INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT(An International Research Journal) Abbreviation: IJSTD
ISSN: 2348-4047Volume 2 - Nov., 2015
U/S 2(f) of the UGC Act 1956 & Member, Association of Indian Universities (AIU)
Technical Development
Abbreviation: IJSTD
An official publication of
University School of EngineeringDesh Bhagat University
Amloh Road, Mandi Gobindgarh,Fatehgarh Sahib-147301
Punjab, INDIA
.
International Journal of Scientific and
(An International Research Journal)
ISSN 2348-4047 (Print)
Volume 2, Nov. 2015
Phone : 01765-520531 www.dbuijstd.org E-mail: [email protected]
2
Volume-2, November-2015
Contents
Title: Page Number
Structural and Multiferroic Properties of Non Lead Based BNTKNNLTS-NFO NanocompositesMegha Thakur, Mintu Tyagi 1*
1-5
Assessment of Effects of Industrial Effluents on Ground Water Quality in Chandigarh, PunjabArchana Tomar*
6-11
Morpho-physiological change in growth characteristics of four varieties of Cicer
arietinum (L.) seedlings in response to salt stress
Harvinder Kaur Sidhu* and Manjit Kaur Bhangu**
12-19
Structural and Magnetic Properties BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 Nanocomposite Thin Films.Binod Kumar, Mintu Tyagi*,
20-23
Fluoride Removal From Ground Water Using Low Cost AdsorbentsGaurav Thakur*
24-27
Vibrational behaviour of tapered Square Plate under Simply Supported Boundary ConditionAnmol, Narinder Kaur*
28-32
An analytical investigation of the effect of exponential temperature variation on the vibration of square plateSonali Jain, Narinder Kaur*
33-38
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page1
Structural and Multiferroic Properties of Non Lead Based BNTKNNLTS-NFO Nanocomposites
Megha Thakur, Mintu Tyagi 1*
Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Multiferroic composites of modified BNT based composition (1-x)(BNTKNNLTS)-(x)NFO
where, x = 0.0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3 were synthesized by sol-gel method and it’s structural, ferroelectric and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray diffraction pattern of the composite indicate the existence of distinct peaks of BNT and NFO phases. It is shown that the samples exhibit both good magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The samples showed a well saturated polarization-electric field hysteresis loops. The remnant polarization and saturation polarization values are decreased with increasing ferrite content. Room temperature (RT) magnetic measurements show that composites are soft magnetic.Keywords: Magnetic, ferroelectric, piezoelectric, composite
Introduction
The investigations based on piezoelectric–
ferrite particulate ME composite includes
PZT, BT and BFO etc. as the piezoelectric
constituents and CoFe2O4 (CFO) and
NiFe2O4 (NFO) as the magnetostrictive
componets [1-5]. However, high
piezoelectric coefficient (d33 600pm/V) and
high electromechanical coupling coefficient
(kp ~ 0.7) of PZT is difficult to match with
other non lead based piezoelectric materials
[3-5]. Among the other alternatives of non-
lead based piezoelectric oxides BNT is one
of the widely studied piezoelectric material
possessing a high Curie temperature (Tc) ~
340 °C and large remanent polarization (Pr)
~ 38 µC/cm2. However, its high coercivity
(Ec ~ 70 kV/cm) makes it difficult to pole
and thus have a smaller piezoelectric
coefficient (d33 ~ 70 pC/N) [137-140].
Therefore, to improve its piezoelectric
properties, BNT has been modified with
solid solutions as BNTKNNLT (as
discussed in section 6.1). The studies on
BNT based particulate composite is very
scarce; the few reported studies on BNT-
CFO based particulate composite has shown
evidence of magnetoelectric response in
such systems [6]. However, in these reports,
pure BNT has been used as their
piezoelectric component. Similarly, NFO
has been used as the magnetostrictive
counterpart [7-10]. In this work, the
piezoelectric (BNT) and the
magnetostrictive (NFO) components have
been used to achieve their best optimal
properties. Using them, we prepared (1-
x)BNTKNNLTS– x NFO (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2,
0.3) (0-3) particulate composite series and
their structural, magnetic, dielectric and
magnetoelectric properties have been
investigated.
Experimental
High purity bismuth nitrate
[Bi(NO3)3.5H2O], nickel nitrate
Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, iron nitrate
[Fe(NO3)3.9H2O], sodium carbonate
Na2CO3, titanium isoproxide TiC12H28O4
citric acid C6H8O7, and acetyl-acetone
C5H8O2 of Sigma Aldrich (99.99%) were
used for synthesis. In the first step, BNT
and CZFMO were individually prepared by
standard sol-gel method followed by
calcination at 700ºC for 3h [9]. The powders
of BNT and NFO were thoroughly mixed in
desired weight ratio and pressed into
cylindrical pellets of 10 mm diameter at a
pressure of 12.5 MPa. The pellets were
sintered at 900°C for 4h in ambient
atmosphere. Phase analysis of the samples
were done by X-ray diffraction (XRD)
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page2
using CuKα radiation (λ = 1.54178Ǻ)
(Philips X-pert PRO). The microstructural
study of sintered sample was carried out on
fractured surface using scanning electron
microscope (SEM) (JEOL JSEM 6510VL).
Room temperature (R-T) polarization-
electric field (P-E) loops were measured
using ferroelectric tester (Radiant Precision
Premier II Technology). Magnetization-
applied magnetic field (M-H) loops were
measured using a superconducting quantum
interference device (SQUID) (Quantum
Design’s MPMS XL7) up to maximum field
of 10 kOe.
Results and discussions
XRD studies
Figure. 1 display the XRD pattern (in the 2θ
ranges of 20°–70°) of BNTKNNLTS, 90-
10, 80-20 and NFO samples. XRD of
composite samples consist of all the
characteristic peaks of NFO and
BNTKNNLTS phases. No other secondary
phases are identified, which implies no
significant chemical reaction has taken
place at the piezoelectric-ferrite interface
during the high temperature sintering
process (which is essential for proper
composite formation). Intensity of X-ray
reflections corresponding to magnetic phase
increases with increasing magnetic content
in the composites.
Fig.1: Room temperature XRD patterns of BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1)
SEM analysis
Fig. 2(a)-2(c) shows the SEM micrographs
(Magnification = 25 kX) of fracture surface
of BNTKNNLTS, 90-20 and pure NFO
samples respectively. All the samples show
close packed grain structures. The average
grain sizes calculated using mean linear
intercept method are found ~ 1 µm (for
BNTKNNLTS) and ~ 0.6 µm (for NFO)
respectively. The addition of NFO promotes
reduction in the grain size. This reduction in
grain size could be the result of pinning
action byNFO in the composite[11].
Fig. 2: SEM images of BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.2, 1).
Ferroelectric properties
Fig.3 display the room temperature
polarization versus electric field (P-E)
hysteresis loops for BNTKNNLTS-NFO
with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1) at 1 Hz
frequency. A driving ac field with
maximum strength of 50 kV/cm is used for
all samples. All samples exhibit the
saturated hysteresis loops. As shown in
Fig.3 the BNTKNNLTS (P r ~27 µC/cm2
and Ec ~22 kV/cm). However, the Pr values
of composite samples decrease from 20 ~
µC/cm2 (90-10) to ~10 µC/cm2 (70-30). The
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page3
lossy behavior observed in 70-30 sample
could be attributed to the increases
conductivity (as also observed from
dielectric constant and loss spectra) due to
increases ferrite content (30%) in the
composite sample[12, 13].
Fig.3 Room temperature P-E loops taken for BNTKNNLTS-NFO with (x= 0.0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 1).
Magnetic properties
M-H hysteresis loop is recorded for 90-10
composite sample for which we observed
optimal good ferroelectric properties. The
composite shows a well saturated hysteresis
loop at 300 K, presented in Fig. 4. The
value of remanent magnetization (Mr) is
found to be ~ 0.15 emu/g (inset of Fig. 4.
When compared with the pure NFO [14,
15], these values show that the magnetic
character of NFO is suppressed in the
composite sample owing to the presence of
a large molar percentage (90%) of
diamagnetic BNTKNNLTS.
Fig.4 Room temperature M-H loop recorded for 90-10 composite sample.
Magnetoelectric properties
Fig. 5 demonstrates the variations of αE
with H for all composite samples. Prior to
measurements, all samples were electrically
poled along the thickness of the pellet in the
field of 4 kV/cm. The magnetoelectric
coupling coefficient (α = dE/dH), is a
measure of induced electric field (E) in the
sample when a dc magnetic field, Hbias
(superimposed by an ac magnetic field (Hac)
of fixed amplitude ~1 Oe and frequency ~1
kHz) is applied. The saturated λ11 values for
NFO and composite were ~ -35× 10-6 and ~
-9× 10-6 at ~ 1000 Oe field respectively. The
corresponding ME coefficient α ~ 57
(mV/cm.Oe) was observed. It can be seen
from the Fig. 5 that αE initially found to
increase with increasing H, attains a peak at
~ 1000 Oe field and decreases with further
increase in H.
Fig.5 The ME coupling coefficient versus dc magnetic field, for 90-10 composite sample
4. Conclusions
In conclusion, we present a lead free
multiferroic (0-3) particulate composites
(1−x)[BNTKNNLTS] −x NFO with (x = 0,
0.1, 0.2, 0.3) . A maximum value of αE ~57
mV/cmOe has been observed with x = 0.1
particulate composite, accompanied by
higher d33 of piezoelectric component.The
remanent polarization (Pr) decreases from
~14 μm/cm2 (in 90-10) to ~6 μm/cm2 (in 50-
50) in the series of composite samples. A
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page4
well saturated M-H loop with remanent
magnetization (Mr) ~0.15 emu/g is observed
in 90-10 sample.
5. References
1. Sreenivasulu G, Hari Babu V, Markandeyulu G, Murty B S 2009 Magnetoelectric effect of (100-x)BaTiO3-xNiFe1.98O4 x=20–80 wt % particulate nanocomposites App. Phys. Lett. 94 112902
2. Takenaka T, Maruyama K and Sakata K 1991 (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3-BaTiO3 System for Lead-Free Piezoelectric Ceramics Jap. J. App. Phys 30 2236-2239
3. Takenaka T, Nagata H, Hiruma Y 2009 Phase Transition Temperatures and Piezoelectric Properties of (Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3 and (Bi1/2K1/2)TiO3-Based Bismuth Perovskite Lead-Free Ferroelectric Ceramics 56 1595
4. Hao J, Shen B, Zhai J, Liu C, Li X, Gao X 2013 Switching of morphotropic phase boundary and large strain response in lead-freeternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 system J . Appl. Phys. 113 114106
5. Wang X X, Choy S H, Tang X G, Chan H L W 2005 Dielectric behavior and microstructure of (Bi12Na12)TiO3–(Bi12K12)TiO3–BaTiO3 lead-free piezoelectric ceramics J. Appl. Phys. 97 104101
6. Jarupoom P, Patterson E, Gibbons B, Rujijanagul G, Yimnirun, and Cann D 2011 Lead-free ternary perovskite compounds with large electromechanical Strains App. Phys. Lett. 99 152901
7. Narendra B S, Hsu J H, Chen Y S, Lin J G 2011 Magnetoelectric
response in lead-free multiferroic NiFe2O4–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composites J. Appl. Phys. 109 07D904
8. Srinivas A, Krishnaiah R V, Karthik T, Suresh, Asthana S, Kamat S V 2012 Observation of direct and indirect magnetoelectricity in lead free ferroelectric (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)–magnetostrictive (CoFe2O4) particulate composite App. Phys. Lett. 101 082902
9. Sheikh A D, Fawzi A, Mathe V L 2011 Microstructure-property relationship in magnetoelectric bulk composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 323 740
10. Chang K, Feng W, Chen L Q 2009 Effect of second-phase particle morphology on grain growth kinetics Acta Materialia 57 5229–5236
11. Tu C S, Siny I G, and Schmidt V H 1994 Sequence of dielectric anomalies and high-temperature relaxation behavior in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3 Phys. Rev B 49 11550
12. Kounga B, Zhang S, Jo W, Granzow T, and Gel J R 2008 Morphotropic Phase Boundary in (1-x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xK0.5Na0.5NbO3 Lead-Free Piezoceramics Appl. Phys. Lett. 92 222902
13. Guo Y, Gu M, Luo H, Liu Y, and Withers R 2011 Composition-Induced Antiferroelectric Phase and Giant Strain in Lead-Free (Nay, Biz)Ti1-xO3(1-x)-xBaTiO3 Ceramics Phys. Rev. B. 83 054118–24
14. Jigong H, Bo S, Jiwei Z, Chunze L, Xiaolong L, Xingyu G 2013 Switching of morphotropic phase boundary and large strain response in lead-free ternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
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(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 system J. Appl. Phys. 113 114106
15. Pradhan D K, Barik S K, Sahoo S, Puli V S, and Katiyar R S 2013 Investigations on electrical and magnetic properties of Multiferroic [(1-x)Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3-xNi0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4] composites J. Appl. Phys. 1113 44104
16. Gupta A, Chatterjee R 2010 Study of dielectric and magnetic properties of PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3–Mn0.3Co0.6Zn0.4Fe1.7O4 composite J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 322 1020
17. Kanamadi C M, Pujari L B, Chougule B K 2005 Dielectric behaviour and magnetoelectric effect in xNi0.8Cu0.2Fe2O4+(1-x)Ba0.9Pb0.1Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 ME composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter. 295 139
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
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Assessment of Effects of Industrial Effluents on Ground Water Quality in Chandigarh, Punjab
Archana TomarDesh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh, Punjab
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstruct : Rapid industrialization affects the environment in different ways by discharging the large amount of effluents as waste water in the surrounding, causing the serious problems to environment. An investigation has been made to ascertain the metals concentration in the effluents samples collected from different industries located in Chandigarh. The pH of the effluent water ranged from 7.5 to 9.8 indicating alkalinity of water. EC of all collected effluent samples were within the range of 94.87 to 365.58 +S cm-1 indicating effluents of low salinity. The DO was within the range of 0.30 to 7.6 mg L-1 .Total dissolved solids (TDS) ranged from 53.68 to 267.05 mg/L. Considering TDS, all the samples were rated as fresh water (<1000 mg L-1). On the other hand, the cationic chemistry indicated that most of the samples showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca. However, the waste water of the study area can be used for irrigation hence it is acceptable considering quality for aquaculture except some sampling sites. Key Words : Water quality, industrialization, physical parameters
Introduction
The surface of our planet is nearly 71% water,
only 3% of it is fresh. Of these 3% about 75%
is tied up in glaciers and polar icebergs, 24%
in groundwater and 1% is available in the
form of fresh water in rivers,
lakes and ponds suitable for human
consumption [1]. Groundwater is considered
as one of the most precious resource as it not
only fulfills the basic necessities of life
but is also used for industrial and agricultural
development.
In India, more than 60 percent of the irrigation
requirements and 85 percent of drinking water
supplies are dependent on groundwater [2].
Rapid industrialization has resulted in
contamination of both surface and ground
water by sewage, industrial waste and a wide
range of synthetic chemicals [3]. According to
the scientists of National Environmental
Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India,
about 70 % of the available water in India is
polluted [4].
Recently, a lot of studies has been done to
improve the water quality standards [5-8].The
current study is based on the analysis of
groundwater water parameters in industrial
areas of Chandigarh..
Materials and methods
The study was carried out through
experimental method. The sample was
analyzed through experiment. Effluents from
Chandigarh industrial area and was compared
with the standard level of waste water quality
parameters which is the control variable that
already exists.
Study design
The study involved sampling of effluents from
three-industry outlet and at eight selected
points in their vicinity.
Sampling
The study area was divided into eight stations.
The waste water samples were collected for
physico-chemical eight stations of the
surrounding industrial environment. Total
twenty-four samples were collected (eight
samples for physico-chemical) in 100 ml
sterlised bottles.
Collected water samples were analyzed for
physico-chemical characteristics and heavy
metal. Effluent samples were then filtered
through filter paper to remove undesirable
solid and suspended materials. For the
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page7
analysis of Physico-chemical properties of
water such as DO, TDS, pH, EC,
Temperature, different instruments such as
digital DO meter, digital TDS meter, digital
pH meter, digital EC meter, Thermometer
were used.
Analytical procedures
pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, etc. were determined.
Samples were analyzed according to Standard
Methods for Examination of Water and Waste
water [9].
Color and odor
Water color was observed by naked eyes and
odor was felt with nose by direct field
observation.
pH
The pH value of water samples was measured
by taking 50 mL of water in a 100 mL beaker
and immersing the electrode of pH meter
(WTW pH 522, Germany) into samples [10].
Electrical Conductivity (EC)
EC is the measure of the ability of an aqueous
solution to convey an electric current. This
ability depends upon the presence of ions,
their total concentration, mobility, valence and
temperature. EC was determined by
conductivity meter following the procedure of
Richard (1954)[11].
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
A total dissolved solid (TDS) is the measure
of total inorganic salts and other substances
that are dissolved in water. TDS was
determined following the procedure of
Richard (1954) by using Electrical
Conductivity (EC) meter [1].
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
To measure dissolved oxygen (DO) of water,
100 mL of the collected samples was taken in
a beaker. DO of the samples was measured
with the help of DO meter.
Ionic Constituents
Calcium
Calcium was determined from river water
samples by EDTA titrimetric method using
Na2EDTA as a chelating agent [12, 13].
Phosphate
Phosphate of water samples was determined
colorimetrically by stannous chloride (SnCl2)
method according to the procedure outlined by
APHA (1995) [14].
Potassium and Sodium
Flame emission spectrophotometer (Jenway
PEP7, UK) was used to determine potassium
and sodium contents from water samples
separately using potassium and sodium filters.
Data Analysis
The SPSS software were used for data
analysis and presentation.
Results and Discussions
To evaluate the pollution content eight
samples from different industries were
analyzed for various physical and chemical
parameters. The chemical parameters of water
around the industrial site obtained from the
analyses are presented in the Table 1 and
Table 2. Water quality for agriculture is
tremendously mentionable because it has a
remarkable impact on soil, crop and human
life.
Industrial effluents analysis
pH
The mean pH values of effluent samples
collected from the expelling areas of nearby
water body of different industry have been
presented in Table 1. From the results it was
observed that pH value significantly varied
due to different locations. The pH values
fluctuated between 6.5 to 9.2 indicating
alkalinity of water (Table 1). So, on the basis
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page8
of measured pH of most of the samples
collected from the Chandigarh industrial area
is problematic for long-term irrigation [15].
Color and odor
At first color and odor of effluents of different
industry were observed visually. The observed
color (Table 1) was mauve, dark mauve, grey,
brown, dark brown or black. Therefore, the
waste water is totally unsuitable not only for
aquaculture but also for agricultural purposes.
Odor is an important physical parameter for
determining the quality of effluent water. The
investigation was found that bad organic odor
(Fishy, Foul, and Pungent). The water at the
dumping site emits noxious smell which
means the water is polluted and dangerous for
human health.
Electrical conductivity (EC)
Conductivity is the measure of the capacity
of a solution to conduct electric current. The
electrical conductivity (EC) of all collected
water samples were within the range of
84.87 to 325.58 KS cm-1 (Table 1). Among
the total sample, EC of 5 were less than their
average value and the rest 3 samples were
higher than the average. The highest value
of EC (325.58 KS cm-1) is recorded in
effluent of the sample E6 and the lowest
(84.87 KS cm-1) was obtained in the effluent
sample E3 (Table 1). There were wide
spatial variations in the EC in major
polluting areas of Chandigarh industrial area
[16].
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The DO of all collected effluent samples was
within the range of 0.28 to 0.72 mg/L (Table
1). DO content should be above 6.0 mg/L for
drinking water, recreation and irrigation.
Table 1: Physicochemical characterization
of effluent samples.
S.No. Sample Color Odor pH TDS EC DO
1 E1 Brown Fishy 6.95 162.8 269.7 0.28
2 E2
Light
Brown Foul 8.75 86.48 160.89 0.5
3 E3
Light
Brown Foul 8.85 43.68 84.87 0.49
4 E4 Brown Fishy 9.2 89.67 176.97 0.51
5 E5 Grey Fishy 7.5 242.15 357.54 0.69
6 E6 Clear Foul 8.72 156.05 325.58 0.3
7 E7 Mauve Fishy 7.69 213.46 315.63 0.72
8 E8
Dark
Mauve Fishy 8.34 158.07 266 0.37
Figure 1: Physicochemical characterization
of effluent samples.
Dissolved oxygen (DO)
The DO of all collected effluent samples was
within the range of 0.28 to 0.72 mg/L (Table
1). DO content should be above 6.0 mg/L for
drinking water, recreation and irrigation.
Total dissolved solids (TDS)
TDS values of the different sampling points
were ranged from 43.68 to 242.15 mg/L
(Table 1). The highest TDS value was
observed at the E5 and the lowest at the E3.
Water that contains more than 1000 mg/L of
dissolved solids usually contains minerals that
give it a distinctive taste or make it unsuitable
for human consumption [17].
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page9
Ionic constituents
The water samples collected from the
polluting areas of Chandigarh industrial areas
were analyzed for determining the amount of
anions like Ca, Na, K and PO4 (Table 2). The
anion chemistry showed that Na and K are the
dominant anions in the industrial effluent with
minor contribution from Ca. Among the 8
waste water samples, all of the samples
showed dominance sequence as Na > K > Ca
(Table 2).
Phosphate
The phosphate content of test samples
collected from the major polluting areas of
Chandigarh industrial area varied from 2.82 to
9.67 mg/L. Among the collected 8 samples,
the value of 3 and 5 were above and below the
mean value respectively. Out of the total (8)
samples, most of the samples (91.66%) were
higher than the permissible value.
Calcium
The content of Ca in effluent samples varied
from 0 to 9.08 mg/L with an average value of
2.075 mg/L (Table 2). Maximum
concentration of Ca (8.08 mg/L) was observed
in water of E6 while the minimum values (0
mg/L) were recorded in sample 1, 4, 10 and
12.
Sodium
The concentration of Na varied from 32.58 to
74.33 mg/L (Table 4.2). The highest
concentration of Na (75.33 mg mg/L) was
detected at E7 and the lowest concentration
(36.58 mg/L) was detected at E5. In respect of
Na content, all effluent samples under
investigation could safely be applied for long-
term irrigation without any harmful effect on
soils and crops [15].
Potassium
Water for irrigation should satisfy the needs of
soil and plants of the area for normal growth
and crop production. The concentration of K
present in the effluent samples collected from
the major polluting areas of Chandigarh
industrial area were varied from 8.4 to 25.3
mg/L (Table 2).
Table 2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+
and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents.
Figure 2: Concentration of Ca2+, Na+, K+
and PO43- (mg/L) present in effluents.
Conclusions
S.No.Sample
CodeCa Na K PO4
1 E1 Trace 57.35 25.3 9.58
2 E2 2.07 51.97 24.2 8.49
3 E3 2.8 62.71 22.8 3.41
4 E4 Trace 57.23 17.3 9.67
5 E5 0.39 32.58 8.4 2.82
6 E6 9.08 67.46 8.9 3.34
7 E7 4.14 74.33 23.04 3.97
8 E8 2.06 74.17 14.6 3.05
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page10
Overall, the study has shown that the
effluents from industries have negative
impact on the water quality of the
receiving streams. Therefore from the
analysis it is showed that all the tested
parameters (physicochemical) of effluents
were not infected (EC, Ca, Na, K, and
TDS), hence due to presence of one or
several incongruities (pH, color, odor,
DO, PO4) among the tested parameters in
a specific sample disrupted the quality to
use as irrigation. Although the values in
some cases were lower than the maximum
allowable limits, the continued discharge
of un-treated effluents in the stream may
result in severe accumulation of the
contaminants.
With increased industrial activities in
Chandigarh, the load of nutrients and
pollutants entering the receiving streams
will continue to increase and further
diminish the quality of water.
Introduction of cost-effective cleaner
production technologies must be
enforced, such as effluent recycling. It is
therefore recommended that careless
disposal of the effluents should be
discouraged and there is need for each
industry to install an effluent treatment
plant and its proper implication with a
view to treat wastes before being
discharged.
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8. Dixit, S., & Tiwari, S. (2008). Impact assessment of heavy metal pollution of Shahpura lake, Bhopal, India. International Journal of Environmental Research, 2(1): 37–42.
9. APHA (American Public Health Association) 1995: Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. 19th ed. Washington DC, p. 1019.
10. Singh AK, Mondal GC, Kumar S, Singh TB, Tewary BK, Sinha A 2009: Major ion chemistry, weathering processes and water quality assessment in upper catchment of Damodar River basin, India. Environmental Geology, 54 745-758.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
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11. Richard LA 1954: Diagnoses and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Agriculture Hand Book 60 USDA, USA.
12. Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR 1982: Methods of Soil Analysis. Part-2, 2nd edition. American Society of Agrononomy, Wisconsin, USA. pp. 98-765
13. Singh KP, Parwana HK 1999: Ground Water Pollution due to Industrial Waste Water in Punjab State and Strategies for Its Control. Indian Journal of Environmental Protection, 19(4) 241-244.
14. Ghosh AB, Bajaj JC, Hasan R, Singh D 1983: Soil and Water Testing Methods. A Laboratory Manual, Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, IARI, New Delhi, India. pp. 1-48.
15. Rao BK, Panchaksharjah S, Patil BN, Narayana A, Kaiker DLS 1982: Chemical composition of irrigation waters from selected parts of Bijpur district, Karnataka. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Science, 16(4) 426-432.
16. Ayers RS, Westcot DW 1985: Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29(1) 4096.
17. Singh AP, Brar CL, Arora CL 2001: Effect of Tannery Complex Effluents on the Composition of Raw Sewage Water for Irrigation of Crops. Research of Punjab Agricultural University, 38(3-4) , pp. 153-161.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page12
Morpho-physiological change in growth characteristics of four varieties of Cicer arietinum (L.) seedlings in
response to salt stress
Harvinder Kaur Sidhu* and Manjit Kaur Bhangu**
* Research Cell, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh.
**P.G. Department of Botany, Khalsa College, Amritsar.
Abstract: The effect of presoaking salinity stress of
0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Sodium Chloride (NaCl) on
germination potential, radicle length and plumule length
after different intervals of time was studied in four
varieties of Cicer arietinum i.e. PBG1, PBG 5, BG
1053 and GPF2. Various physiological parameters like
fresh weight, dry weight, moisture content, relative
growth rate and vigour index of seedlings were also
significantly influenced by various salt concentrations.
Key words: Salinity stress, germination potential,
vigour index, relative growth rate, seed size.
Introduction
The genus Cicer belongs to the monogeneric
tribe Cicerae and includes about 40 species.
Seed germination occupies a unique position
in plant life as the physiological processes
occurring in it have a profound effect upon
growth and development of plant during its
adult life. Germination starts with imbibition
of water and ends with the protrusion of
embryonic roots. The different varieties of
Cicer produce heteromorphic seeds, varying in
size and germination potential. The crop
raised from heteromorphic seeds comprises
the plants exhibiting greater variations in
morpho-physiological characters and yield
potential (Sharma A and Setia et al. 2001). It
has been shown that for several crop plants,
seedling vigour is directly correlated to seed
size (Ahmed and Zuberi 1973; Reddy et al
1994) but contrasting results have also been
reported by many workers (Black 1958,
Twamley 1967). Therefore, our understanding
of this relationship remains incomplete.
Various external and internal factors also
affect the morpho-physiological
characteristics of plant. Among these factor
salinity stress have been shown to have
profound effect on various morphological and
physiological parameters of seedlings. The
objective of the present investigation is to
study the influence of various concentration of
sodium chloride i.e. (0.1%, 0.5% and 1.0%)
on germination potential and seedling growth
behaviour in four varieties of Cicer arietinum
i.e. PBG1, PBG5, BG1053 and GPF2.
Materials and Methods
The seeds of four varieties of Cicer arietinum
i.e. PBG1, PBG5, BG1053 and GPF2 were
procured from department of Plant breeding,
Punjab Agriculture University, Ludhiana
(Punjab) and the experiment was conducted in
Dept. of Life Sciences, Desh Bhagat
University, Mandi Gobindgarh in
collaboration with P.G. Department of Botany,
Khalsa College, Amritsar (Punjab). Seeds
were hand separated and graded uniform seeds
were surface sterilized with 0.1% mercuric
chloride for one minute followed by thorough
washing with distilled water. The sterilized
seeds were germinated in glass petridishes
lined with filter paper moistened by adding
distilled water for controls, and solutions and
0.1% NaCl, 0.5% NaCl and 1% NaCl using
three replicates for each treatment seeds of all
the four varieties were presoaked for 24 hrs in
appropriate culture solution, before keeping
for germination at 25+2ºC. Germination count
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page13
was made after (24-192hrs) of incubation and
data was recorded on radicle length, plumule
length, fresh weight, dry weight and moisture
content of radicle and plumule of all the four
varieties of cicer. Various parameters like
vigour index (VI) and relative growth rate
(RGR) were also determined in all the four
varieties.
Results and Discussion
Fig. 1 and Plate I shows the percent
germination of seeds in different varieties of
Cicer arietinum. Germination occurred with
all most all salt treatments in 24 hrs. 1.0%
Nacl caused marked reduction in germination
potential but growth occurred normally in 0.1
and 0.5% Nacl suggesting that higher salt
concentration affect the seed germination. The
adverse effect of salinity on germination of
legumes have been reported by Bernstein et.al
(1993)
Fig. 1: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments on percent germination of seeds in different varieties of Cicer arietinum
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr 24 hr 48 hr
Control 0.1% NaCl 0.5% NaCl 1% NaCl
PBG 1 PBG 5 BG 1053 GPF2
The radicle length and plumule length was
also significantly influenced by various salt
concentrations as compared to the control in
all the four varieties i.e. PBG 1, PBG 5,
BG1053 and GPF2 (Fig. 2, 3, 4, 5 and Plate II)
. Higher salt concentration caused marked
reduction in the length of radicle and plumule
(Kumari et.al 2013). Munns & Termaat(1986)
have demonstrated that reduction in growth
under salinity is either due to osmotic or ionic
effect and or the combination of both.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page14
Plate I: Effect of 0.5% and 1% on germination potential of seedlings
Plate II: Effect of various salt concentrations on radicle length and plumule length
in different varieties of Cicer arietinum
Fig. 2: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments
on radicle length and
plumule length of seedlings in PBG 1 variety of Cicer arietinum
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Ra
dic
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
Fig. 2: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments on radicle length and plumule length of seedlings in PBG 1 variety of
Cicer arietinum
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Plu
mu
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
Fig. 3: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments
on radicle length and
plumule length of seedlings in PBG 5 variety of Cicer arietinum
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Rad
icle
le
ng
th (
cm
)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
Plu
mu
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page15
Fig. 4: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments
on radicle length and
plumule length of seedlings in BG1053 variety of Cicer arietinum
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Ra
dic
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Plu
mu
le l
en
gth
(cm
)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
Fig. 5: Effect of pre soaking salinity stress of 0.1%, 0.5% and 1% Nacl treatments
on radicle length and
plumule length of seedlings in GPF2 variety of Cicer arietinum
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
Ra
dic
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
Plu
mu
le l
en
gth
(c
m)
24-48 48-72 72-96 96-120 120-144 144-168 168-192
Control0.1% NaCl
0.5% NaCl1% NaCl
Likewise the data regarding fresh weight, dry
weight and moisture content of radicle and
plumule was also influenced in all the four
varieties of Cicer arietinum following
different salt concentrations. Table 1 and 2
shows that fresh weight, dry weight and
moisture content of radicle and plumule
showed marked variations with various salt
concentrations.
Control 0.1% NaCl 0.5% NaCl 1% NaCl
FW DW MC FW DW MC FW DW M
C
FW DW M
C
0.38+
0.05
0.06+
0.02
84.2
%
0.28+
0.01
0.05+
0.01
82.1
%
0.26+
0.05
0.04+
0.02
84.
6%
0.25+
0.02
0.03+
0.01
88
%
0.39+
0.1
0.10+
0.01
74.3
5%
0.30+
0.02
0.08+
0.02
73.3
%
0.27+
0.01
0.06+
0.01
77.
7%
0.26+
0.01
0.05+
0.02
80.
7%
0.40+
0.18
0.11+
0.08
72.5
%
0.38+
0.03
0.10+
0.05
68.7
5%
0.39+
0.05
0.08+
0.02
73.
3%
0.29+
0.01
0.07+
0.01
75.
8%
PBG
1
0.46+
0.08
0.12+
0.02
73.9
%
0.38+
0.01
0.11+
0.01
71.0
%
0.34+
0.01
0.09+
0.01
73.
5%
0.32+
0.05
0.08+
0.05
75
%
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page16
0.48+
0.02
0.12+
0.01
75
%
0.39+
0.02
0.11+
0.02
71.7
%
0.36+
0.02
0.09+
0.02
75
%
0.34+
0.06
0.08+
0.05
76.
4%
0.73+
0.15
0.15+
0.02
79.4
%
0.52+
0.01
0.12+
0.05
76.9
%
0.40+
0.01
0.10+
0.01
75
%
0.38+
0.01
0.09+
0.01
76.
3%
1.06+
0.05
0.22+
0.05
79.2
%
0.63+
0.02
0.18+
0.01
71.4
%
0.49+
0.06
0.16+
0.02
67.
3%
0.42+
0.06
0.12+
0.010
71.
4%
0.20+
0.02
0.03+
0.01
85
%
0.17+
0.01
0.03+
0.01
82.3
%
0.15+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
86.
6%
0.13+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.22+
0.03
0.05+
0.02
77.2
%
0.17+
0.02
0.03+
0.01
82.3
%
0.15+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
86.
6%
0.13+
0.02
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.26+
0.01
0.07+
0.01
73.0
%
0.23+
0.05
0.06+
0.01
73.9
%
0.17+
0.05
0.05+
0.01
70.
6%
0.16+
0.06
0.04+
0.02
75
%
0.27+
0.05
0.07+
0.01
74.1
%
0.26+
0.0
0.07+
0.02
73.1
%
0.22+
0.01
0.06+
0.02
72.
3%
0.18+
0.02
0.05+
0.01
72.
2%
0.35+
0.02
0.15+
0.02
57.1
%
0.28+
0.02
0.08+
0.01
71.4
%
0.25+
0.02
0.07+
0.03
72.
0%
0.21+
0.01
0.06+
0.01
71.
4%
0..40
+0.03
0.15+
0.02
62.5
%
0.39+
0.01
0.10+
0.02
74.3
%
0.30+
0.01
0.08+
0.02
73.
3%
0.25+
0.02
0.07+
0.01
72
%
PBG
5
0.44+
0.03
0.19+
0.010
56.8
%
0.39+
0.01
0.13+
0.01
66.6
%
0.32+
0.02
0.10+
0.01
68.
7%
0.30+
0.01
0.09+
0.01
70
%
- - - - - - - - -
0.18+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
88.8
%
0.15+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
86.6
%
0.14+
0.02
0.02+
0.01
85.
7%
0.13+
0.02
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.20+
0.02
0.04+
0.01
80
%
0.15+
0.03
0.03+
0.01
80
%
0.15+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
86.
6%
0.13+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.22+
0.03
0.06+
0.02
72.7
%
0.20+
0.01
0.05+
0.02
75
%
0.16+
0.02
0.03+
0.02
81.
2%
0.14+
0.1
0.03+
0.01
78.
5%
0.24+
0.01
0.06+
0.02
75
%
0.24+
0.02
0.05+
0.01
79.2
%
0.20+
0.01
0.04+
0.01
80
%
0.16+
0.01
0.04+
0.01
75
%
0.26+
0.01
0.12+
0.01
53.8
%
0.26+
0.01
0.09+
0.01
65.3
%
0.21+
0.02
0.05+
0.01
76.
2%
0.20+
0.01
0.05+
0.01
75
%
BG1
053
0.28+
0.07
0.15+
0.01
46.4
%
0.32+
0.01
0.11+
0.02
65.6
%
0.28+
0.02
0.09+
0.01
67.
8%
0.25+
0.01
0.06+
0.01
76
%
0.19+
0.01
0.03+
0.00
84.2
%
0.16+
0.02
0.03+
0.01
81.2
5%
0.13+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.13+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
0.21+
0.01
0.04+
0.01
80.9
%
0.16+
0.01
0.03+
0.01
81.2
5%
0.14+
0.01
0.02+
0.01
85.
7%
0.13+
0.02
0.02+
0.01
84.
6%
GPF
2
0.24+
0.02
0.06+
0.01
75
%
0.21+
0.05
0.05+
0.01
76.1
%
0.16+
0.01
0.04+
0.001
75
%
0.15+
0.01
0.03+
0.01
80
%
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page17
0.26+
0.01
0.06+
0.01
76.9
%
0.22+
0.01
0.05+
0.01
77.2
%
0.21+
0.01
0.05+
0.01
76.
2%
0.17+
0.01
0.05+
0.01
70.
5%
0.28+
0.02
0.14+
0.01
50
%
0.25+
0.02
0.09+
0.02
64
%
0.24+
0.02
0.06+
0.01
75
%
0.22+
0.02
0.06+
0.01
72.
7%
0.32+
0.06
0.10+
0.01
56.3
%
0.28+
0.01
0.09+
0.01
67.6
%
0.28+
0.01
0.07+
0.01
75
%
0.24+
0.03
0.08+
0.01
75
%
0.34+
0.01
0.17+
0.01
50
%
0.34+
0.02
0.12+
0.01
64.7
%
0.30+
0.01
0.10+
0.01
66.
6%
0.28+
0.01
0.08+
0.01
71.
4%
Significant at 5% level, values represent mean + S.E.
Table 1: Effect of presoaking of seeds of different varieties of Cicer arietinum in different
salt concentrations on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture content (%) of radicle
at different intervals of time.
Although all the above parameters increased
with time but decreased with increasing salt
concentrations suggesting that higher
concentration affect the osmotic adjustments
and the effect was more pronounced in
BG1053 as compared to PBG 1, PBG 5 and
GPF 10 varieties of Cicer arietinum.
Control 0.1% NaCl 0.5% NaCl 1% NaCl
FW DW MC FW DW MC F
W
D
W
MC F
W
D
W
MC
- - - - - - - - - - - -
0.33+0.
01
0.01+0
.10
66.6
%
0.02+0
.01
0.01+0
.01
50% - - - - - -
0.04+0.
01
0.03+0
.01
25% 0.03+0
.01
0.02 33.3
%
0.0
2
0.0
1
50% - - -
0.05+0.
12
0.04+0
.01
20% 0.04+0
.01
0.03 25% 0.0
3
0.0
2
33.3
%
- - -
0.08+0.
03
0.07+0
.01
12.5
%
0.06+0
.01
0.05 16.6
%
0.0
5
0.0
3
40% 0.0
4
0.0
2
50%
0.12+0.
10
0.10+0
.01
16.6
%
0.11+0
.02
0.09 18.1
%
0.1
0
0.0
6
40% 0.0
6
0.0
5
16.6
%
PBG
1
0.19+0.
16
0.18+0
.01
5.3
%
0.17+0
.01
0.12 29.4
%
0.1
3
0.1
0
23% 0.0
8
0.0
6
25.5
%
0.02+0.
10
0.01+0
.01
50% - - 29.4
%
- - - - - -
PBG
5 0.03+0.
10
0.02+0
.01
33.3
%
0.02+0
.01
0.01 50% - - - - - -
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page18
0.02+0.
010
0.01+0
.01
50% - - - - - - - -
0.03+0.
10
0.02+0
.01
33.3
%
0.02+0
.01
0.01 50% - - - - - -
0.04+0.
01
0.03+0
.01
25% 0.03+0
.01
0.02 33.3
%
0.0
1
0.0
1
- - - -
0.06+0.
02
0.05+0
.01
16.6
%
0.04+0
.02
0.03 25% 0.0
2
0.0
2
- 0.0
2
0.0
1
50%
0.10+0.
05
0.08+0
.02
20% 0.06+0
.01
0.05 16.6
%
0.0
4
0.0
3
25% 0.0
3
0.0
2
33.3
%
0.13+0.
02
0.10+0
.01
23% 0.08+0
.01
0.07 12.5
%
0.0
6
0.0
5
16.6
%
0.0
5
0.0
4
20%
0.14+0.
03
0.12+0
.10
14.3
%
0.10+0
.01
0.08 20% 0.0
8
0.0
7
12.5
%
0.0
7
0.0
6
14.3
%
- - - - - - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - - - - - -
0.02+0.
01
0.01+0
.01
50% - -
0.03+0.
01
0.02+0
.01
33.3
%
0.02+0
.01
0.01+0
.01
50% - - - - - -
BG10
53
0.04+0.
02
0.03+0
.01
25% 0.03+0
.01
0.02+0
.01
33.3
%
0.0
2
0.0
1
50% 0.0
2
0.0
1
50%
0.05+0.
01
0.04+0
.01
20% 0.04+0
.01
0.03+0
.01
25% 0.0
3
0.0
2
33.3
%
0.0
2
0.0
1
50%
0.09+0.
02
0.07+0
.02
22.2
%
0.07+0
.01
0.05+0
.01
28.5
%
0.0
6
0.0
5
16.6
%
0.0
4
0.0
2
50%
0.01+0.
01
- - - - - - - - - - -
0.02+0.
01
- - - - - - - - - - -
0.03+0.
01
0.02+0
.01
33.3
%
0.02+0
.01
0.01 50% - - - - - -
0.05+0.
02
0.03+0
.01
40% 0.04+0
.01
0.03 25% - - - 0.0
2
0.0
1
50%
GPF2
0.06+0.
12
0.05+0
.02
16.6
%
0.05+0
.02
0.04 20% 0.0
3
0.0
2
33.3
%
0.0
2
0.0
1
50%
0.08+0.
01
0.06+0
.02
25% 0.06+0
.01
0.05 16.6
%
0.0
5
0.0
4
20% 0.0
4
0.0
3
25%
0.12+0.
02
0.10+0
.01
16.6
%
0.09+0
.02
0.08 11.1
%
0.0
7
0.0
6
14.3
%
0.0
6
0.0
5
16.6
%
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page19
Similar trend has been observed in vigour
index of seedlings.
References
1. Ahmed SV and Zuberi MI (1973). Effect of seed size on yield and some of its components in rapeseed, Brassica campestris L. Var. Toria Crop Sci. 13: 119.
2. Bernestein NWK and Lauchli A (1993). Growth and development of sorghum leaves under conditions of NaCl stress. Planta. 191, 433-439.
3. Black JN (1958). Aus. J. Ecol. 54: 367.
4. Kumari P.,Vishnuvardhan Z. and Babu K.(2013) A study on effect of NaCl stress on Kodomillet (Paspalum scrobiculatum) during germination stage. Annals of Plant Sciences ISSN: 2287-688X.
5. Munns R and Termaat A (1986). Whole-plant responses to salinity. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 143-160.
6. Reddy NSK, Reddy MB and Ankaiah R
(1994). Seed Res. 22: 22.
7. Sharma A, Setia N and Setia RC (2001). Influence of seed size and plant growth regulators on seed germination and seedling growth in three Brassica species. J. of Plant Sci. Res. 17: 26-29.
8. Twamley BE (1967). Effect of seed size and seedling vigor in birdsfoot trefoil. Can. J. Plant Sci. 47: 603-609.
Significant at 5% level, values represent mean + S.E.
Table 2: Effect of presoaking of seeds of different varieties of Cicer arietinum in different
salt concentrations on fresh weight (g), dry weight (g) and moisture content (%) of plumule
at different intervals of time.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page20
Structural and Magnetic Properties BiFeO3-NiFe2O4 Nanocomposite Thin Films.
Binod Kumar, Mintu Tyagi*,Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India
Email: [email protected]
Abstract: Multiferroic (1-x)BiFeO3(BFO)–xNiFe2O4(NFO) (x=0,0.1,0.2, 0.3) nanocomposite thin films were prepared by sol-gel technique and their Structural, electrical and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy examinations confirm the coexistence of both perovskite BFO and spinel NFO phases. The magnetic properties were much improved by incorporation of NFO grains in matrix of BFO. The saturation magnetization (Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) increased as high as ~34 emu/cm3 and ~7 emu/cm3 respectively for x=0.1. Keywords : Thin films, multiferroic, nanocomposites, Magnetic
Introduction
The broad and enthusiastic study towards
Multiferroic magnetoelectric (ME) materials
has been paid huge attention over the last
decade as the investigators are looking for
to study and develop these materials due to
their potential use in wide variety of
electronic devices[1-3]. Studies to date
based on single phase Multiferroic materials
have been reported, but very few of them
have significant ME coupling due to
principle reasons [4]. In this regard,
Multiferroic nanocomposite thin films
because of large surface area and
remarkable tunability between ferroelectric
and magnetic order parameters via their
interfaces are of great interest and provides
a new approach for developing such
materials. [5]. Several investigations based
on ferroelectric–ferrite nanocomposite thin
films including BiFeO3 (BFO), BaTiO3
(BTO) and PbTiO3 (PTO) as ferroelectric
constituents and CoFe2O4(CFO) and
NiFe2O4(NFO), as ferrimagnetic constitute
have been reported in literature showing
both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic
properties [6].
However, studies on Multiferroic
nanocomposite thin films using low
anisotropy magnetic oxide component are
relatively few in literature [7]. Therefore, in
this study NFO with an inverse spinel
structure having soft magnetic nature, low
magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and
good chemical stability has been chosen for
preparation of Multiferroic nanocomposite
thin films[8]. Based on the above
considerations, we have applied the sol-gel
spin coating method to prepare BFO-xNFO
(x = 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3) nanocomposite thin
films and systematically investigated the
structural and magnetic properties of
nanocomposite thin films at room
temperature.
Experimental Procedure
High purity bismuth nitrate
[Bi(NO3)3.5H2O], nickel nitrate
Ni(NO3)2.6H2O, iron nitrate
[Fe(NO3)3.9H2O and 2-methoxyethanol of
Sigma Aldrich (99.99%) were used for
synthesis. In the first step, BFO and NFO
precursor solutions were individually
prepared by standard sol-gel method [8]. In
the second step, both precursor solutions of
BFO and NFO were mixed together with
volume ratio of (1-x)BFO-xNFO (x = 0, 0.1,
0.2, 0.3) using Hamilton microliter
microsyringe, heated and stirred
continuously at 70 °C for 1 hours to get a
well mixed BFO/NFO gel solution. The
mixed solution was spin coated onto indium
tin oxide coated (ITO) glass substrate at
3000 rpm for 40 seconds and subsequently
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page21
baked at 300 °C for 5 minutes. Finally the
thin films were obtained by repeating this
spin-coating-baking-annealing process
twice. The films were annealed at 600 °C
for 30 min in ambient atmosphere. Phase
analysis of the samples were done by X-ray
diffraction (XRD) using CuKα radiation (λ
= 1.54178Ǻ) (Philips X-pert PRO). The
cross-section of the films were analyzed
with scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Zeiss EVO-50 ESEM (Carl Zeiss SMT, Inc.,
New York). Surface morphology of the
films were studied by Atomic force
microscopy (AFM) model (NT-MDT
SOLVER NEXT). For electrical
measurements, the Au dots of 0.8 mm were
deposited using the mask on the film by
sputtering technique. Room temperature (R-
T) Dielectric and polarization-electric field
(P-E) loops were measured using HP 4192A
impedance analyzer and ferroelectric tester
(Radiant Precision Premier II Technology).
Magnetization-applied magnetic field (M-H)
loops were measured using a
superconducting quantum interference
device (SQUID) (Quantum Design’s MPMS
XL7).
Results and discussion
Figure 1 displays the XRD pattern of BFO,
NFO and BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin
films after annealing at 600ºC. The XRD
patterns of BFO and NFO exhibit the
prominent peaks of perovskite BFO and the
cubic spinel symmetry NFO respectively.
At the same time, the peaks corresponding
to NFO in BFO/NFO composite thin films
spectra were hard to see due to
superimposition of NFO peaks with both
BFO and ITO peaks. Moreover, due to the
low volume ratio of NFO as compared to
BFO, the NFO grains were trapped around
of ferroelectric grains of BFO phase, and its
growth was found to be restrained [9].
Fig. 1 XRD pattern of BFO, NFO and BFO/NFO
nanocomposite thin films
Figure 2 (a), (b) and (c) showed the surface
morphology of BFO, NFO and BFO/NFO
thin films obtained from the atomic force
microscopy (AFM). The micrograph
suggests the films were dense and well
crystallized. The introduction of NFO grains
in BFO matrix greatly affect the surface
morphology of BFO thin films. Particularly,
the fine grain size and lower roughness
value of the BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin
films were observed as compared to BFO
thin films. The root mean square roughness
(Rq) values were measured using the 10 μm
x 10 μm area for better statics and found to
decrease for composite thin films as
compared to BFO. The Rq values were ~
9.32nm, ~6.29 and ~5.33nm for BFO,
BFO/NFO and NFO thin films respectively.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page22
Fig. 2 AFM images of (a) BFO (b) NFO and (c)
BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin films
Figure 3 (a) shows the in plane M-H
behaviour of BFO and BFO/NFO(x=0.1)
nanocomposite thin films at 300K. BFO
sample typically exhibit the anti-
ferromagnetic behaviour due to its
magnetism arises from self-canted spin
magnetic moments of Fe3+. Whereas, the
well defined M-H loop was observed for
BFO/CFO nanocomposite thin films. This
indicates that the major contribution to
magnetic moment of the BFO/CFO
nanocomposite thin films mainly arises
from NFO. The saturation magnetization
(Ms) and remnant magnetization (Mr) were
found to be as high as ~ 34 emu/cm3 and ~ 7
emu/cm3 respectively for x=0.1. This
suggests that the ferromagnetic character of
the composite sample is sustained even at
minimum NFO content in our samples.
Also, as shown in zoom view of figure 4(a),
the coercive field is as small as ~192 Oe
which confirms the soft magnetic nature of
the sample. The magnetic data of the
BFO/NFO nanocomposite thin films
demonstrate that the magnetic properties
can be quite tuned in the composites.
Fig. 3 (a) Magnetic hysteresis loops of pure BFO and
BFO/CFO nanocomposite thin films at 300K.
Conclusions:
Multiferroic (1-x)BiFeO3(BFO)–
xNiFe2O4(NFO) (x=0,0.1,0.2, 0.3)
nanocomposite thin films are prepared
without any impurity phase using sol-gel
method. The addition of NFO in BFO
matrix shows a strong effect on dielectric,
magnetic and ferroelectric properties. The
nanocomposite thin films showed improved
Multiferroic behaviour. The saturation
magnetization (Ms) and remnant
magnetization (Mr) increased as high as ~
34 emu/cm3 and ~ 7 emu/cm3 respectively
for x=0.1. In conclusion, the sample with
(x= 0.1) was the best sample of our study
demonstrating good ferroelectric as well as
magnetic properties, provide a great
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page23
opportunities for many passive electronic
devices used for future potential
applications.
References
1. Narendra B S, Hsu J H, Chen Y S,
Lin J G 2011 Magnetoelectric
response in lead-free multiferroic
NiFe2O4–Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composites
J. Appl. Phys. 109 07D904
2. Srinivas A, Krishnaiah R V, Karthik
T, Suresh, Asthana S, Kamat S V
2012 Observation of direct and
indirect magnetoelectricity in lead
free ferroelectric (Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3)–
magnetostrictive (CoFe2O4)
particulate composite App. Phys.
Lett. 101 082902
3. Sheikh A D, Fawzi A, Mathe V L
2011 Microstructure-property
relationship in magnetoelectric bulk
composites J. Magn. Magn. Matter.
323 740
4. Chang K, Feng W, Chen L Q 2009
Effect of second-phase particle
morphology on grain growth
kinetics Acta Materialia 57 5229–
5236
5. Tu C S, Siny I G, and Schmidt V H
1994 Sequence of dielectric
anomalies and high-temperature
relaxation behavior in Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3
Phys. Rev B 49 11550
6. Kounga B, Zhang S, Jo W, Granzow
T, and Gel J R 2008 Morphotropic
Phase Boundary in (1-
x)Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3–xK0.5Na0.5NbO3
Lead-Free Piezoceramics Appl.
Phys. Lett. 92 222902
7. Guo Y, Gu M, Luo H, Liu Y, and
Withers R 2011 Composition-
Induced Antiferroelectric Phase and
Giant Strain in Lead-Free (Nay,
Biz)Ti1-xO3(1-x)-xBaTiO3 Ceramics
Phys. Rev. B. 83 054118–24
8. Jigong H, Bo S, Jiwei Z, Chunze L,
Xiaolong L, Xingyu G 2013
Switching of morphotropic phase
boundary and large strain response
in lead-free ternary (Bi0.5Na0.5)TiO3–
(K0.5Bi0.5)TiO3–(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3
system J. Appl. Phys. 113 114106
9. Pradhan D K, Barik S K, Sahoo S,
Puli V S, and Katiyar R S 2013
Investigations on electrical and
magnetic properties of Multiferroic
[(1-x)Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3-
xNi0.65Zn0.35Fe2O4] composites J.
Appl. Phys. 1113 44104
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page24
Fluoride Removal From Ground Water Using Low Cost Adsorbents
Gaurav ThakurDolphin PG College, Chunni Kalan , Punjab
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract: Drinking water contamination by fluoride is recognized as a major public health problem in many parts of the world. In fact, although fluoride is an essential trace element for animals and humans, excessive fluoride intake may cause adverse health effects.Among several treatment technologies applied for fluoride removal, adsorption process has been explored widely and offers satisfactory results, so objective of this study was to investigate or check efficiency of low cost adsorbent. Batch adsorption studies are carried out.Batch adsorption studies demonstrate that the adsorbents have the significant capacity to adsorb the Fluoride from water. The experiments were carried out in laboratory on certain low cost adsorbents like pineapple peel powder, orange peel powder, groundnut shell powder and rice husk.Key Words: Drinking water, Fluoride
contamination,
Low cost methods, bioadsorbent
Introduction
Clean and safe water is the primary need of
the human being. Rapid increase in
population, urbanization, industrialization
and injudicious use of water resources have
led to degradation of water quality and
reduction in per capita availability in
various developing countries. The
groundwater is getting polluted due to
various reasons like disposal of hazardous
wastes, liquid and solid wastes from
industries, sewage disposal, surface
impoundments etc. One such contaminant is
fluoride. When the level of fluoride in water
is beyond its permissible limit, it is
responsible for various types of fluorosis
among human being. Around one million
people in India are affected by endemic
fluorosis [1,2]. Maximum permissible limit
of fluoride in drinking water has been set as
1.5 mg/ L by many regulatory authorities
like WHO, US EPA, CPCB etc. Several
methods are available for defluoridation but
these are costlier. Therefore, now there is a
need to develop some low cost method for
defluoridation..
Literature review indicates that removal of
fluoride from water can be achieved by
using bioadsorbents like rice husk ash, neem
leaf, peepal leaf, khair leaf, tamarind fruit
shell, coffee husk, Phyllanthus emblica,
bark of babool, pine apple peel powder,
orange peel powder,groundnut shells,
babool bark, mango, java plum, neem seed
coat of tur, Camellia sinensis, corn cob,
turkish red pine, gooseberry seeds, Guava
bark, Khaya senegalensis fruits etc [3-17].
Adsorption methods are adopted for
removal of fluoride and these methods are
suitable when fluoride is present in low
concentrations [18].
Materials and methods
In the present study an attempt has been
made to suggest certain low cost materials
as effective adsorbents of fluoride. The
adsorbents primarily screened were horse
gram powder, ragi powder, multhani matti,
red mud, concrete, pine apple peel powder,
chalk powder and orange peel powder .
Initially, all the adsorbents are screened by
adding 1gm of each adsorbent to 100 mL of
solution of Fluoride . Adsorption methods
are adopted for removal of fluoride and
these methods are suitable when fluoride is
present in low concentrations. For this
purpose, an aqueous solution of 100 mL of
fluoride of various concentrations is taken
in 100 mL Stoppard bottles and 1 gm of
adsorbent is added to the solutions. Batch
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page25
adsorption experiments are carried out at
room temperature, a contact time of 2-4 hrs
is maintained. The initial and final
concentrations of aqueous solution of
fluoride was determined by was determined
by spectrophotometric method by using
Spands and percentage removal of fluoride
was determined [19].
Results and discussion
Our results predict that the bioadsorbents
taken as filter media are highly potential in
their work. For RH (rice husk) the
degradation percentage is 98.2% which
conclude that it is best for the purpose of
fluoride removal at low cost and with
appropriate availability.
Next effective bioadsorbent was found to be
Groundnut Shells, most easily available and
low cost material for the people even in
village areas. It shows degradation of 98%
though earlier studies done, reveals that the
process can remove fluoride up to 90%.
This result is in the favor of the people who
are not capable of purchasing high cost
membrane filters to remove fluorine from
their drinking water.
The other two bioadsorbents showed
degradation of 86% and 79 respectively.
They are also teasily available raw material.
Conclusions
Our study reveals that removal of fluoride
with the help of Bioadsorbent is very
efficient process for Defluoridation. Among
various types of deflouridation techniques
we selected the process of adsorption as it
can easily be applicable at small scale even
at household level. Various bioadsorbents
used by us are mostly the dried leaves and
waste of agriculture products. These
bioadsorbents showed high amount of
adsorption of fluoride. These raw materials
are easily available at low cost. Thus these
can be used by the village people in areas
affected with high concentration of fluoride;
because of its low cost they are affordable
Table 1: Percentage removal of Fluoride
using different adsorbents
S.N
o.
Adsorb
ents
Initial
Concentra
tions of
Fluoride
in mg/L
Final
Concentra
tions of
Fluoride
in mg/L
%
Remo
val
1. Pineap
ple peel
powder
10 1.4 86
2. Orange
peel
powder
10 2.1 79
3. Ground
nut
shell
powder
10 0.2 98
4. Rice
husk
10 0.18 98.2
Figure 1: % Removal of Fluoride
.
References
1. Bell M.C. and Ludwig T.G., 1970. The
supply of fluoride to man: ingestion from
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page26
water, fluorides and Human Health, World
Health Organization, Geneva, WHO
Monograph Series 59
2. Singh R. and Maheshwari R.C., 2000.
Defluoridation of drinking water–a review,
Ind. J. Environ. Protec., 21(11), 983–991.
3. Mondal Naba Kr, BhaumikRia, Banerjee
A., Datta J.K., Baur T.A., 2012.
Comparative study on the batch
performance of fluoride adsorption by
activated silica gel and activated rice husk
ash, International J. of Env.Sci., 2(3), 1643-
1660.
4. Jamode A.V., Sapkal V.S. and Jamode
V.S., 2004. Defluoridation of water using
inexpensive adsorbents, J.Indian Inst. Sci.,
(84) 163–171.
5. Sivasankar V., Ramachandramoorthy T.
and Chandramohan A., 2010. Fluoride
removal from water using activated and
MnO2-coated Tamarind Fruit (Tamarindus
indica) shell: Batch and column studies,
J.Haz. Mater. 177 719–729.
6. Patil R.N., Nagarnaik P. B. and Agrawal
D.K..http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/index.a
sp19 [email protected]
7. Mamilwar B.M. ,.Bhole A.G,Sudame
A.M,2012. Removal Of Fluoride From
Ground Water By Using Adsorbent,
International Journal of Engineering
Research and Applications, 2 ( 4) ,334-338.
8. Mumtazuddin S., Azad AK.,2012.
International Journal of Advances in
Pharmacy, Biology And Chemistry Vol.
1(3), ISSN: 2277 - 4688 .
9. Jamode A. V., Sapkal V. S., Jamode V.
S., 2004. Defluoridation of water using
inexpensive adsorbents, J. Indian Inst. Sci.,
84, 163–171 .
10. Mangrulkar D., Dhoble R.M., Kirkate
R.,2011. Defluoridation from Groundwater
by Seed Coat of Tur (SCOT): A Low Cost
Adsorbent, International Journal of
Environmental Research and Development.
Volume 1, Number 1, pp. 17-30
11. Sharmila. D, Muthusamy P.,2013
Removal of heavy metal from industrial
effluent using bioadsorbents(Camellia
sinensis) Journal of Chemical and
Pharmaceutical Research, , 5(2):10-13.
12. Mahdi R.S.,2014. Removal of The Blue
Methylene Dye from an Aqueous Solution
By Using Powdered Corn Cob, International
journal of Civil Engineering and
technology, Volume 5, Issue 1, pp. 21-34.
13. Hassan A.A., 2014. Removal of
Reactive Red 3b From Aqueous Solution
By Using Treated Orange Peel,
International journal of Civil Engineering
and technology, Volume 5, Issue 3, pp. 160-
169.
14. Baslar S., Dogan Y., Durkan N., Bag
H.,2009. Biomonitoring of zinc and
manganese in bark of Turkish red pine of
western Anatolia, Journal of Environmental
Biology, 30(5) 831-834 .
15. Aravind J., Sudha G., Kanmani P.,
Devisri A.J., Dhivyalakshmi S.,
Raghavprasad M., 2015. Equilibrium and
kinetic study on chromium (VI) removal
from simulated waste water using
gooseberry seeds as a novel biosorbent,
Global J. Environ. Sci. Manage., 1(3): 233-
244..
16. Panhekar D.,2015. Activated Tree Bark
as an Adsorbent for Heavy Metal Removal:
Study Through Isotherm Analysis,
International Journal of Chemical and
Physical Sciences, Vol. 4 Special Issue –
NCSC Jan-2015
17. Casmir E. Gimba1, Odike Ocholi, Peter
A. Egwaikhide, Turoti Muyiwa, Emmanuel
E. Akporhonor, 2009. New raw material for
activated carbon. I. Methylene blue
adsorption on activated carbon prepared
from Khaya senegalensis fruits, Cien. Inv.
Agr. 36(1):107-114.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page27
18. Tomar V. and Kumar D., 2013. A
critical study on efficiency of different
materials for fluoride removal from aqueous
media, Chemistry Central Journal,
19. Sharma S., Vibhuti, Vishal and Pundhir
A, 2014. Removal of fluoride from water
using bioadsorbents. Curr Res Microbiol
Biotechnol, 2(6): 509-512.
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page28
Vibrational behaviour of tapered Square Plate under Simply Supported Boundary Condition
Anmol, Narinder Kaur*
Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India
Abstract: In this paper, an analysis is presented to the study for frequencies of exponential thickness distribution on the basis of square plate which is simply supported along the boundary. It is assumed that thickness of the plate varies exponentially in one direction. Also, exponential variation in poisson ratio is taken due to non-homogeneity presented in plate material. Rayleigh-Ritz technique on the basis of square plate theory is applied to solve the fourth order differential equation of motion. Numerical values of frequency are calculated with the help of Mathematica (Software) and are presented in tabular and graphical forms for different values of taper constant, thermal gradient and non-homogeneity constant.
Introduction
Vibration problems of elastic plate are very
much comprehensive due to various
geometrical shapes with complications of
anisotropy, visco-elastic, non-homogeneity,
variable thickness, surrounding media, in
plane force, large deflections, elastic
foundation, shear deformation and rotatory
inertia, simple and mixed boundary
conditions etc.
Thickness variations are a reality in any
plating and anodizing operation. Plates with
variable thickness along with thermal
condition are extensively used in modern
technology i.e. naval structure; aircraft etc.
which provide a number of attractive
features such as material saving, high
strength and reliability and also meet the
desirability of economy. Plates of variable
thickness are being extensively used in civil,
electronic, mechanical, aerospace and
marine engineering applications. It becomes
very necessary now a day to study the
vibration behavior of plates to avoid
resonance excited by internal or external
forces.
Non-homogeneous visco-elastic tapered
plates are mainly used for two-fold
requirements of safety and economy due to
their high strength, high temperature
resistance characteristics, low cost and high
durability. Due to this, vibration of plates
had become one of the most interesting
research area in last few decades.
Gupta & Kaur [1] evaluated the effect of
linear temperature variation on first two
modes of vibrations of clamped plate with
various values of aspect ratio, thermal
constants etc. Gupta & Sharma [2]
examined free transverse vibrations of non-
homogeneous trapezoidal plates of linear
thickness variation in the x-direction under
thermal gradient effect and parabolic
density variation in y-direction. Gupta &
Sharma [3] investigated natural frequencies
of non-homogeneous orthotropic trapezoidal
plate of linearly varying thickness using
numerical method. Khanna et. al. [4]
observed the temperature-thickness
coupling problem of a non-homogeneous
rectangular plate. Avalos & Laura [5]
discussed the transverse vibrations of a
simply supported plate of generalized
anisotropy with oblique cutouts. Lessia [6]
provided the excellent data for vibration of
plates of different shapes with different
boundary conditions in his monograph.
Bambill et. al. [7] carried out an experiment
on transverse vibrations of an orthotropic
rectangular plate of linearly varying
thickness with free edges. Imrak &
Gerdemeli [8] studied the exact solution of
isotropic rectangular plate with four
clamped edges. Chakraverty & petyl [9]
estimated transverse vibration of non-
homogeneous elliptical and circular plates
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page29
using two-dimentional boundary
characteristics orthogonal polynomials.
Chakraverty et. al. [10] noticed the effect of
non-homogeneity on natural frequencies of
vibration of elliptic plates. Cheung & Zhou
[11] judged the free vibration of thin
orthotropic rectangular plates. Chyanbin et.
al. [12] sorted the buckling and free
vibration of composite sandwich beams and
smart composite sandwich beams with
surface bounded piezoelectric sensor and
actuators. De & Debnath [13] measured out
the effect of a thermal gradient on free axi-
symmetric vibrations of an orthotropic
elastic circular plate of exponentially
varying thickness by Frobenius method.
The object of present paper is to determine
the frequencies of exponential thickness
distribution on the basis of square plate
which is simply supported along the
boundary. Values of natural frequencies are
calculated for first two modes of vibrations
for various values of taper constant, thermal
gradient, aspect ratio & non-homogeneity
constant by using Rayleigh Ritz
method.
Differential Equation of Motion
The fourth order differential equation of
motion of a visco-elastic square plate of
variable thickness in Cartesian form is given
by [10]
( )
4 4 4 3 31
1 4 2 2 4 3 2
23 3 2 221 1
3 2 2 2 2
2 22 2 21 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 0
2 2 1
DW W W W WD
x x y y x x x y
D DW W W Wp gW
y y y x x x y
D DW W W
y y x x y x y
n r
n n
é ùæ ö æ ö¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶+ + + +ê úç ÷ ç ÷
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è øê úê úæ ö æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + + - =ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê úè ø è øê ú
æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + -ç ÷ê ú¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è øë û
(1)
where W=W(x,y), g, & are deflection r n
function, thickness of plate, density and
poisson ratio of plate material respectively.
Also, D1 is flexural rigidity of rectangular
plate is defined as
D1
=
(2)
where E is the temperature of Young’s
modulus.
Boundary Conditions and Deflection
Function
Since the plate is assumed as simply
supported at all the four edges, so the
boundary conditions are
at 0W
Wx
¶= =
¶0,x a=
at 0W
Wy
¶= =
¶0,y a=
The two term of deflection function on
square plate is taken as follows:-
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1p q r s
W x a y a x a y a C C x a y a x a y aé ù= - - + - -é ùë ûë û
(5)
As our plate is clamped at all the four edges
so p, q, r, s = 1
then the deflection function is taken as
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1W x a y a x a y a C C x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û
(6)
5. Methodology
Rayleigh-Ritz technique is applied to solve
the frequency equation. This method is
based on principal of conservation of energy
i.e. maximum strain energy S must be equal
to the maximum kinetic energy K. So it is
necessary for the problem under
consideration
that [4]:
(7)
Where
(8) 20
0 0
1
2
a a
K p h Wdxdyr= ò ò
and
Eh3
12(1 ‒ 2)
V
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page30
( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
0 0
12 2 1
2
a aW W W W W
S D dydxx y y y x y
n nì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï
= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ
ò ò
(9)
Now assuming the non-dimensional
variable as
(10)
Using eq. (10) in the deflection function
(W), kinetic energy (K) and potential energy
(S) becomes
(11) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1W X Y X Y C C X Y X Y= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û
(12) * 2
0 0
1
2
a a
K p hWdYdXr= ò ò
( )
( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2
* 3
2 2 2 220 0
2 2 124 1
a aE W W W W W
S h dXdYX Y X Y X Y
n nn
ì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶- è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ
ò ò
(13)
After using equation,
one get(12)and(13)inequation(7)
(14) ( )** 2 ** 0S Kl- =
Where
(15)
Here is a frequency parameter equation
consists two unknown constants i.e. (15) 1
and arising due to the substitution of W 2
from equation .These two constants (10)
are to be determined as follows
(16)
On simplifying one gets equation(16),
(17)
Where involve parametric
constant i.e. taper constant frequency
parameter.
For a non-trivial solution, the determinant of
the coefficient of equation must be zero, one
obtained the frequency equation as
(18)
Equation (18) is a quadratic equation in λ2
from which two values of λ2 can be found
from these two values of λ2 , one can easily
obtained the two modes of vibration of
frequency i.e λ1 (mode1) and λ2 (mode2).
6. Result and Discussion
In order to obtained numerical values of
frequency for first two modes of vibration
λ1 (mode 1)
and λ2 (mode 2), the following parameters
are used :-
E0 = 7.08×1010 N/m2, G = 2.632×1010 N/m2 ,
ν = 0.345, ρ = 2.80×1010 kg/m2,
All the results are obtained for first two
modes of vibrations are represented in
tabular as well as graphical form.
Results and discussions
Table 1:- Frequency Vs Taper Constant
Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Taper Constant
(β) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 2.0
Table 1, shows the result for frequency
parameter for different values of taper
β Mode 1 ( λ2)
0.0 19.7858
0.2 21.9918
0.4 24.719
0.6 28.0803
0.8 32.2117
1.0 37.2791
1.2 43.4884
1.4 51.0957
1.6 60.4205
1.8 71.8609
2.0 85.9125
c
c
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page31
constant β from 0.0 to 2.0 for first mode of
vibration. It can be seen that frequency
parameter increases when thermal gradient
α increases for first mode of vibration.
Graph:- Frequency Vs Taper constant
for Mode 1
From Graph 1, we can conclude that
exponential temperature variation increases
the values of frequency for first mode of
vibration and frequency parameter increases
when taper constant β increases for first mode of vibration.
Table 2:- Frequency Vs Taper Constant
Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Taper Constant
(β) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 2.0
Table 2, shows the result for frequency
parameter for different values of taper
constant β from 0.0 to 2.0 for first mode of
vibration. It can be seen that frequency
parameter increases when thermal gradient
α increases for first mode of vibration.
Graph:- Frequency Vs Taper constant
for Mode 2
From Graph 2, we can conclude that
exponential temperature variation increases
the values of frequency for first mode of
vibration and frequency parameter increases
when thermal gradient α increases for first
mode of vibration.
7. Conclusions
The object of this paper is to clarify the
characteristics of vibration of plates with
thermal gradient. It shows that the proposed
results have a good convergence and
satisfactory accuracy. Frequency directly
depends on temperature variation in the
plate. Frequency found maximum for plates
under no taper condition (β=0).
Β Mode 2 ( λ2)
0.0 140.485
0.2 156.581
0.4 177.436
0.6 204.207
0.8 238.304
1.0 281.461
1.2 335.812
1.4 404.001
1.6 489.307
1.8 595.8
2.0 728.534
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page32
References
1. A. K. Gupta and H. Kaur, 2008
Study of the effect of thermal
gradient on free vibration of
clamped visco-elastic rectangular
plates with linearly thickness
variation in both direction
Meccanica 43, 499-458.
2. A. K. Gupta and P. Sharma
2011Thermal effect on vibration of
non-homogeneous trapezoidal plate
of linearly varying thickness
International Journal of Applied
Mathematics and Mechanics 7 1-17
3. A. K. Gupta S. Sharma 2011 Study
the Effect of Thermal Gradient on
Transverse Vibration of Non
Homogeneous Orthotropic
Trapezoidal Plate of Parabolically
Varying Thickness Applied
Mathematics 2 1-10
4. A. Khanna, N. Kaur and A. K.
Sharma 2012 Effect of varying
poisson ratio on thermally induced
vibrations of non homogeneous
rectangular plate Indian Journal of
Science and Technology 5 3263-
3267.
5. Avalos D. R. and Laura P. A. 2002
Transverse vibrations of a simply
supported plate of generalized
anisotropy with an oblique cut-out J.
Sound and Vibration 258 773–776
6. A. W. Leissa 1969 Vibrations of
plates NASA-SP, 160.
7. Bambill D. V., Rossit C. A., Laura
P. A. and Rossi R. E. 2000
Transverse vibrations of an
orthotropic rectangular plate of
linearly varying thickness and with a
free edge J. Sound and Vibration
235 530–538.
8. Imrak and I. Gerdemeli 2007 The
problem of isotropic rectangular
plate with four clamped edges 32
181-186
9. Chakraverty S. and Petyl M. 1997
Natural frequencies for free
vibration of non homogeneous
elliptical and circular plates using
two-dimentional orthogonal
polynomial Applied Mathematics
Modelling 21 399-417
10. Chakraverty S, Jindal R and
Agarwal VK. 2007 Effect of non-
homogeneity on natural frequencies
of vibration of elliptic plates
Meccanica 42 585-599
11. Cheung Y. K. and Zhou D. 1999
The free vibrations of tapered
rectangular plates using a new set of
beam functions with the ray liegh-
ritzmethod J. Sound & Vibration,
223 703-722
12. Chyanbin H., Chang W. C. and Gai
H. S 2011 Vibration suppression of
composite sandwich beams J. Sound
and Vibration 272 1-20
13. De and D. Debnath 2011 Thermal
effect on axi-symmetric vibrations
of a circular plate of exponentially
varying thickness and density
International Journal of
Mathematical Science &
Engineering Applications 5325-334
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page33
An analytical investigation of the effect of exponential temperature variation on the vibration of square plate
Sonali Jain, Narinder Kaur*
Desh Bhagat University, Mandi Gobindgarh-147330, Punjab, India
Abstract The present work is to develop for the use of research workers in space technology, mechanical science and nuclear energy where certain components of the structure have to operate under elevated temperature. The analysis presented here is to study the thermal effect on vibration of square plate under clamped boundary condition. Thermal effect on vibration of such plates has been taken as one dimensional temperature distribution in linear form only. Rayleigh-Ritz technique has been used to obtain the frequency equation. The frequencies corresponding to the first two modes of vibration of a clamped square plate has been computed for different values of thermal gradient. Numerical values of frequency are calculated with the help of Mathematica (Software). These results have been presented in tabular as well as graphical forms.
Introduction
In the field of mechanical engineering, new
discoveries can’t be possible without
considering the effect of vibration as almost
all machines and engineering structures
experience. Study of vibration is not just
confined to science but also our day to day
life. All life vibrates. Everything living
moves. All colors and sounds vibrate to a
frequency nothing sits idle. Vibration
concept comes in desginning of every
mechanical equipments. In many
ways people can expect to obtain an
ideal machine viewed from the angle of
vibration, which is a machine that produces
no vibration at all. Such an ideal
machine will greatly save energy because
of all the energy given to
the whole machine will be used to perform
the work alone, whether pumping a fluid,
crushing paper etc.
Most of the mechanical structures i.e.
missiles, nuclear reactor etc. work under the
influence of temperature which changes the
mechanical properties of the material of
structure. In these days, it becomes the
subject of interest for scientists and
researchers to know that how temperature
variation affects the vibrational properties of
the structures. Therefore, it becomes the
need of hour to study the effect of different
temperature variations i.e. linear, parabolic
etc. on the vibration for the betterment of
the structures. Due to variation in
temperature, non-homogeneity develops in
the material. Thermal effect on vibration of
non-homogenous plates are of great interest
in the field of engineering such as for better
designing of gas turbines, jet engine, space
craft and nuclear power projects.
Avalos & Laura [1] evaluated the lower
frequencies of the transverse vibration of
rectangular plates of generalized anisotropy
using Rayleigh-Ritz method by deducting
the subsidiary functional. De & Debnath [2]
explored the effect of a thermal gradient on
free axisymmetric vibrations of an
orthotropic elastic circular plate of
exponentially varying thickness. The
governing differential equation of motion is
solved by Frobenius method. Gupta &
Khanna [3] investigated the effect of linear
thickness variations in both directions on
vibrations of visco-elastic rectangular plate
having clamped boundary conditions on all
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page34
the four edges. Gupta & Singhal [4]
observed the thermal effect on vibration of
non-homogeneous orthotropic visco-elastic
rectangular plate of parabolically varying
thickness. Gupta et. al. [5] determined the
free vibration of a clamped visco-elastic
rectangular plate having bi-direction
exponentially varying thickness on the basis
of classical plate theory. Gutirrez et.al. [6]
studied the fundamental frequency of a
rectangular plate of thickness variation.
Hasheminejad et. al. [7] sorted the two
dimensional analytical model is formulated
for free extensional vibration of a thin
elastic plate of elliptic planform with an
arbitrarily located elliptical cutout. Khanna
et. al. [8] examined the temperature-
thickness coupling problem of a non-
homogeneous rectangular plate in which
temperature varies bilinearly and thickness
varies linearly in x-direction. Khanna &
Kaur [9] assessed the temperature-thickness
coupling problem of non-homogeneous
rectangular plate with varying thickness in
x-direction. Khanna & kaur [10] judged the
effect of varying structural parameters on
vibration of non-homogeneous visco-elastic
rectangular plate. Khanna & Sharma [11]
estimated the effect of thermal gradient on
vibration of square plate of bi-parabolic
thickness variation. Nagaya [12] speculated
the vibration and transient response
problems of non-periodically elastic
supported visco-elastic continuous plate. In
this three authors element visco-elatic
model adopted. Lal et. al. [13] inspected
the effect of the non-homogeneity with
varying values of aspect ratio on nature
frequencies for the first three models of
vibration. These three dimensional mode
shapes have been presented for all the four
boundary conditions. Leissa & Chern [14]
measured an approximate method for the
forced vibration analysis of plates.The
method is demonstrated for two types of
plates- simply supported rectangular and
clamped circular. Dhotarad & Ganesan [15]
specified the dynamic free response of thin
rectangular plates subjected to one and two
dimensional steady sate temperature
distributions. The accuracy is accessed by
comparing the results with classical
methods.
The object of the present study is to
determine the effect of a thermal gradient on
the frequencies of a clamped square plate.
All the edges are taken as clamped. The
Rayleigh-Ritz technique has been used to
determine the frequencies equation of the
plate. The frequency to the first two modes
of vibration is obtained for a clamped
square plate for various values of thermal
gradient (α).
Differential Equation of Motion
The fourth order differential equation of
motion of a visco-elastic square plate of
variable thickness in Cartesian form is given
by [14] :
( )
4 4 4 3 31
1 4 2 2 4 3 2
23 3 2 221 1
3 2 2 2 2
2 22 2 21 1
2 2 2
2 2
2 2 0
2 2 1
DW W W W WD
x x y y x x x y
D DW W W Wp gW
y y y x x x y
D DW W W
y y x x y x y
n r
n n
é ùæ ö æ ö¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶+ + + +ê úç ÷ ç ÷
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è øê úê úæ ö æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + + - =ç ÷ ç ÷
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ê úè ø è øê ú
æ ö¶ ¶¶ ¶ ¶ê ú+ + + -ç ÷ê ú¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è øë û
(1)
where W=W(x,y), g, & are deflection r n
function, thickness of plate, density and
poisson ratio of plate material respectively.
Also, D1 is flexural rigidity of rectangular
plate is defined as
(2)
where E is the temperature of Young’s
modulus.
Assumption
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page35
The temperature variations is taken as:
(3) 0 1 1x
aet t aæ öæ ö
= - -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø
Where denotes the temperature excess t
above the reference temperature at any point
on the plate and denotes the temperature 0t
excess above the reference temperature at
x=0 and �a� denote the length of square
plate respectively.
The temperature dependence of the modulus
of elasticity for most of engineering
material is taken as follows
E=E0 (4) ( )1 gt-
where E0 is the value of the Young’s
modulus at reference temperature i.e. =0 t
and is the slope of the variation of E g
.After substituting the value of from eq. t
(3) and eq. (4) become
(5) 0 1 1x
aE E eaæ öæ ö
= - -ç ÷ç ÷ç ÷è øè ø
where lies thermal 0 (0 1)a gt a= £ £
gradient.
After using equation (5) in equation (2),we
can obtain:
(6)
Boundary Conditions and Deflection
Function
Since the plate is assumed as clamped at all
the four edges, so the boundary conditions
are
at 0W
Wx
¶= =
¶0,x a=
at 0W
Wy
¶= =
¶0,y a=
The two term of deflection function on
square plate is taken as follows:-é ù
(7)
As our plate is clamped at all the four edges
so p, q, r, s = 2 then the deflection function
is taken as:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )2
1 21 1 1 1W x a y a x a y a A A x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ù é ùë û ë û
(8)
Methodology
Rayleigh-Ritz technique is applied to solve
the frequency equation. This method is
based on principal of conservation of energy
i.e. maximum strain energy P must be equal
to the maximum kinetic energy H. So it is
necessary for the problem under
consideration
that [8]:
(9)
Where
(10)
and
( )2 2 22 2 2 2 2
1 2 2 2 2
0 0
12 2 1
2
a aW W W W W
P D dydxx y y y x y
n nì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï
= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þ
ò ò
(11)
Now assuming the non-dimensional
variable as
(12) (12)
Using eq. (12) in the deflection function
(W), kinetic energy (H) and potential energy
(P) becomes:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )1 21 1 1 1p q r s
W x a y a x a y a A A x a y a x a y a= - - + - -é ùë ûë û
(13)
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page36
* 2 2
0 0
1
2
a a
H p gW dYdXr= ò ò
(14)
( )( )
2 2 23 2 2 2 2 2*
2 2 2 220 0
2 2 124 1
a ah W W W W W
P E dXdYX Y X Y X Y
n nn
ì üæ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö æ ö¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ï ï= + + + -í ýç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷ ç ÷
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶ ¶- è ø è ø è ø è ø è øï ïî þò ò
(15)
On using equation,
one get(14)and(15)inequation(9)
( )** 2 ** 0P Hl- =
(16)
Where
(17)
Here is a frequency parameter equation
consists two unknown constants i.e. (17) 1
and arising due to the substitution of W 2
from equation .These two constants (13)
are to be determined as follows:
(18)
On simplifying one gets equation(18),
(19)
Where involve parametric
constant i.e. thermal gradient frequency
parameter. For a non-trivial solution, the
determinant of the coefficient of equation
(19) must be zero, one obtained the
frequency equation as:
(20)
Equation (20) is a quadratic equation in λ2
from which two values of λ2 can be found
from these two values of λ2 , one can easily
obtained the two modes of vibration of
frequency i.e λ1 (mode1) and λ2 (mode2).
6. Result and Discussion
In order to obtained numerical values of
frequency for first two modes of vibration
λ1
2
(mode 1)
and λ
are
used :-
E0 = 7.08×1010 N/m2, G = 2.632×1010 N/m2 ,
ν = 0.345, ρ = 2.80×1010 kg/m2
All the results are obtained for first two
modes of vibrations are represented in
tabular as well as graphical form.
Table 1: - Frequency Vs Thermal
Gradient
Frequency λ2 (Mode 1) Vs Thermal gradient
(α) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 0.9
Graph 1:- Frequency λ2 Vs Thermal
Gradient for Mode 1
(mode 2), the following parameters
Α Mode 2 ( λ2)
0.0 140.884
0.1 145.792
0.2 150.54
0.3 155.143
0.4 159.614
0.5 163.962
0.6 168.199
0.7 172.331
0.8 176.366
0.9 180.311
A
A
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page37
From Graph 1,we can conclude that
exponential temperature variation increases
the values of frequency for first mode of
vibration and frequency parameter increases
when thermal gradient α increases for first
mode of vibration.
Table 2: - Frequency Vs Thermal
Gradient
Frequency λ2 (Mode 2) Vs Thermal gradient
(α) at ν = 0.345, α = 0.0 to 0.9
Table 2, shows the result for frequency
parameter for different values of thermal
gradient α from 0.0 to 0.9 for second mode
of vibration. It can be seen that frequency
parameter increases when thermal gradient
α increases for second mode of vibration
Graph 2:- Frequency λ2 Vs Thermal
Gradient for Mode 2
From Graph 2, we can conclude that
exponential temperature variation increases
the values of frequency for second mode of
vibration and frequency parameter increases
when thermal gradient α increases for
second mode of vibration.
Conclusions
The object of this paper is to clarify the
characteristics of vibration of plates with
thermal gradient. It shows that the proposed
results have a good convergence and
satisfactory accuracy. Frequency directly
depends on temperature variation in the
plate. Frequency found maximum for plates
under no thermal condition (α=0).
References
1. Avalos D. R. and Laura P. A. 2002
Transverse vibrations of a simply
supported plate of generalized
anisotropy with an oblique cut-out
J. Sound and Vibration 258 773–776
2. De and D. Debnath 2011 Thermal
effect on axi-symmetric vibrations
of a circular plate of exponentially
varying thickness and density
International Journal of
Mathematical Science &
Engineering Applications 5 325-334
3. Gupta A. K. and Khanna A. 2007
Vibration of viscoelastic rectangular
plate with linearly thickness
variation in both directions J. Sound
and Vibration 301 450-457
Α Mode 1(λ2)
0.0 35.9998
0.1 37.254
0.2 38.4672
0.3 39.643
0.4 40.7848
0.5 41.8954
0.6 42.9772
0.7 44.0323
0.8 45.0626
0.9 46.0699
International Journal of Scientific and Technological Development Volume-2, Nov-2015
Page38
4. Gupta A. K. and Singhal P. 2010
Thermal effect on free vibration of
nonhomogeneous orthotropic visco-
elastic rectangular plate of
parabolically varying thickness
Applied Mathematics 1 456–463
5. Gupta A. K., Khanna A. and Gupta
D. V. 2009 Free vibration of
clamped viscoelastic rectangular
plate having bi-direction
exponentially thickness variation J.
Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
47 457–471
6. Gutirrez R. H., Laura P. A. and
Grossi R. O. 1981 Vibrations of
rectangular plates of bilinearly
varying thickness with general
boundary conditions J. Sound and
Vibration 75 323 –328.
7. Hasheminejad S. M., Ghaheri A. and
Vaezian S 2013 Exact solution for
free in-plane vibration analysis of an
accentric elliptical plate Acta Mech.
224 1609-1624
8. Khanna A., Kaur N. and Sharma A.
K. 2012 Effect of varying poisson
ratio on thermally induced vibrations
of non-homogeneous rectangular
plate Indian J. Science and
Technology 5 3263–3267.
9. Khanna Anupam and Kaur Narinder
2014 An analytical investigation on
thermally induced vibrations of non-
homogeneous tapered rectangular
pate, Proceedings of the Third
International Conference on Soft
Computing for Problem Solving
Advances in Intelligent Systems and
Computing 258 641-652
10. Khanna Anupam and Kaur Narinder
2013 Effect of non-homogeneity on
free vibration of visco-elastic
rectangular plate with varying
structural parameters Journal of
Vibroengineering 15 2146-2155.
11. Khanna Anupam and Sharma Kumar
Ashish 2013 Natural vibration of
visco-elastic plate of varying
thickness with thermal effect
Journal of Applied Science and
Engineering 16 135-140
12. K. Nagaya 1977 Vibrations and
dynamic response of viscoelastic
plates on non-periodic elastic
supports Journal of engineering for
industry 99 404-409
13. Lal R., Kumar Y. and Gupta U. S.
2010 Transverse vibrations of
nonhomogeneous rectangular plates
of uniform thickness using boundary
characteristic orthogonal
polynomials Int. Jl. Appl. Math and
Mech 6 93–109
14. Leissa A. W. and Chern Tzong Yi.
1992 Approximate analysis of the
forced vibration response of plates J.
Vib. Acoust 114 106–111
15. M. S. Dhotarad and N. Ganesan
1978 Vibration analysis of a
rectangular plate subjected to a
thermal gradient Journal of Sound
and vibration 60 481-497.
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