silver nanoparticles. Absorption spectra of
AgNPs formed in the reaction media has absorbance peak at 400 to 500 nm for biogenic materials. The
actual peak in figure 3 shows the absorbance more
in Run 1 & Run 2 comprising of used of tulsi extract
& rice husk with ammonia solution and rice husk
with ammonia solution respectively.
UV-spectrophotometer readings for silver
nanoparticles as reported in literature are compared with that of present work samples. Based on the
comparison, it can be said that AgNO3 have been
formed successfully as the peak around 400 matches
with that reported in literature for pure Ag.
295 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR
a: Tulsi extract without ammonia
solution
b :Tulsi extract without ammonia
solution
c : Rice husk powder with ammonia
solution
d : Rice husk powder with ammonia
solution
e : Rice husk powder & tulsi extract
with ammonia solution
f: Rice husk powder & tulsi extract with
ammonia solution
g: Multani mitti wih potato extract
h: Multani mitti with potato extract
Figure 2: 1a&1b, 2a & 2b, 3a & 3b, 4a & 4b shows silver nanoparticles using biogenic materials
1.3535 1.4539
0.8642
1.8804 1.9237
1.6496
0.70420.5385
0.3201
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Ab
sorb
ance
Wavelength
Tulsi extract & Rice husk
Rice husk & Water
Figure 3: UV Visible spectroscopy analysis
296 All Rights Reserved © 2018 IJSETR
5) CONCLUSION
The objective of the present work was to synthesize nanoparticles of silver using green agents. The green agent
included extracts of potato pulp & tulsi as reducing agent &
multani mitti, rice husk powder, tomato seeds powder as
stabilizing agent. The experimental runs have been
conducted and the characterization of silver nanoparticles
synthesized has been carried out using SEM (Scanning
Electronic Microscopy) and UV-Spectroscopy based on
observations, result and discussion it can be said that present work has successfully synthesized silver particles in
the range of few 100nm. The best particles size is obtained
for rice husk with ammonia solution as green agent.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Authors are thankful to Director of L.I.T. Nagpur for
facilities & encouragement provided throughout
work.
The Authors are thankful to H.O.D. Chemical
Engineering department, VNIT, Nagpur for FTIR
analysis.
REFERENCES
[1] Z. Zaheer and Rafiuddin, "Bio-conjugated silver
nanoparticles: From Ocimum sanctum and role of cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide," Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces,
vol. 108, pp. 90-94, 2013.
[2] F. Buazara, M. Bavia, F. Kroushawib, M. Halvania, A.
Khaledi-Nasabe and S. Hossieni, "Potato extract as reducing
agent and stabiliser in a facile green one-step synthesis of ZnO
nanoparticles," Journal of Experimental Nanoscience, 2015
.
[3] P. Dar, U. Waqas, A. Hina, J. Anwar, A. Dar, Z. Khan and T.
Shafqat, "Biogenic Synthesis, Characterization of Silver
Nanoparticles Using Multani mitti (Fullers Earth), Tomato
(Solanum lycopersicum) seeds, Rice Husk (Oryza sativa) and
Evaluation of their Potential Antimicrobial Activity,"
J.Chem.Soc.Pak, vol. 38, no. 04, pp. 665-675, 2016.
[4] M. Puchalski, P. Dabrowski, W. Olejniczak, P. Krukowski,
P.Kowalczyk and K. Polanski, "The study of silver nanoparticles
by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray
analysis and scanning tunnelling microscopy," Materials
Science-Poland, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 473-478, 2007.
Shekhar L. Pandharipande is an
Associate Professor in Chemical
Engineering Department of
Laxminarayan Institute of Technology,
Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj
University, Nagpur. He did his masters
in 1985 & joined LIT as a Lecturer. He
has coauthored three books titled ‘Process Calculations’, ‘Principles of
Distillation’ & ‘Artificial Neural
Network’. He has two copyrights
‘elite-ANN’ & ‘elite-GA’ to his credit
and two patents are filed as coworker
and has more than 60 papers published
in journals of repute.
Sanjeevani Chavhan is a 8th semester
B. Tech. (Chemical Engineering)
student from Laxminarayan Institute of
Technology, Nagpur
Akshata Ramteke is a 4th semester
M.Tech (Chemical Engineering)
student from Laxminarayan Institute of
Technology, Nagpur