International Justice Unfinished Business

8/4/2019 International Justice Unfinished Business

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G [ L N

Q E J G ]

Z N ] I

Ehtkrhntedhn` Ousteik

[hfehesgkm AusehkssI`dsehj Jnps eh tgk Yk`kitedh df EII Insks


2/55

[hfehesgkm Ausehkss

I`dsehj Jnps eh tgk Yk`kitedh df EII Insks


3/55

Idpyrejgt 13>> Gulnh Qejgts Zntig

N`` rejgts rkskrvkm.

Srehtkm eh tgk [hetkm Ytntks df Nlkrein

EYAH? >-;6=91-7>3-=

Idvkr mksejh ay Qnfnk` Oelkhkz

Gulnh Qejgts Zntig9;3 Feftg Nvkhuk, 9=tg f`ddr

Hkw Udrb, HU >3>>7-9155 [YN

]k`? +> 1>1 153 =:33, Fnx? +> 1>1 :96 >933

grwhyiCgrw.drj

Ynjn Aue`mehj

Mnlnsius Qdnm, Ynefe Mestreit

>>-=955 Qenm K` Yd`g

Akerut, @kanhdh

]k`? ]k`? +56>->-1>:6:3, Fnx? +56>->-1>:6:1

Sdststrnk =-;

>3>:7 Akr`eh, Jkrlnhy

]k`? +=5 93 1;59 36->3, Fnx? +=5 93 1;59 3615akr`ehCgrw.drj

Nvkhuk mks Jnu`des, :

>3=3 Arussk`s, Ak`jeul

]k`? + 91 (1) :91 1335, Fnx? + 91 (1) :91 3=:>

grwakCgrw.drj

;>, Nvkhuk A`nhi

>131 Jkhkvn, Ywetzkr`nhm

]k`? +=> 11 :97 3=7>, Fnx? +=> 11 :97 >:5>

grwjvnCgrw.drj

Ferst F`ddr, Numrky Gdusk

>6-13 K`y S`nik@dhmdh KI>H 6YH, [B

]k`? +== 13 ::>9 >55;, Fnx? +== 13 ::>9 >733

grwubCgrw.drj

1: Quk mk @esadhhk

:;337 Snres, Frnhik

]k`? +99 (>)=9 ;5 ;; 9;, Fnx? +99 (>) =9 ;5 ;; 11

pnresCgrw.drj

>st F`, Ze`ms Vekw

Es`k df Gdujgtdh, Aduhmnry Qdnm

Snrbtdwh, 1>57 Ydutg Nfrein

>693 Idhhkiteiut Nvkhuk, H.Z., Yuetk ;33Znsgehjtdh, MI 13335 [YN

]k`? +> 131 6>1 =91>, Fnx? +> 131 6>1 =999

grwmiCgrw.drj

Zka Yetk Nmmrkss? gttp?//www.grw.drj


4/55

YKS]KLAKQ 13>> >-;6=91-7>3-=

[hfehesgkm Ausehkss

I`dsehj Jnps eh tgk Yk`kitedh df EII Insks

Ehtrdmuitedh ....................................................................................................................... >E. Lknhehjfu`, Elpnrten`, nhm Ehmkpkhmkht Ousteik ............................................................... =

Lknhehjfu` Ousteik ....................................................................................................................=Elpnrtenèty ............................................................................................................................... ;Ehmkpkhmkhik ......................................................................................................................... 6

EE. Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd ........................................................................................ 5Fd``dwehj tgk Igneh df Idllnhm eh Eture ................................................................................. >1Ehvkstejntehj N`` Snrteks td tgk Idhfèit eh tgk Bevus ................................................................. >6

Khsurehj Ousteik fdr Veitels .............................................................................................. >7]nrjktehj Jdvkrhlkht Irelks Bky td Ynfkjunrmehj Skrikptedhs df Ehmkpkhmkhik .............. >5[pgd`mehj Elpnrtenèty...................................................................................................... >5

EEE. [jnhmn ....................................................................................................................... 19Ehvkstejntedh df [jnhmnh Fdriks ............................................................................................. 1=Qkspdhmehj td Hkw Veitels df tgk @drms Qksestnhik Nrly ...................................................... 15

EV. Ikhtrn` Nfreinh Qkpuaèi .............................................................................................. 9>V. Mnrfur ........................................................................................................................... 9=VE. Bkhyn .......................................................................................................................... 9:

Khsurehj Niiduhtnaeèty fdr Sdèik Nausks ............................................................................... 95Kxpnhmehj Ehvkstejntedh td Lt. K`jdh ...................................................................................... =1

Idhiùsedh ....................................................................................................................... =6Qkidllkhmntedhs td tgk EII Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr ....................................................... =7

Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd ............................................................................................... =7[jnhmn ................................................................................................................................. =7Ikhtrn` Nfreinh Qkpuaèi ........................................................................................................ =7Mnrfur, Yumnh ........................................................................................................................ =5Bkhyn .................................................................................................................................... =5

Nibhdw`kmjlkhts ............................................................................................................ ;3


5/55

> G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

Ehtrdmuitedh

Eh Lnrig 13>> tgk prdskiutdr df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt (EII), @ues Ldrkhd-

Dinlpd, dpkhkm tgk idurts `ntkst ehvkstejntedheh @eayn. ]gk prkvedus ldhtg, tgk [hetkm

Hntedhs ([H) Ykiurety Iduhie` gnm rkfkrrkm tgk setuntedh eh @eayn td tgk EII prdskiutdr ay n

uhnheldus vdtk eh tgk lemst df n arutn` irnibmdwh ay jdvkrhlkht fdriks njnehst

prdtkstkrs. Eh Ouhk 13>>, tgk prdskiutdr fe`km nh nppèintedh akfdrk nh EII prk-tren` ignlakr

td dpkh nh ehvkstejntedh ehtd tgk setuntedh eh Itk mEvderk. ]ges fd``dwkm n rkqukst frdl tgk

hkw Evdrenh prksemkht, N`nssnhk Dunttnrn, tgnt tgk EII ehvkstejntk irelks idllettkm eh tgk

wnbk df tgk iduhtrys Hdvklakr 13>3 mesputkm k`kitedh. Ef tgk prdskiutdrs nppèintedh es

jrnhtkm, Itk mEvderk we`` akidlk tgk EIIs skvkhtg setuntedh uhmkr ehvkstejntedh.

Fdr n idurt `kss tgnh n mkinmk d`m, tgk EII es n`rknmy lnhnjehj n `nrjk ehvkstejntevk mdibkt

nhm insk`dnm. @eayn nhm Itk mEvderk fd``dw tgk dpkhehj df ehvkstejntedhs eh Mkldirntei

Qkpuaèi df Idhjd (MQI), hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, tgk Mnrfur rkjedh df Yumnh, Ikhtrn` Nfreinh

Qkpuaèi (INQ), nhm Bkhyn. ]gk rkikht nmmetedhs df Bkhyn (wgkrk ehvkstejntedhs dpkhkm eh

Lnrig 13>3) nhm @eayn, nhm tgk èbk`y nmmetedh df Itk mEvderk eh tgk hknr futurk, lnrb n

idhsemkrna`k ehirknsk eh tgk wdrb`dnm df tgk idurt.

Ykvkrk jdvkrhlkht irnibmdwhs idhtehuk njnehst prdtkstkrs eh n hulakr df iduhtreks eh tgk

Lemm`k Knst nhm Hdrtg Nfrein. Zge`k hdhk df tgksk iduhtreks nrk pnrty td tgk Qdlk Ytntutk

df tgk EII nhm tgkrkfdrk rklneh fdr tgk telk akehj akydhm ets rknig naskht n [H Ykiurety

Iduhie` rkfkrrn`, et skkls èbk`y tgnt mklnhms fdr ousteik eh tgk rkjedh we`` jrdw. Kejgt dtgkrsetuntedhsId`dlaen, Nfjgnhestnh, Juehkn, Gdhmurns, Hejkren, Jkdrjen, Ydutg Bdrkn, nhm

Jnznn`rknmy nwnet mktkrlehntedh ay tgk EII prdskiutdr ns td wgktgkr gk we`` skkb td

dpkh ehvkstejntedhs. Ydlk, èbk Id`dlaen nhm Nfjgnhestnh, gnvk akkh uhmkr nhn`yses fdr

skvkrn` yknrs.

Ehirknsehj mklnhms dh tgk EII idlk nt n iretein` ouhiturk fdr tgk idurt. Ldrkhd-Dinlpd

wns k`kitkm ay tgk EII stntks pnrteks td skrvk n tkrl df hehk yknrs nhm tddb dffeik eh Ouhk

1339. Ges tkrl gns `kss tgnh n yknr td ruh. EII stntks pnrteks nrk kxpkitkm td k`kit n hkw

prdskiutdr nt tgker hkxt nhhun` skssedh eh Mkiklakr 13>>.

Ns Ldrkhd-Dinlpd prkpnrks td `knvk dffeik nhm gnhm dvkr td n hkw prdskiutdr, stntks

pnrteks lust idhfrdht tgk ign``khjk df kqueppehj tgk EII td lkkt gkejgtkhkm kxpkitntedhs.

Ns tgk idurt es nsbkm td tnbk dh ldrk setuntedhs, tgkrk es n resb tgnt tgk EII nhm ets

prdskiutdr we`` ehirknsehj`y gd``dw dut tgk idurts npprdnig td ets setuntedhs uhmkr


6/55

[HFEHEYGKM A[YEHKYY 1

ehvkstejntedh. ]gnt es, tgk EII lny tnbk dh ldrk setuntedhs, aut md `kss nhm `kss eh

knig setuntedh td squnrk mklnhm wetg èletkm rksdurikskspkien``y eh meffeiu`t kidhdlei

telks.

Eh fnit, kxpkrekhik eh tgk EIIs kxestehj setuntedhs sgdws oust tgk dppdsetk es rkquerkm

ldrk ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs nrk hkkmkm eh knig df tgksk setuntedhs eh drmkr td

mkèvkr dh tgk idurt's lnhmntk. ]ges we`` èbk`y rkquerk nmmetedhn` rksduriks, aut, ldrk

fuhmnlkhtn``y, et we`` rkquerk n sgeft eh tgk prniteik df tgk Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr.

]gk tnsb df tgk EIIs ferst prdskiutdr td aue`m n irkmea`k hkw ehstetutedh, wge`k n`sd jkttehj

td wdrb eh arehjehj pkrpktrntdrs df tgk wdr`ms wdrst irelks td ousteik eh tgk sue

jkhkres idhtkxt df tgk Qdlk Ytntutk, wns n`wnys jdehj td ak n meffeiu`t dhk. Ldrkhd-

Dinlpd gns lnmk elpdrtnht prdjrkss. Ehvkstejntedhs eh sex iduhtreks gnvk yek`mkm nrrkst

wnrrnhts fdr >: ehmevemun`s nhm vdùhtnry sulldhsks td nppknr fdr hehk dtgkrs. Eh Nujust

13>>, tgk idurt gknrm i`dsehj nrjulkhts eh tgk EIIs ferst tren`, tgnt df ]gdlns @uanhjn

Mye`d, n fdrlkr Idhjd`ksk leèten `knmkr, nhm tren`s nrk dhjdehj eh twd nmmetedhn` insks.

]gk Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr (D]S) gns n`sd essukm n hulakr df elpdrtnht pdèiy

nhm strntkjei mdiulkhts td juemk ets wdrb.

Gdwkvkr, uhmkr Ldrkhd-Dinlpd tgk EIIs ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs gnvk fne`km td

mkldhstrntk idgkrkht nhm kffkitevk strntkjeks fdr mkèvkrehj lknhehjfu` ousteik td nffkitkm

idlluheteks. Yuig strntkjeks wdu`m, eh tgk vekw df Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, rkquerk lu`tep`k

ehvkstejntedhs, mkkp`y rddtkm eh tgk iduhtry-spkiefei idhtkxt nhm mksejhkm td arehj td tren`

tgdsk ldst rkspdhsea`k fdr tgk jrnvkst irelks rkprkskhtntevk df uhmkr`yehj pnttkrhs df EIIirelks. Zge`k tgk EII lny hdt nit n`dhknhm ehmkkm EII prdskiutedhs sgdu`m ak

supp`klkhtkm ay nmmetedhn` hntedhn` prdskiutedhsets ehtkrvkhtedh idlks wetg gejg

kxpkitntedhs frdl nffkitkm idlluheteks. Ns tgk `knmehj kmjk df ehtkrhntedhn` ousteik, tgk

EII gns n rkspdhseaeèty td lkkt tgdsk kxpkitntedhs.

Jnps rklneh eh mkèvkrehj dh tgk EIIs lnhmntk eh setuntedhs wgkrk tgk idurt es pursuehj

ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs. Eh fdur setuntedhsMQI, [jnhmn, INQ, nhm Mnrfurtgk

naskhik df ldrk idgkrkht nhm kffkitevk strntkjeks gns uhmkrlehkm pkrikptedhs df

ehmkpkhmkhik nhm elpnrtenèty, tgrkntkhehj tgk idurts irkmeaeèty.

]ges rkpdrt nsskssks tgk Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdrs igdeik df insks eh tgk idurts ferst fevk

ehvkstejntedhs. Eh pnrteiu`nr wk kvnùntk tgksk igdeiks eh nh kffdrt td mktkrlehk tgk kxtkht

td wgeig tgky gnvk akkh tgk rejgt dhks td akst gk`p tgk idurt td mkèvkr lknhehjfu` nhm

irkmea`k ousteik. Zk ferst skt dut wgnt idhstetutks lknhehjfu` ousteik, nhm gejgèjgt tgk


7/55


8/55

[HFEHEYGKM A[YEHKYY =

E. Lknhehjfu`, Elpnrten`, nhm Ehmkpkhmkht Ousteik

Nt tgk idrk df tgk EII prdskiutdrs lnhmntk es tgk mkèvkry df lknhehjfu` ousteik fdr irelks

wetgeh tgk idurts ouresmeitedh. Mkèvkrehj lknhehjfu` ousteik rkquerks idgkrkht nhm

kffkitevk strntkjeks mksejhkm td khsurk tgnt ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs rksdhntk wetg

tgk idhikrhs df veitels nhm nffkitkm idlluheteks. ]gk kxkriesk df tgk prdskiutdrs

mesirktedh td sk`kit insks tgnt we`` akst `knm td lknhehjfu` ousteik sgdu`m ak juemkm ay twd

akmrdib prehiep`ks? elpnrtenètytgnt es, ehvkstejntehj n``kjntedhs njnehst n`` pnrteks2 nhm

ehmkpkhmkhiktgnt es, akehj frkk frdl kxtkrhn` ehfùkhik. Zge`k elpnrtenèty nhm

ehmkpkhmkhik nrk df fuhmnlkhtn` elpdrtnhik td nhy irkmea`k prdikss df ousteik, tgky nrk

n`` tgk ldrk elpdrtnht fdr tgk EII. Ns n ste``-hkw ehtkrhntedhn` ehstetutedh, setuntkm dutsemk

mdlkstei systkls df ousteik, pkrikptedhs df elpnrtenèty nhm ehmkpkhmkhik gnvk iretein`

aknrehj dh tgk EIIs irkmeaeèty nhm, eh turh, ets naeèty td fu`fe`` ets lnhmntk td mkèvkr

lknhehjfu` ousteik.

Lknhehjfu` Ousteik

Zgkh et idlks td tgk ehtkrksts df tgdsk ldst nffkitkm ay tgk irelks uhmkr ehvkstejntedh

tgk ferst nldhj tgk idurts lnhy idhstetukhiekstgk prdskiutdr sgdu`m khsurk tgnt tgk

insks gk igddsks td tnbk dh nmmrkss tgk uhmkr`yehj pnttkrhs df EII irelks idllettkm eh

nffkitkm idlluheteks. Zgkrk insks ardujgt md hdt nmmrkss tgksk pnttkrhs, tgk EII resbs

errk`kvnhiy kvkh ef ets elpnrtenèty nhm ehmkpkhmkhik rklneh ehtnit. ]gk idhikrh td md

lknhehjfu` ousteik sgdu`m juemk tgk prdskiutdr eh ges igdeik df insks td pursuk.

Eh prniteik, tges lknhs tgnt tgk EII sgdu`m try tgdsk ldst rkspdhsea`k fdr tgk ldst skredus

irelks dh ignrjks rkprkskhtntevk df tgk uhmkr`yehj pnttkrhs df EII irelks. ]ges we`` usun``y

lknh ehvkstejntedh nhm tren` df skvkrn` insks eh n jevkh setuntedh. Emkhtefeintedh df tgksk

insks sgdu`m klkrjk frdl ehvkstejntedhs jrduhmkm eh n mkkp npprkientedh df tgk idhtkxt eh

wgeig tgk EII dpkrntks, wetg n fdius dh pkrpktrntdrs nhm ehiemkhts tgnt lntig up wetg

uhmkr`yehj irelk pnttkrhs, nhm wetg pnrteiu`nr nttkhtedh jevkh td tgdsk inskswgktgkr

akinusk tgky nrk tgk ldst idlp`kx dr akinusk tgky tnrjkt gejg-`kvk` mkfkhmnhts`knst

èbk`y td ak kffkitevk`y pursukm ay hntedhn` nutgdreteks.>

> ]ges we`` usun``y lknh tgdsk aknrehj tgk jrkntkst rkspdhseaeèty fdr irelks nhm wgd nrk nldhj tgk ldst meffeiu`t fdr hntedhn`

nutgdreteks td pursuk. ]ges stnhmnrm, gdwkvkr, sgdu`m ak nppèkm f`kxea`y nt telks, wgkrk, fdr kxnlp`k, pursuehj `dwkr-

rnhbehj dffeien`s idu`m mktkr dtgkr sele`nr`y setuntkm dffeien`s frdl idllettehj EII irelks, wetg nh ellkmentk elpnit fdr

veitels dh tgk jrduhm. Fdr furtgkr mesiussedh skk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Yk`kitedh df Yetuntedhs nhm Insks fdr ]ren` akfdrk tgk

Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt? N Gulnh Qejgts Zntig Sdèiy Snpkr, hd. >, Ditdakr 1336,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/1336/>3/16/sk`kitedh-setuntedhs-nhm-insks-tren`-ehtkrhntedhn`-irelehn`-idurt, pp. :->;.


9/55

; G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

Elpnrtenèty

]gk EII wns kstnaèsgkm td mkèvkr ousteik fdr skredus ved`ntedhs df ehtkrhntedhn` irelehn`

`nw wgkrk hntedhn` idurts nrk uhwe`èhj dr uhna`k jkhuehk`y td ehvkstejntk dr prdskiutk.

]gk idurt es tgkrkfdrk kxpkitkm td nmgkrk td prdikmurn` fnerhkss nhm kqunèty akfdrk tgk

`nw eh n wny tgnt es hdt n`wnys pdssea`k eh hntedhn` idurts. Qntgkr tgnh prdvemk veitdrsousteik, tgk EII sgdu`m ehvkstejntk nhm prdskiutk irelks idllettkm ay n`` semks wetgeh ets

ouresmeitedh, kvkh wgkrk mdehj sd es pdètein``y ehidhvkhekht dr dtgkrwesk meffeiu`t. Qnrk`y

nrk irelks dh`y idllettkm ay lklakrs df dhk pnrty td n ved`kht idhfèit, kvkh ef nausks nrk

dftkh nttreautkm ldrk td dhk semk tgnh tgk dtgkr. Hdt surpresehj`y, EII ehvkstejntedhs nrk

èbk`y td diiur eh gejg`y pd`nrezkm setuntedhs wetg sgnrp mevesedhs aktwkkh idlluheteks.

Nffkitkm idlluheteks nrk n`` tdd nwnrk df ved`ntedhs idllettkm ay vnredus pnrteks, sd

fneùrk td nmmrkss skredus irelksdr td kxp`neh wgy tgky nrk hdt akehj nmmrksskminh

uhmkrlehk tgk idurts `kjetelniy eh tgk kyks df tgdsk idlluheteks. Et es tgkrkfdrk ksskhten`

fdr tgk irkmeaeèty df tgk EII eh ets mkèvkry df lknhehjfu` ousteik tgnt et nit elpnrten``y nhm

ak skkh td ak mdehj sd.

]gk kxpkrekhik df dtgkr ehtkrhntedhn` irelehn` treauhn`s uhmkrsidrks tgk elpdrtnhik df

elpnrtenèty.1]gnt tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` ]reauhn` fdr tgk fdrlkr Uujds`nven (EI]U)

lnhnjkm td prdskiutk irelks idllettkm ay n`` fnitedhs eh tgk An`bnh wnrs stnhms ns n

rkidrm njnehst i`nels tgnt et wns aenskm njnehst dhk pnrteiu`nr jrdup. Nt tgk Ypkien` Idurt

fdr Yekrrn @kdhk, ehmeitlkhts wkrk n`sd ardujgt njnehst n`` pnrteks td tgk idhfèit. ]gk insk

njnehst Ynl Gehjn Hdrlnh, tgk `knmkr df tgk Ieve` Mkfkhsk Fdrik, n jrdup tgnt fdujgt dh

tgk semk df tgk jdvkrhlkht, khgnhikm `din` uhmkrstnhmehj df tgk idurts lnhmntk nhm tgk

irkmeaeèty df tgk idurt, eh n iduhtry wgkrk ousteik gnm `dhj akkh idlprdleskm ay pdètein`

ehtkrfkrkhik nhm pnrtenèty.9

Ay idhtrnst, tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` ]reauhn` fdr Qwnhmn (EI]Q) gns dh`y prdskiutkm

lklakrs frdl dhk semk, ktghei Gutu, fdr irelks eh Qwnhmn. ]gdujg ay fnr ldst df tgk

ved`khik wns idllettkm ns pnrt df tgk jkhdiemk njnehst ktghei ]utse, lnhy ieveènhs wkrk

n`sd be``km ay tgk Qwnhmnh Sntredtei Frdht (QSF). QSF irelks ehiùmkm ehtkhtedhn` nttnibs dh

tgk ieveènh pdpu`ntedh nhm ehmevemun` ieveènhs, nhm kxtrnoumeien` kxkiutedhs. ]gk [H Gejg

Idllessedhkr fdr Qkfujkks kstelntkm tgnt tgk QSF be``km aktwkkh 1;,333 nhm =;,333

1 Ykk mesiussedh eh @ksèk Gnsbk`` nhm @nrs Zn`mdrf, ]gk Elpuhety Jnp df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` ]reauhn` fdr Qwnhmn?

Inusks nhm Idhskqukhiks,Gnstehjs Ehtkrhntedhn` nhm Idlpnrntevk @nw Qkvekw, vd`. 9= (13>>), pp. :3-:6.

9Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Arehjehj Ousteik? ]gk Ypkien` Idurt fdr Yekrrn @kdhk, Ykptklakr :, 133=,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/rkpdrts/133=/35/37/arehjehj-ousteik-spkien`-idurt-sekrrn-`kdhk, pp. >7->5 & h.:;. Ieve` sdiekty

lklakrs kxp`nehkm tgnt tgk idurt jnehkm irkmeaeèty wetg tgk ehmeitlkhts df Ynl Gehjn Hdrlnh nhm tgnt hd dhk wns kvkr

tgehbehj Ynl Gehjn Hdrlnh wdu`m kvkr ak ehmeitkm. Zk tgdujgt Rgk\ wdu`m gnvk Rakkh spnrkm ay\ ehtkrvkhtedh ay Bnaang.

Eaem. h.:;.


10/55


ieveènhs eh >55=.=]gk irelks nrk wk``-bhdwh wetgeh Qwnhmn, n`tgdujg tgkrk gns akkh hd

niiduhtnaeèty fdr tgkl ketgkr eh Qwnhmnh hntedhn` idurts dr nt tgk EI]Q. ]gk treauhn`s

fneùrk td nmmrkss tgksk irelks resbs `knvehj tgk elprkssedh tgnt tgk EI]Q es nh kxnlp`k df

veitdrs ousteik.;

Ehmkpkhmkhik

]gk irkmeaeèty df tgk EII n`sd mkpkhms dh tgk kxtkht td wgeig et es pkrikevkm td inrry dut ets

lnhmntk eh nh ehmkpkhmkht lnhhkr. Fdr tgk prdskiutdr, tges daèjntedh es spk``km dut eh

nrtei`k =1(>) df tgk Qdlk Ytntutk, wgeig prdvemks tgnt n lklakr df tgk Dffeik Rdf tgk

Srdskiutdr\ sgn`` hdt skkb dr nit dh ehstruitedhs frdl nhy kxtkrhn` sdurik. ]gk prdskiutdr

gns furtgkr kxpnhmkm dh tgk lknhehj df ehmkpkhmkhik?

R]\gk muty df ehmkpkhmkhik jdks akydhm selp`y hdt skkbehj dr nitehj dh

ehstruitedhs. Et n`sd lknhs tgnt tgk sk`kitedh prdikss es hdt ehfùkhikm aytgk prksulkm wesgks df nhy kxtkrhn` sdurik, hdr tgk elpdrtnhik df

iddpkrntedh df nhy pnrteiu`nr pnrty, hdr tgk qunèty df iddpkrntedh prdvemkm.

]gk sk`kitedh prdikss es ehmkpkhmkht df tgk iddpkrntedh-skkbehj prdikss.6

Ynfkjunrmehj pkrikptedhs df tgk idurts ehmkpkhmkhik es hdt nh knsy tnsb. ]gkrk nrk èlets

dh tgk idurts ouresmeitedh. Fdr kxnlp`k, tgk idurts naeèty td rknig irelks eh iduhtreks hdt

ykt pnrty td tgk EII stntutk es ieriulsireakm, nhm tgk idurt inhhdt rknig anib eh telk td

irelks idllettkm akfdrk 1331 wgkh tgk Qdlk Ytntutk inlk ehtd kffkit. ]gksk èlets inh

`knm td niiusntedhs df aens eh tgk sk`kitedh df setuntedhs fdr ehvkstejntedh. Ehmkkm,

idhikrhs tgnt elpuhety es hdt akehj tnib`km idhsestkht`y nrduhm tgk wdr`m gnvk n fnitun`

anses. Dffeien`s frdl dr suppdrtkm ay pdwkrfu` stntks gnvk akkh na`k td nvdem ehtkrhntedhn`

prdskiutedhs. Veitels df tgk ldst skredus ehtkrhntedhn` irelks eh Aurln, sdutgkrh

@kanhdh, Jnzn, Igkighyn, Ernq, nhm Yre @nhbn, fdr kxnlp`k, gnvk `nibkm niikss td ousteik.

Eh nmmetedh, tgk EII mkpkhms dh stntks iddpkrntedh td prdvemk prnitein` nssestnhik fdr ets

ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs nhm eh tgk khfdriklkht df ets mkiesedhs, ehiùmehj tgk

kxkiutedh df nrrkst wnrrnhts. ]gk rkènhik dh stntks iddpkrntedh, pnrteiu`nr`y tgk

iddpkrntedh nhm nssestnhik df dffeien`s df stntks eh wgeig tgk EII es idhmuitehj

= Ykk Nèsdh Mks Fdrjks, @knvk Hdhk td ]k`` tgk Ytdry(Hkw Udrb? Gulnh Qejgts Zntig/Eht` Fkm. Df Gulnh Qejgts, >555), p. :1:.

; Ykk Gnsbk`` nhm Zn`mdrf, ]gk Elpuhety Jnp df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` ]reauhn` fdr Qwnhmn? Inusks nhm Idhskqukhiks,

pp. :;-:62 skk n`sd @kttkr td tgk Srdskiutdr df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` ]reauhn` fdr Qwnhmn Qkjnrmehj tgk Srdskiutedh df

QSF Irelks frdl Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Lny 16, 1335, gttp?//www.grw.drj/hdmk/79;96.

6Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr, Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt (D]S), Iretkren fdr Yk`kitedh df Yetuntedhs nhm Insks, mrnft pdèiy

pnpkr dh fe`k wetg Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Ouhk 1336, pp. >-1 (Mrnft Sdèiy Snpkr).


11/55

: G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

ehvkstejntedhs, inrreks sejhefeinht resbs fdr tgk EIIs irkmeaeèty. Et inh uhmkriut pkrikptedhs

nadut tgk EIIs ehmkpkhmkhik, kspkien``y wgkrk stntk dffeien`s tgklsk`vks gnvk n``kjkm`y

idllettkm nausks. ]nrjktehj dffeien`s fdr prdskiutedh lny wk`` rksu`t eh idlprdlesehj tgk

we`èhjhkss df tgk hntedhn` jdvkrhlkht td `khm iddpkrntedh td tgk EII, tgus okdpnrmezehj ets

ehvkstejntedhs nhm naeèty td nit wetgeh n jevkh setuntedh.

]gksk nrk meffeiu`t nhm rkn` ign``khjks fdr tgk idurt. Dhk strntkjy fdr lnehtnehehj

iddpkrntedh lny èk eh tgk telehj df ehvkstejntedhs, tgnt es, mkfkrrehj ehvkstejntedh df skhedr

jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s uhte` nftkr dtgkr ehvkstejntedhs gnvk akkh idlp`ktkm. Aut tges

rkquerks strdhj dutrknig nhm puaèi ehfdrlntedh kffdrts td sejhn` tgnt tgk idurts

ehvkstejntedhs idu`m u`telntk`y tnrjkt irelks idllettkm ay jdvkrhlkht fdriks nhm td

rkehfdrik pkrikptedhs df tgk idurts ehmkpkhmkhik. Nt n ikrtneh pdeht, gdwkvkr, tgk

prd`dhjkm naskhik df nhy ehvkstejntedh df jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s n``kjkm td gnvk idllettkm

nausksdr nmkquntk kxp`nhntedh ns td wgy tgksk insks nrk hdt akehj pursukmresbs

okdpnrmezehj tgk idurts ehmkpkhmkhik.

]gk hkkm td rk`y dh stntks iddpkrntedh lnbks et n`` tgk ldrk elpdrtnht fdr tgk EII

prdskiutdr td lnhnjk ehvkstejntedhs, nhm puaèi ehfdrlntedh nadut tgdsk ehvkstejntedhs,

eh n lnhhkr tgnt sejhn`s i`knr`y tgk idurts ehmkpkhmkhik. Jevkh tgk lnhy j`dan`

ign``khjks td tgk EIIs `kjetelniy, tges es tgk akst, nhm n hkikssnry, nhtemdtk td n``kjntedhs

df pdètein` ehtkrfkrkhik dr ehfùkhik.

* * *

Eh n 1336 mrnft pdèiy dh Iretkren fdr Yk`kitedh df Yetuntedhs nhm Insks, tgk D]S

nrteiu`ntkm sele`nr juemehj prehiep`ks? ehmkpkhmkhik, elpnrtenèty, daokitevety, nhm hdh-

mesirelehntedh.:Ldrk rkikht`y, eh n mrnft pdèiy dh prkèlehnry kxnlehntedhs `knmehj td tgk

sk`kitedh df setuntedhs fdr ehvkstejntedh, tgk D]S rketkrntkm tgk ferst tgrkk df tgksk ns

jkhkrn` prehiep`ks.7Eh nmmetedh, tgk D]S stntks eh n strntkjy pnpkr tgnt fdiuskm

ehvkstejntedhs nhm prdskiutedhs nrk dhk df fdur fuhmnlkhtn` prehiep`ks df tgk D]Ss

prdskiutdren` strntkjy eh drmkr td lnbk kffeiekht usk df èletkm rksduriks. Eh sk`kitehj

ehiemkhts fdr tren`, tgk D]Ss stntkm jdn` es td prdvemk n snlp`k tgnt rkf`kits tgk jrnvkst

:Eaem., pp. >-9.

7D]S, Sdèiy Snpkr dh Srkèlehnry Kxnlehntedhs (MQNF]), Ditdakr =, 13>3,

gttp?//www.eii-ipe.eht/HQ/rmdh`yrks/K1:7F;N1-N=F5-=9M:-79M1-

6N1I5IF;M:M:/171;>;/D]STMrnftpdèiypnpkrdhprkèlehnrykxnlehntedhs3=>3>.pmf (niiksskm Npre` 16, 13>>), pnrns. 99-==.


12/55


ehiemkhts nhm tgk lneh typks df veitelezntedh.5]gksk pdèiy igdeiks sgdu`m pdsetevk`y

nffkit tgk EIIs mkèvkry df lknhehjfu` ousteik td nffkitkm idlluheteks nhm nrk idhsestkht

wetg nhdtgkr fuhmnlkhtn` prehiep`k emkhtefekm ay tgk D]S fdr ets prdskiutdren` strntkjy,

hnlk`y, nmmrkssehj tgk ehtkrksts df veitels.>3

]gk meffeiu`ty gns idlk eh tgk elp`klkhtntedh df tgksk prehiep`ks njnehst n anibmrdp df

lnhy idlpktehj prkssurks. ]gk EIIs ardnm jkdjrnpgei ouresmeitedh lknhs tgnt tgk

prdskiutdr inh, nhm mdks, nit eh n hulakr df uhrk`ntkm iduhtry setuntedhs selu`tnhkdus`y.

]ges resbs tgk nmdptedh df n sgn``dw npprdnig. Zetgeh knig iduhtry setuntedh, tgk prnitein`

meffeiu`teks nrk idhsemkrna`k nhm rksdurik idhstrnehts rkn`. ]d idhmuit kffkitevk

ehvkstejntedhs dh tgk jrduhm, td aue`m insks fdr tren`, nhm td idlluheintk wetg veitels nhm

wethkssks, stnff eh tgk prdskiutdrs dffeik sgdu`m akidlk ehtelntk`y fnleènr wetg tgk

gestdry df tgk rkspkitevk idhfèits, tgk nppèina`k hntedhn` irelehn` `nw, nhm rk`kvnht

iu`turn` hdrls. Dhjdehj idhfèit eh sdlk setuntedhs prkskhts `djestein` gurm`ks, jkhuehk

resbs td stnff, nhm ign``khjks eh rk`ntedh td tgk prdtkitedh df wethkssks, veitels, nhm dtgkrs

nt resb akinusk df tgker ehtkrnitedh wetg tgk idurt. Zge`k prdskiutdrs df dtgkr ehtkrhntedhn`

treauhn`s gnvk fnikm sele`nr ign``khjks, tgk tnsb df tgk EII prdskiutdr es kvkh ldrk

idlp`kx. ]gk j`dan` rknig df tgk idurts ouresmeitedh lknhs tgnt ges mkiesedh lnbehj es

suaokitkm td fnr jrkntkr sirutehy.

Eh tges meffeiu`t `nhmsinpk, tgk mkèvkry df lknhehjfu` ousteik eh n lnhhkr tgnt upgd`ms

elpnrtenèty nhm ehmkpkhmkhik akidlks n`` tgk ldrk elpdrtnht td kstnaèsgehj tgk EIIs

`kjetelniy. Ns wk kxp`neh ak`dw, eh MQI, [jnhmn, INQ, Mnrfur, nhm Bkhyn, igdeiks lnmk td

mntk eh EII ehvkstejntedhs gnvk ykt td rkf`kit idgkrkht nhm kffkitevk strntkjeks tdwnrm tgeskhm, nhm gnvk, eh fdur df tgksk setuntedhs, uhmkrlehkm pkrikptedhs df tgk EIIs elpnrtenèty

nhm ehmkpkhmkhik.

5D]S, Srdskiutdren` Ytrntkjy 1335-13>1, Fkarunry >, 13>3, gttp?//www.eii-ipe.eht/HQ/rmdh`yrks/66N7MIMI-96;3-=;>=-

NN61-M115M>>17F6;/17>;36/D]SSrdskiutdren`Ytrntkjy133513>9.pmf (niiksskm Npre` 16, 13>>), pnrns. >7-1>

>3Eaem., pnrn. 11.


13/55

5 G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

EE. Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd

Uknrs df ved`khik eh Idhjd gnvk `kft n `kjniy df gdrrefei nausks idllettkm njnehst ieveènhs,

ehiùmehj lnss be`èhj, tdrturk, skxun` ved`khik nhm tgk fdrikm rkiruetlkht nhm usk df ige`m

sd`mekrs.>>Elpuhety fdr tgksk jrnvk ehtkrhntedhn` irelks gns akkh dhk df tgk lnodr

dastni`ks td pknik nhm stnaeèty eh tgk Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd.>1Hkw nits df

ved`khik idhtehuk td ak idllettkm, ehiùmehj be`èhjs nhm rnpk eh Hdrtg nhm Ydutg Bevu eh

knstkrh Idhjd ay tgk `nrjk`y Qwnhmnh Gutu rkak` jrdup, tgk Mkldirntei Fdriks fdr tgk

@eakrntedh df Qwnhmn (FM@Q), ay dtgkr nrlkm jrdups, nhm n`sd ay sd`mekrs df tgk Idhjd`ksk

hntedhn` nrly, ehiùmehj tgdsk hkw`y ehtkjrntkm frdl tgk Hntedhn` Idhjrkss fdr tgk

Mkfkhsk df tgk Skdp`k (IHMS) nhm dtgkr nrlkm jrdups. Eh tgk rkldtk rkjedh wgkrk tgk

adrmkrs df MQI, INQ, nhm Ydutg Yumnh lkkt, tgk @drms Qksestnhik Nrly frdl [jnhmn

idhtehuks td inrry dut lnss namuitedhs nhm be`èhjs.>9

]gk EII prdskiutdr dpkhkm ehvkstejntedhs eh tgk MQI eh Ouhk 133=, fd``dwehj n rkfkrrn` ay

tgk Idhjd`ksk jdvkrhlkht df nhy irelk fn`èhj wetgeh tgk EIIs ouresmeitedh idllettkm dh

ets tkrretdry sehik tgk EII stntutk khtkrkm ehtd fdrik dh Ou`y >, 1331. ]gk D]S gns sehik

idhmuitkm tgrkk ehvkstejntedhs.

]gk dffeik fdiuskm eheten``y dh tgk Eture mestreit, wgkrk tgk idhfèit akjnh eh >555 wgkh n

`dhjstnhmehj `nhm mesputk aktwkkh Gkln pnstdrnèsts nhm @khmu njreiu`turnèsts spern`km

dut df idhtrd`, fuk`km ay ehtkrhntedhn` nhm `din` nitdrs ehvd`vkm eh Idhjds `nrjkr wnr.>=]gk

D]S ferst ehvkstejntkm irelks idllettkm ay tgk [hedh df Idhjd`ksk Sntredts ([SI), nprdlehkht Gkln-anskm leèten jrdup eh Eture, `knmehj eh 1336 td nrrkst wnrrnhts fdr tgk

gknm df tgk [SI, ]gdlns @uanhjn Mye`d, nhm ges fdrlkr mkputy igekf df stnff fdr leètnry

dpkrntedhs, Adsid Htnjnhmn. @uanhjn wns trnhsfkrrkm td ]gk Gnjuk eh 1336, nhm ges tren`

>>Gulnh Qejgts Zntig gns essukm hulkrdus rkpdrts mdiulkhtehj gulnh rejgts nausks eh knstkrh Idhjd, ehiùmehj eh tgk

Eture mestreit df Drekhtn` prdvehik, wgkrk tkhs df tgdusnhms wkrk s`nujgtkrkm dh nh ktghei anses aktwkkh >555 nhm 1335, nhm

eh tgk Hdrtg nhm Ydutg Bevu prdvehiks, wgkrk idhfèit idhtehuks td tges mny. Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Udu Ze``

ak Suhesgkm? Nttnibs dh Ieveènhs eh Knstkrh Idhjd, Mkiklakr 1335, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1335/>1/>=/ydu-we``-

ak-puhesgkm-32 Yd`mekrs wgd Qnpk, Idllnhmkrs wgd Idhmdhk? Ykxun` Ved`khik nhm Leètnry Qkfdrl eh tgk Mkldirntei

Qkpuaèi df Idhjd, Ou`y 1335, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1335/3:/>6/sd`mekrs-wgd-rnpk-idllnhmkrs-wgd-idhmdhk-32

Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df IdhjdBe`èhjs eh Bewnhon? ]gk [Hs Ehnaeèty td Srdtkit Ieveènhs, Mkiklakr 1337,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1337/>1/>>/be`èhjs-bewnhon-32 Qkhkwkm Ireses eh Hdrtg Bevu, Ditdakr 133:,gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/133:/>3/11/rkhkwkm-ireses-hdrtg-bevu2]gk Iursk df Jd`m? Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd,

Ou`y 133;, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/133;/36/3>/iursk-jd`m-32 Eture? Idvkrkm eh A`ddm2 Ktghein``y ]nrjktkm Ved`khik

eh Hdrtgknstkrh MQ Idhjd, Ou`y 1339, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1339/3:/3:/idvkrkm-a`ddm-3.

>1Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Yk`èhj Ousteik Ygdrt? Zgy Niiduhtnaeèty Lnttkrs fdr Sknik, Ou`y 1335,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1335/3:/3:/sk`èhj-ousteik-sgdrt-3, pp. =9-;=.

>9Ykk pnrt EEE ak`dw.

>=Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm,pp. ;->5.


14/55

[HFEHEYGKM A[YEHKYY >3

akjnh eh ]gk Gnjuk eh Onhunry 1335. Htnjnhmnwgd wkht dh td odeh @nurkht Hbuhmns

IHMS, akfdrk dustehj Hbuhmn eh 1335 eh kxignhjk fdr tgk pdst df jkhkrn` eh tgk Idhjd`ksk

nrlyrklnehs nt `nrjk.

Nrrkst wnrrnhts wkrk hkxt essukm eh 133: fdr `knmkrs df twd @khmu leètens, Jkrlneh

Bntnhjn, igekf df stnff df tgk Eture Sntredtei Qksestnhik Fdriks (FQSE), nh Hjete-anskm leèten

aut wetg i`dsk èhbs td tgk @khmu, nhm Lntgeku Hjumod`d Igue, fdrlkr igekf df stnff df tgk

@khmu-anskm Hntedhnèst nhm Ehtkjrntedhest Frdht (FHE). Bntnhjn wns nrrkstkm eh 133:, nhm

Hjumd`d eh 13372 tgker odeht tren` akjnh eh `ntk 1335.

]gk D]S es iurrkht`y idhmuitehj ehvkstejntedhs eh tgk Bevus. Ns eh Eture, wemksprknm ved`khik

njnehst ieveènhs gns diiurrkm eh Hdrtg nhm Ydutg Bevu, twd prdvehiks gknve`y nffkitkm ay

Idhjds mkstruitevk wnrs sehik >556. ]gk ved`khik eh tgksk twd knstkrh prdvehiks gns akkh

lnrbkm ay gdrrefei nttnibs dh ieveènhs, ehiùmehj lurmkrs, wemksprknm rnpk, tdrturk, nhm

tgk usk df ige`m sd`mekrs. N`` nrlkm jrdups wgd gnvk dpkrntkm eh tgk Bevus, adtg fdrkejh

nhm mdlkstei, gnvk akkh rkspdhsea`k fdr skredus gulnh rejgts nausks.>;

]gk D]Ss ehvkstejntedhs eh tgk Bevus nppknr td gnvk fdiuskm dh irelks idllettkm ay tgk

Qwnhmnh Gutu rkak` jrdup, tgk FM@Q. Eh Ditdakr 13>3, Frkhig pdèik kxkiutkm tgk EIIs

ferst nrrkst wnrrnht eh tgk Bevus ehvkstejntedh, nrrkstehj In`èxtk Lanrusgelnhn, tgk FM@Qs

kxkiutevk skirktnry. N mkiesedh ay nh EII prk-tren` ignlakr ns td wgktgkr tgk insk njnehst

Lanrusgelnhndh ignrjks df wnr irelks nhm irelks njnehst gulnhety idllettkm eh

knstkrh MQI eh 1335sgdu`m ak skht td tren`, es kxpkitkm akfdrk tgk khm df 13>>. Nt tgk

telk df Lanrusgelnhns trnhsfkr td ]gk Gnjuk, tgk prdskiutdr ehmeintkm tgnt gk esidhsemkrehj ehiùmehj nmmetedhn` ignrjks njnehst gel fdr tgk Nujust 13>3 lnss rnpks eh

Znèbn`k tkrretdry, kvemkhik pkrlettehj.>6]gk EIIs Bevus ehvkstejntedhs nrk dhjdehj.

D]S ehvkstejntedhs eh MQI gnvk n`rknmy idhtreautkm td igkibehj n pkrvnsevk iu`turk df

elpuhety eh Idhjd. Fdr kxnlp`k, dur rksknrig ehmeintks tgnt tgk EIIs Idhjd`ksk

ehvkstejntedhs rneskm nwnrkhkss nldhj tgk pdpu`ntedh tgnt tgk khèstlkht, rkiruetlkht,

nhm usk df ige`m sd`mekrs nrk irelehn` dffkhsks.>:]gk Ditdakr 13>3 [hetkm Hntedhs rkpdrt

>;Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Udu Ze`` ak Suhesgkm2 Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Qkhkwkm Ireses eh Hdrtg Bevu.

>6Ykk Ytntklkht ay EII Srdskiutdr dh trnhsfkr df In`èxtk Lanrusgelnhn td tgk Gnjuk, D]S prkss rk`knsk, Onhunry 1;, 13>>,

gttp?//www.eii-

ipe.eht/lkhus/eii/prkss%13nhm%13lkmen/prkss%13rk`knsks/hkws%13nhm%13gejgèjgts/stntklkht%13ay%13eii%13p

rdskiutdr%13dh%13trnhsfkr%13df%13in`èxtk%13lanrusgelnhn%13td%13tgk%13gnjuk (niiksskm Ou`y >:, 13>>).

>:]gk kffkit gns hdt akkh khterk`y pdsetevk, gdwkvkr. ]gk @uanhjn insk nt `knst eheten``y ignhjkm tgk npprdnig df leèten

`knmkrs td ige`m sd`mekrs. Srkvedus`y, tgksk `knmkrs dpkh`y nmlettkm npprdxelntk hulakrs df ige`mrkh eh tgker rnhbs nhm

gnhmkm ige`mrkh dvkr td tgk [hetkm Hntedhs ([H) Lessedh eh tgk Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd nhm tgk [H Ige`mrkhs Fuhm ns

pnrt df tgk mkldaeèzntedh prdikss.Fd``dwehj tgk idhferlntedh df ignrjks njnehst @uanhjn eh knr`y 133:, gdwkvkr, lnhy


15/55

>> G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

lnppehj ntrdieteks idllettkm eh tgk MQI aktwkkh >559 nhm 1339 ([H Lnppehj Qkpdrt),

wge`k iretein` df sdlk nspkits df tgk EIIs pkrfdrlnhik eh Idhjd, hdtks tgnt tgk EIIs

niteveteks eh Idhjd gnvk idhtreautkm td rkdpkhehj tgk mkantk dh tgk fejgt njnehst elpuhety

eh MQI. ]gk treauhn` gns tgus jevkh n jrknt mkn` df gdpk td n`` tgk veitels df tgk ved`ntedhs,

kvkh tgdsk idllettkm predr td Ou`y 1331. ]gk Idurt gns n`sd ehsperkm sdlk nitdrs eh tgk

Idhjd`ksk oumeien` systkl, wgd gnvk `ddbkm td tgk prdvesedhs df tgk EIIs Qdlk Ytntutk fdr

lntkren` td supp`klkht nhm i`nrefy Idhjd`ksk `nw eh tgnt nrkn.>7

Yd fnr, gdwkvkr, tgk EIIs rkidrm eh MQI gns akkh lexkm, nt akst. ]gk tren`s df tgdsk MQI

suspkits eh iustdmy ste`` hkkm td ak suiikssfu``y idhiùmkm eh niidrmnhik wetg

ehtkrhntedhn` fner tren` stnhmnrms, nhm tgk nrrkst wnrrnht fdr Adsid Htnjnhmn ste`` hkkms td

ak kxkiutkm. Ehvkstejntedhs eh Eture nhm tgk Bevus gnvk hdt ykt mkldhstrntkm n idgkrkht

strntkjy fdr arehjehj tgdsk ldst rkspdhsea`k td niiduht fdr tgk jrnvkst EII irelks

idllettkm eh tgksk rkjedhs. ]gk EIIs prdskiutdren` strntkjeks eh MQI gnvk n`sd rneskm

qukstedhs ns td tgk EIIs ehmkpkhmkhik nhm elpnrtenèty. Nmmetedhn` ehvkstejntedhs nrk

mkhekm gnvehj nhy ige`mrkh uhmkr tgker idllnhm. ]gky n`sd hkjdtentkm tgk prdvesedh dh ige`m sd`mekrs eh tgk Hdvklakr 1336

pknik njrkklkht sd tgnt et idu`m hdt ak idhstrukm ns nh nmlessedh df tges prniteik.Df idhikrh es tgk fnit tgnt ige`mrkh wkrkgemmkh dr ignskm frdl tgk rnhbs, nhm sdlk wkrk nanhmdhkm rntgkr tgnh akehj ardujgt td tgk mkldaeèzntedh ikrkldheks. Eh

nmmetedh, tgkrk wkrk tgrknts njnehst ige`m prdtkitedh wdrbkrs ay nrlkm jrdup `knmkrs fd``dwehj @uanhjns nrrkst. ]gksk

mkvk`dplkhts pdsk sejhefeinht ign``khjks td njkhieks wdrbehj fdr ige`m wk`fnrk eh tgk rkjedh. Aut tgky nrk n`sd ehmeintevk df

tgk EIIs pdtkhten` td ignhjk tgk akgnvedr df n``kjkm pkrpktrntdrs eh rk`ntedh td irelks eh ets ouresmeitedh. Ykk mesiussedh eh

Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idurtehj Gestdry? ]gk @nhmlnrb Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurts Ferst Uknrs, Ou`y 1337,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/rkpdrts/1337/3:/>3/idurtehj-gestdry-3, pp. 67-65.

>7[H Dffeik df tgk Gejg Idllessedhkr fdr Gulnh Qejgts (DGIGQ), Qkpdrt df tgk Lnppehj Kxkriesk mdiulkhtehj tgk ldst

skredus ved`ntedhs df gulnh rejgts nhm ehtkrhntedhn` gulnhetnrenh nw idllettkm wetgeh tgk tkrretdry df tgk Mkldirntei

Qkpuaèi df tgk Idhjd aktwkkh Lnrig >559 nhm Ouhk 1339, Nujust 13>3,gttp?//www.dgigr.drj/Mdiulkhts/Iduhtreks/_Q/MQITLNSSEHJTQKSDQ][email protected] (niiksskm Ou`y >5, 13>>), pnrn. >311

(uhdffeien` trnhs`ntedh frdl Frkhig drejehn`) ([H Lnppehj Qkpdrt). ]ges rkpdrt idlprkgkhsevk y lnps jrdss gulnh rejgts

ved`ntedhs idllettkm eh MQI aktwkkh >555 nhm 1339, tgkrkfdrk ehiùmehj sdlk ved`ntedhs tgnt diiurrkm nftkr Ou`y >, 1331, tgk

mntk frdl wgeig tgk EIIs ouresmeitedh eh MQI ruhs. ]gk rkpdrt pdehts td tgk hkkm td nlpèfy tgksk hntedhn` kffdrts tgrdujg sd-

in``km idlp`klkhtnrety ehetentevks uhmkrtnbkh ay tgk EII, ehiùmehj kxignhjks df ehfdrlntedh, trnehehj skssedhs nhm

pdssea`y odeht ehvkstejntedhs wetg Idhjd`ksk oumeien` stnff. (Eaem., pnrn. >31=2 skk n`sd Jrn`mehk Lnttedè nhm Nhhkbk Vnh

Zdumkhakrj, J`dan` Intn`yst fdr hntedhn` prdskiutedhs4 ]gk EII eh tgk Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd, eh Heigd`ns Znmmk`

nhm Sge` I`nrb, kms., Idurtehj Idhfèit4 Ousteik, Sknik nhm tgk EII eh Nfrein (@dhmdh? Qdyn` Nfreinh Ydiekty, 1337), pp. ;:-6>.)

Zk fu``y njrkk tgnt hntedhn` kffdrts nrk hkkmkm td idlp`klkht tgk wdrb df tgk EII eh arehjehj tgdsk rkspdhsea`k fdr irelks eh

Idhjd td niiduht. ]d tgnt khm, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig gns in``km fdr tgk kstnaèsglkht df n spkienèzkm lexkm idurt wetgeh tgk

Idhjd`ksk oumeien` systkl, wgeig, wetg ehtkrhntedhn` nssestnhik, idu`m prdskiutk ehtkrhntedhn` irelks (ehiùmehj tgdsk mntehj

anib td akfdrk tgk EIIs ouresmeitedh akjnh) nhm gk`p i`dsk tgk lnhy kxestehj jnps eh niiduhtnaeèty. Zk akèkvk ehtkrhntedhn`

nssestnhik es hkikssnry fdr n tklpdrnry pkredm df telk eh drmkr td ad`stkr tgk ehmkpkhmkhik nhm inpniety df hntedhn` idurts td

mkn` eh pnrteiu`nr wetg gejg-`kvk` mkfkhmnhts wgd gnvk ksinpkm prdskiutedh td mntk. Gulnh Qejgts Zntig gns akkh nitevk`ykhjnjkm eh nmvdintehj fdr tgk strdhjkst pdssea`k kjn` frnlkwdrb fdr nh ehmkpkhmkht, lexkm idurt. Ykk MQ Idhjd?

Kstnaèsglkht df n Ypkienèzkm Lexkm Idurt fdr tgk Srdskiutedh df Ykredus Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelks Idlldh Sdsetedh Qksu`tehj

frdl tgk Zdrbsgdp Gk`m eh Jdln dh Npre` 6-7, 13>>, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>>/3=/>;/mr-idhjd-kstna esglkht-

spkienèzkm-lexkm-idurt-prdskiutedh-skredus-ehtkrhntedhn`-ire2 MQ Idhjd? Snss Lexkm Idurt @nw, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws

rk`knsk, Nujust >:, 13>>, gttp?//www.grw.drj/hkws/13>>/37/>:/mr-idhjd-pnss-lexkm-idurt-`nw (in`èhj fdr rkldvn` df tgk

mkntg pkhn`ty ns tgk nppèina`k puhesglkht fdr tgdsk idhveitkm df irelks ay tgk lexkm idurt)2 @kttkr frdl Gulnh Qejgts Zntig

td Lehestkr df Ousteik G.K. @uzd`d Anlae @kssn, Lnrig >=, 13>>, gttp?//www.grw.drj/hkws/13>>/39/>=/mr-idhjd-nlkhm-mrnft-

spkienèzkm-ignlakr- kjes`ntedh-khsurk-lknhehjfu -niiduhtnaeèt.


16/55


hkikssnry td khsurk tgnt tgk EIIs `kjniy eh MQI we`` ak dhk df lknhehjfu` nhm irkmea`k

ousteik.

Fd``dwehj tgk Igneh df Idllnhm eh Eture

Zge`k tgk EIIs nrrkst wnrrnhts fdr fdur `knmkrs df revn` ktghei leètens eh Eture (nhm tgk nrrkstdf tgrkk df tgksk `knmkrs, ]gdlns @uanhjn, Jkrlneh Bntnhjn, nhm Lntgeku Hjumod`d) nrk

wkìdlk idhtreautedhs td arehjehj ousteik eh tgk MQI, tgksk rkak` idllnhmkrs mem hdt nit

n`dhk eh tkrrdrezehj ieveènhs. Dur rksknrig eh Idhjd, idvkrehj tgk pkredm frdl >557 td tgk

prkskht, sujjksts tgnt bky pdètein` nhm leètnry fejurks eh Behsgnsn, ns wk`` ns eh [jnhmn

nhm Qwnhmn, p`nykm n prdlehkht rd`k eh irkntehj, suppdrtehj, nhm nrlehj tgk leètens

nssdientkm wetg @uanhjn, Htnjnhmn, Bntnhjn, nhm Hjumod`d, nldhj dtgkrs.

[jnhmn, tgk diiupyehj pdwkr eh Eture aktwkkh Nujust >557 nhm Lny 1339, merkitkm

elpdrtnht ignhjks eh tgk nrlkm jrdups tgkrk. ]ges ehiùmkm ignhjehj tgk `knmkrsgep dfdhk rkak` jrdup, suppdrtehj tgk irkntedh df twd idnètedhs df rkak` ldvklkhts nhm jrdups,

nhm, ns mesiusskm ak`dw, suppdrtehj tgk rkldvn` df dhk rkak` jrdup eh fnvdr df tgk

ehstn``ntedh df n revn` jrdup eh Auhen. Eture `knmkrs wkht td Bnlpn`n fdr pdètein`

hkjdtentedhs ldrk tgnh >; telks nhm lkt frkqukht`y wetg ketgkr Srksemkht Udwkre Luskvkhe

dr ges ardtgkr Jkh. In`ka Nbnhmwnhngd, n`sd bhdwh ns Ynèl Yn`kg.>5]gk fehn` rkpdrt df

tgk [H Snhk` df Kxpkrts dh tgk E``kjn` Kxp`detntedh df Hnturn` Qksduriks nhm Dtgkr Fdrls df

Zkn`tg df tgk MQI ([H Snhk` df Kxpkrts) idhiùmks tgnt nh kètk hktwdrb df [jnhmnh

sd`mekrs, dffeien`s, nhm pdèteienhs, `din` rkak`s, nhm ehtkrhntedhn` ausehkssks`km ay Ynèl

Yn`kg nhm fdrlkr [jnhmnh nrly Lno. Jkh. Onlks Bnzehepùhmkrkm tgk Idhjd fdr tgker

dwh akhkfet nhm td fehnhik tgk wnr.13

]gk [jnhmnh nrly anskm eh Auhen wdrbkm tdjktgkr wetg tgk [SI td mes`dmjk n revn` nrlkm

jrdup eh Nujust 1331. N `nrjk hulakr df ieveènhs wkrk mkèakrntk`y be``km ay [SI

idlantnhts murehj tgk dpkrntedh. ]gk [jnhmnh nrly suppdrtkm tgk [SI wetg gknvy

wknpdhs nhm tnhbs. ]gky n`sd fne`km eh ldst insks td prdvemk prdtkitedh td ieveènhs wgd

wkrk akehj tnrjktkm fdr be`èhj ay tgk [SI eh nhm nrduhm tgk tdwh, mkspetk gnvehj `nrjk

hulakrs df trddps nvne`na`k `kss tgnh n le`k nwny.1>

>5Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm, p. :.

13[H Ykiurety Iduhie`, Fehn` Qkpdrt df tgk Snhk` df Kxpkrts dh tgk E``kjn` Kxp`detntedh df Hnturn` Qksduriks nhm Dtgkr Fdrls

df Zkn`tg df tgk MQI, Y/1331/>>=6, Ditdakr >6, 1331,

gttp?//www.slnrtsnhitedhs.sk/stdibgd`lTprdikss/rkpdrts/idhjdT1331>39>.pmf

(niiksskm Nujust 15, 13>>), pnrns. 5:->9>. Bnzehe wns be``km eh Bnlpn`n eh Hdvklakr 1335. Ykk Bnzehe be``km, Hkw Vesedh,

Hdvklakr >3, 1335, gttp?//www.hkwvesedh.id.uj/M/7/>1/:33:;= (niiksskm Nujust >1, 13>>).1>Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm, pp. >5-1>


17/55

>9 G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

]gk [jnhmnh nrly `ntkr turhkm dh ets fdrlkr n``y nhm eh Lnrig 1339 mrdvk tgk [SI dut df

Auhen wetg tgk nssestnhik df @khmu leètens, ehiùmehj tgk FHE. Dhk fdrlkr @khmu `knmkr

wgd pnrteiepntkm eh tgk dpkrntedh snem tgnt gk nhm ges lkh gnm pnrteiepntkm nt tgk rkqukst

df [jnhmnh nrly Arej. (hdw Lno. Jkh.) Bn`k Bnyegurn (iurrkht`y tgk ehspkitdr jkhkrn` df

pdèik).11Guhmrkms df ieveènhs mekm eh tgk antt`k, lnhy df tgkl tnrjktkm ay tgk FHE

akinusk df tgker ktgheiety.

[jnhmnh nhm @khmu fdriks suaskqukht`y nttnibkm dtgkr tdwhs ns tgky sdujgt td pusg tgk

[SI frdl nrkns dutsemk df Auhen. Dhk df tgk tdwhs nttnibkm wns Be`d. ]gk [jnhmnh nrly

p`nhhkm tgk nssnu`t dh Be`d nhm drjnhezkm fdr ets n``y, tgk FHE, td tnbk tgk sdutgkrh niikss

rdnm ehtd tgk tdwh, wge`k [jnhmnh nrly fdriks tddb tgk wkstkrh niikss rdnm. ]gk @khmu

fdriks nrrevkm skvkrn` gdurs akfdrk tgk [jnhmnhs, nhm akjnh be`èhj ieveènhs. Nftkr tgker

nrrevn`, [jnhmnh sd`mekrs trekm td stdp FHE be`èhjs, aut tgky tddb hd sejhefeinht stkps td

prkvkht tgk FHE frdl idllettehj furtgkr ntrdieteks dr puhesg pkrpktrntdrs. ]gk [jnhmnh

nrly fdriks idhtehukm tgker nssnu`t dh dtgkr [SI gk`m tdwhs nhm `dintedhs eh id``nadrntedh

wetg tgk FHE.

Murehj tgker odeht leètnry dpkrntedhs, tgk [jnhmnh nrly lnehtnehkm rkspdhseaeèty fdr

idllnhm idhtrd` dvkr FHE @khmu fdriks. [jnhmnh idllnhmkrs nttklptkm nt telks td

lehelezk FHE nausks ay drjnhezehj odeht pntrd`s nhm rkqukstehj tgnt FHE idlantnhts `ny

mdwh tgker trnmetedhn` wknpdhs. Aut tgky mem hdt inrry dut nhy furtgkr stkps td mktkr

nausks dr khsurk niiduhtnaeèty fdr skredus nausks.19]gksk nrk oust sdlk kxnlp`ks df

[jnhmnh ehvd`vklkht, ketgkr merkit`y dr ehmerkit`y, eh wnr irelks nhm irelks njnehst

gulnhety idllettkm eh Eture sehik tgk akjehhehj df tgk EIIs ouresmeitedh eh Ou`y 1331.1=

@uanhjns [SI sgeftkm ets n``kjenhik frdl [jnhmn td Qwnhmn tdwnrms tgk khm df 1331. ]gk

[H Snhk` df Kxpkrts rkpdrtkm td tgk Ykiurety Iduhie` eh Hdvklakr 1339 tgnt [SI

idllnhmkrs rkpdrtkm merkit`y td tgk Qwnhmnh nrly gejg idllnhm, ehiùmehj tgk

Qwnhmnh nrlys Igekf df Ytnff, Jkh. Onlks Bnanrkak, nhm tgk Igekf df Ehtk`èjkhik, Jkh.

Onib Hzezn. Niidrmehj td n idhfemkhten` supp`klkht prkpnrkm ay tgk [H Snhk` df Kxpkrts,

Qwnhmn trnehkm ldrk tgnh >33 [SI idlantnhts eh tgk Jnaerd trnehehj ikhtkr eh Qwnhmn

aktwkkh Ykptklakr nhm Mkiklakr 1331, nhm trnehkm dtgkr ehtk`èjkhik dffeikrs merkit`y eh

11Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, ]gk Iursk df Jd`m, pp. 9:.

19Eaem., pp. 9:-=3.

1=]gk Ehtkrhntedhn` Idurt df Ousteik fduhm tgnt tgk [jnhmnh nrly idllettkm lnssevk gulnh rejgts ved`ntedhs nhm jrnvk

arknigks df ehtkrhntedhn` gulnhetnrenh `nw eh MQI, nhm ietkm sdlk ehiemkhts tgnt wdu`m fn`` wetgeh tgk EIIs tklpdrn`

ouresmeitedh. Ykk Nrlkm Niteveteks dh tgk ]krretdry df tgk Idhjd (Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df Idhjd v. [jnhmn), Ehtkrhntedhn` Idurt

df Ousteik, Oumjlkht, E.I.O. Qkpdrts 133;, p. >67, gttp?//www.eio-ieo.drj/mdibkt/fe`ks/>>6/>3=;;.pmf (niiksskm Ykptklakr =,

13>>), pp. 195-=;.


18/55

[HFEHEYGKM A[YEHKYY >=

Auhen. ]gk pnhk` n`sd idhferlkm tgnt ldrtnrs, lnigehk juhs, nhm nlluhetedh wkrk skht

frdl Qwnhmn td tgk [SI eh Ldhjawnù aktwkkh Hdvklakr 1331 nhm Onhunry 1339.1;

Qwnhmnh suppdrt wns iruien` td tgk [SI kffdrts td tnbk Ldhjawnù eh Hdvklakr 1331 nhm

eh nttnibehj nhm tnbehj tgk hknray ve``njks df Be`d, Bdau, @epre, Anlau, nhm Laeod eh knr`y

Mkiklakr 1331 nhm knr`y 1339. Murehj tgksk leètnry dpkrntedhs, [SI fdriks s`nujgtkrkm

@khmu nhm dtgkr ieveènhs dh niiduht df tgker ktgheiety, ignsehj mdwh tgdsk wgd f`km td tgk

fdrkst, nhm intigehj nhm be`èhj dtgkrs nt rdnma`dibs.16

]gk MQI jdvkrhlkht eh Behsgnsn wdrbkm i`dsk`y wetg tgk Idhjd`ksk Qn``y fdr Mkldirniy

@eakrntedh Ldvklkht (QIM-L@), n rkak` jrdup `km ay Lausn Hynlwese anskm dut df Akhe eh

Hdrtg Bevu. Hynlwese wns `ntkr tgk Idhjd`ksk lehestkr df fdrkejh nffners nhm es tdmny tgk

lehestkr fdr mkikhtrnèzntedh nhm uranh nhm rkjedhn` p`nhhehj. Eh Ykptklakr 1331, Hjete

idlantnhts wdrbehj odeht`y wetg tgk sd`mekrs df QIM-L@ systklntein``y lnssnirkm nt `knst

>,133 Gkln, Jkjkrk, nhm Aern ieveènhs dvkr n >3-mny pkredm eh Hynbuhmk. ]gk mknm

ehiùmkm lnhy pntekhts nhm wdrbkrs nt tgk `nrjk igurig-suppdrtkm gdspetn`. Hynlwese wns

nppnrkht`y nwnrk df tgk nttnib nhm nftkr n fkw mnys skht dhk df ges dffeikrs td nsskss tgk

setuntedh nhm td gk`p kvniuntk tgk mditdrs nhm lkmein` stnff nt tgk gdspetn`. Aut tgdsk

kvniuntkm ehiùmkm dh`y n fkw Gkln, Jkjkrk, dr Aern ehmevemun`s wgd wkrk na`k td gemk

tgker ktghei emkhteteks. Nftkr tgk kvniuntedh, tgk ktghei s`nujgtkr idhtehukm nhm Hynlwese

nppknrs td gnvk tnbkh hd furtgkr kffkitevk stkps td gn`t et.1:

]gk nvne`naeèty df pdètein` nhm leètnry suppdrt frdl tgksk kxtkrhn` nitdrs sejhefeinht`y

ehirknskm tgk leètnry strkhjtg df `din` leètens eh Eture nhm khidurnjkm tgker `knmkrs td

fdrl ldrk struiturkm ldvklkhts, tgkrkay ehirknsehj tgk mkntg td`` nhm tgk kxtkht dfgulnh rejgts nausks. Eh prdvemehj pdètein` nhm leètnry suppdrt, nhm eh fneèhj td kxkriesk

tgker ehfùkhik dvkr tgk jrdups td arehj gulnh rejgts nausks td nh khm, wk akèkvk pdètein`

nhm leètnry fejurks eh Behsgnsn, Bnlpn`n, nhm Bejnè lny sgnrk rkspdhseaeèty fdr tgk

irelks idllettkm eh Eture pursunht td nrtei`ks 1; nhm 17 df tgk Qdlk Ytntutk dh ehmevemun`

nhm idllnhm rkspdhseaeèty, rkspkitevk`y. Zk gnvk idhsestkht`y urjkm tgk prdskiutdr td

ehvkstejntk tgk lnhhkr nhm sidpk df suppdrt prdvemkm ay tgksk skhedr dffeien`s nhm,

kvemkhik pkrlettehj, td arehj insks njnehst tgkl fdr tgk irelks idllettkm eh Eture.17

Ykhedr `knmkrs idhsemkrkm td aknr tgk jrkntkst rkspdhseaeèty nrk dftkh akydhm tgk rknig df

hntedhn` oumeien` nutgdreteks akinusk df tgker dffeien` pdsetedhs, lnbehj tgk EIIs pursuet df

1;Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, ]gk Iursk df Jd`m, pp. 1=-1:.

16Eaem., pp. 1:-9>.

1:Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm, pp. 93-9;.

17Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idurtehj Gestdry, p. 6>.


19/55

>; G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

tgkl n`` tgk ldrk ksskhten`, nhm tgk D]S gns, eh fnit, nmdptkm n pdèiy df fdiusehj dh

tgdsk aknrehj tgk jrkntkst rkspdhseaeèty.15]gksk dffeien`s nrk dftkh hdt merkit`y ehvd`vkm

eh idllettehj irelkstgky nrk hdt tgk trejjkr pu``krssd aue`mehj insks td sgdw tgker

rkspdhseaeèty es n idlp`kx tnsb. Srdvehj tgk iu`pnaeèty df tgksk nitdrs rkquerks trniehj tgk

igneh df idllnhm td tgker `kvk` df rkspdhseaeèty, dftkh tgrdujg ehmerkit kvemkhik. Zge`k

tges es n idlp`kx tnsb, et es hdhktgk`kss dhk tgnt es ikhtrn` td tgk suiikssfu` fu`fe`lkht df

tgk EIIs lnhmntk.

Ns stntkm eh tgk [H Lnppehj Qkpdrt?

R]\gk EII lust nmmrkss tgk ldst skredus irelks, wgeig idu`m ak meffeiu`t td

prdskiutk eh tgk MQI muk td tgker idlp`kxety dr tgk elpdsseaeèty df gnvehj

tgk pkrpktrntdrs kxtrnmetkm. ]gk Srdskiutdr gnm mki`nrkm tgnt dhik eh dffeik

gk wdu`m nmmrkss tgk hktwdrbs tgnt fuhm nhm nrl tgk jrdups ehvd`vkm eh tgk

irelks wetgeh ges lnhmntk. Yuig nh ehvkstejntedh es pnrteiu`nr`y idlp`kx.

]gk pkdp`k ehvd`vkm eh tgksk niteveteks nrk ehmerkit`y elpèintkm eh tgk irelks

nhm akhkfet frdl idhsemkrna`k pdètein`, leètnry nhm kidhdlei suppdrt eh

tgker dwh iduhtreks. ]gk snlk es truk df ehmevemun`s, wgktgkr hntedhn`s dr

fdrkejhkrs, wgd aknr tgk jrkntkst rkspdhseaeèty fdr tgk irelks idllettkm eh

tgk MQI aut nrk tdmny dutsemk tgk tkrretdry nhm gkhik akydhm tgk rknig df

hntedhn` ousteik. Et tgkrkfdrk nppknrs elpdrtnht fdr tgk EIIs Srdskiutdr td

pny pnrteiu`nr nttkhtedh td tgksk insks, ef tgky nrk hdt td kvnmk ousteik.93

]gk D]S mem ehmeintk eh knr`y 1337 nt tgk telk df Hjumod`ds trnhsfkr td ]gk Gnjuk tgnt etgnRm\ idlp`ktkm tgk ferst pgnsk df ets MQI ehvkstejntedh, nhm tgnt nitedhs df nrlkm

jrdups ste`` dpkrntehj nhm rkpdrtkm`y ste`` idllettehj irelks eh tgk Knst df tgk MQI, nhm eh

pnrteiu`nr eh tgk Bevu prdvehiks, nhm tgk setuntedh df tgdsk ehmevemun`s wgd lny gnvk

p`nykm n rd`k eh suppdrtehj nhm anibehj MQI nrlkm jrdups, nrk nldhj tgk prehiepn`

dptedhs updh wgeig tgk D]S es fdiusehj fdr tges tgerm ehvkstejntedh.9>Ns ehmeintkm nadvk,

gdwkvkr, et igdsk tgk ferst df tgksk twd dptedhs fdr ets tgerm MQI ehvkstejntedh. Zge`k et es

15D]S, Mrnft Sdèiy Snpkr, p. >9.

93DGIGQ, [H Lnppehj Qkpdrt, pnrn. >31;.

9>Ytntklkht ay tgk Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr fd``dwehj tgk trnhsfkr td ]gk Gnjuk df Lntgeku Hjumod`d Igue, D]S prkss

rk`knsk, Fkarunry :, 1337, gttp?//www.eii-

ipe.eht/lkhus/eii/setuntedhs%13nhm%13insks/setuntedhs/setuntedh%13eii%133>3=/rk`ntkm%13insks/eii%133>3=%133>

3:/prkss%13rk`knsks/stntklkht%13ay%13tgk%13dffeik%13df%13tgk%13prdskiutdr%13fd``dwehj%13tgk%13trnhsfkr%

13td%13tgk%13gnjuk%13df%13lntgeku%13hjumod`d%13ig4`nh3). ]gk [H Lnppehj

Qkpdrt hdtks tgnt tgk D]Ss mki`nrntedh tgnt tgk ferst pgnsk df tgk MQI ehvkstejntedh gns akkh idlp`ktkm wns mesnppdehtehj,

`nrjk`y akinusk tgk hktwdrbs tgnt fuhmkm nhm nrlkm tgk nrlkm jrdups eh Eture wkrk hdt elpèintkm n`tgdujg gk gnm

sujjkstkm tgnt gk wdu`m ehvkstejntk tgkl. DGIGQ, [H Lnppehj Qkpdrt, pnrn. >319.


20/55


uhi`knr wgktgkr tgk D]S es nitevk`y idhsemkrehj nh ehvkstejntedh df ehmevemun`s wgd lny

gnvk p`nykm n rd`k eh suppdrtehj nhm anibehj MQI nrlkm jrdups eh Eture, lnhy df tgdsk wk

gnvk ehtkrvekwkm eh Eture snem tgnt eh drmkr fdr ousteik td ak nigekvkm, tgk idurt hkkms td md

oust tges.91

] gk EII prdskiutdr gns mkldhstrntkm ges we`èhjhkss td tnib`k irelks idllettkm ay

jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s eh tgk Mnrfur, Bkhyn, nhm @eayn setuntedhs, aut eh tgk MQI setuntedh

ns eh [jnhmn nhm INQtgkrk gnvk akkh hd ehvkstejntedhs `knmehj td ignrjks njnehst suig

dffeien`s. Eh tgksk tgrkk setuntedhs, n tdtn` df >> nrrkst wnrrnhts gnvk akkh essukm, aut tgk

tnrjkts df tgksk wnrrnhts nrk, eh kffkit, n`` rkak` `knmkrs. ]gk naskhik df ignrjks njnehst

jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s gns jevkh irkmkhik td tgk pkrikptedh tgnt tgk EII es pdwkr`kss td tnbk

dh tgdsk dh wgdl et lust rk`y fdr ets ehvkstejntedhs. Kvkh ef tgk prda`kl es dhk df

pkrikptedh rntgkr tgnh nitun` idlprdleskm ehmkpkhmkhik, et gns hdhktgk`kss irkntkm n

prdfduhm irkmeaeèty jnp fdr tgk EII eh knig df tgk tgrkk setuntedhs.

Zk tgkrkfdrk urjk tgk prdskiutdr td ehmeintk nt tgk knrèkst dppdrtuhety p`nhs fdr nh

nmmetedhn` ehvkstejntedh jdehj gejgkr up tgk igneh df idllnhm eh Eturenh ehvkstejntedh

wgeig wdu`m èbk`y hkkm td ak idhtehukm uhmkr ges suiikssdrdr kxp`neh wgy suig nh

ehvkstejntedh es hdt akehj pursukm ay ges dffeik. Zk mesiuss [jnhmn nhm INQ ak`dw.

Ehvkstejntehj N`` Snrteks td tgk Idhfèit eh tgk Bevus

Dur rksknrig eh tgk Bevus ehmeintks tgnt idlantnhts df fdur lneh jrdups gnvk akkh

rkspdhsea`k fdr wnr irelks nhm irelks njnehst gulnhety eh Hdrtg nhm Ydutg Bevu sehik 1331?

Mkldirntei Fdriks fdr tgk @eakrntedh df Qwnhmn (FM@Q)2

Lne Lne (n jkhkrei tkrl tgnt ehiùmks hulkrdus sln``kr nrlkm jrdups wgd dftkh

dpkrntk ehmkpkhmkht`y eh Hdrtg nhm Ydutg Bevu)2

fdriks `dyn` nt dhk telk td @nurkht Hbuhmn, ehiùmehj tgdsk df tgk Hntedhn`

Idhjrkss fdr tgk Mkfkhik df tgk Skdp`k (IHMS), `ntkr uhmkr tgk idllnhm df Adsid

Htnjnhmn, wgd es n`rknmy wnhtkm dh nh EII nrrkst wnrrnht fdr irelks idllettkm eh

Eture nhm wgd es hdw ehtkjrntkm ehtd tgk Idhjd`ksk nrly992 nhm

Idhjd`ksk nrlkm fdriks, tgk FNQMI.

91Gulnh Qejgts Zntig skpnrntk ehtkrvekws wetg rkprkskhtntevks df `din` hdhjdvkrhlkhtn` drjnhezntedhs, ehtkrhntedhn`

daskrvkrs, nhm `din` odurhnèsts, Auhen, Lny >-9, ;, nhm :, 133:.

99Adsid Htnjnhmn idllnhmkm IHMS trddps niiuskm df lnssnirehj >;3 ieveènhs eh Bewnhon eh Hdrtg Bevu prdvehik eh

Hdvklakr 1337. Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df IdhjdBe`èhjs eh Bewnhon, pp 7->3. Gulnh Qejgts Zntig

n`sd mdiulkhtkm n wnvk df fdrikm rkiruetlkht, ehiùmehj df ige`mrkh, ay Htnjnhmn nhm dffeikrs `dyn` td gel aktwkkh

Ykptklakr nhm Mkiklakr 13>3, lnrbehj n rkpknt df tgk snlk irelks fdr wgeig Htnjnhmn gns akkh sdujgt ay tgk EII sehik

1336. Ykk MQ Idhjd? Qdjuk @knmkrs, Qkak`s Fdriea`y Qkiruet Udutg, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk, Mkiklakr 13, 13>3,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/hkws/13>3/>1/13/mr-idhjd-rdjuk-`knmkrs-rkak`s-fdriea`y-rkiruet-ydutg.


21/55

>: G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

Zk gnvk urjkm tgk D]S td ehvkstejntk n`` jrdups rkspdhsea`k fdr irelks eh tgk Bevus,9=aut

sd fnr, EII ehvkstejntedhs nppknr, nt `knst frdl ehfdrlntedh puaèi`y nvne`na`k, td gnvk

fdiuskm dh irelks idllettkm ay tgk FM@Q. Ns hdtkm nadvk, sehik dpkhehj tgk Bevus

ehvkstejntedh eh Ykptklakr 1337, dhk nrrkst wnrrnht gns akkh essukm `knmehj td tgk nrrkst

eh Ditdakr 13>3 ay Frkhig nutgdreteks df In`èxtk Lanrusgelnhn.

Et es uhi`knr wgktgkr tgk D]S p`nhs nmmetedhn` ehvkstejntedhs ehtd irelks idllettkm ay

dtgkr jrdups eh tgk rkjedh. Knr`y stntklkhts ay tgk D]S ehmeintkm tgnt et Res\ wdrbehj dh n``

tgk jrdups nitevk eh tgk rkjedh.9;Ldrk rkikht stntklkhts gnvk fdiuskm kxiùsevk`y dh tgk

[email protected]]gk D]S gns n`sd mksireakm ets Bevus ehvkstejntedh ns nh kxnlp`k df

idlp`klkhtnrety, lknhehj tgnt tgk D]S es skkbehj dut dtgkr oumeien` nutgdreteks td mkn`

wetg nmmetedhn` insks?

Eh tges MQI 9 insk, wk nrk nelehj nt n iddrmehntkm npprdnig wgkrkay

hntedhn` oumeien` nutgdreteks eh tgk rkjedh nhm akydhm ns npprdprentk we``tnbk dvkr insks eh drmkr td khsurk tgnt n`` pkrpktrntdrs nrk prdskiutkm. ]gk

pdsseaeèty fdr us td trnhsfkr ehfdrlntedh id``kitkm eh tgk idursk df dur

ehvkstejntedhs we`` mkpkhm dh tgk mkvk`dplkht `din``y df prdtkitedh fdr

wethkssks nhm oumjks.9:

Eh nmmetedh td khidurnjehj iddpkrntedh wetg nutgdreteks eh tgk rkjedh, tgk D]S gns rkfkrrkm

puaèi`y td ets iddpkrntedh wetg Jkrlnh nutgdreteks eh tgker insks njnehst tgk FM@Qs

`knmkrsEjhnik Lurwnhnsgynbn nhm Ytrntdh Lusdhewgd gnm akkh èvehj eh Jkrlnhy fdr

skvkrn` yknrs nhm wkrk nrrkstkm ay tgk Jkrlnh nutgdreteks dh Hdvklakr >:, 1335 dh

ignrjks ehiùmehj tkrrdresl nhm irelks njnehst gulnhety rk`ntkm td tgker ehvd`vklkht eh

tgk FM@Qs niteveteks eh knstkrh Idhjd.97]ren` df tgk twd `knmkrs akjnh eh Ytuttjnrt eh Lny

13>>.95

9=Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Frnhik? Qwnhmn Qkak`s Nrrkst Ykhms Ytrdhj Lkssnjk? Ferst EII Znrrnht fdr Irelks eh Bevus, Knstkrh

Idhjd, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk, Ditdakr >>, 13>3, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>3/>3/>>/frnhik-rwnhmn-

rkak`-s-nrrkst-skhms-strdhj-lkssnjk.

9;Ytntklkht df Lrs Fntdu Akhsdumn, Mkputy Srdskiutdr df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt td tgk Yextkkhtg Mep`dlntei

Arekfehj, Arussk`s, Lny 16, 1335, gttp?//www.eii-ipe.eht/HQ/rmdh`yrks/931IN;K3-K1A;-=669-56MK-

59K;;A>FM16I/173=1=/MSTKHJ.pmf (niiksskm Mkiklakr 7, 13>3), p. 1.

96Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Ytntklkht ay Lr. @ues Ldrkhd-Dinlpd, Srdskiutdr df tgk EII td tgk Hehtg Ykssedh df tgk Nsskla`y df

Ytntks Snrteks, Hkw Udrb, Mkiklakr 6, 13>3, gttp?//www.eii-ipe.eht/eiimdis/nspTmdis/NYS5/Ytntklkhts/EII-NYS5-

[email protected] (niiksskm Ou`y >:, 13>>), pp. 1-9.

9:Ytntklkht df Lrs Fntdu Akhsdumn, Mkputy Srdskiutdr df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt td tgk Yextkkhtg Mep`dlntei

Arekfehj, p. 1.

97Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Ytntklkht ay Lr. @ues Ldrkhd-Dinlpd, Srdskiutdr df tgk EII td tgk Hehtg Ykssedh df tgk Nsskla`y df

Ytntks Snrteks, p. 9.95Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Jkrlnhy? ^&N dh ]ren` df ]wd Qwnhmnh @knmkrs, Lny 1, 13>>,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>>/3;/31/jkrlnhy-qn-tren`-twd-rwnhmnh-rkak`-`knmkrs. ]gk tren` es tgk ferst eh Jkrlnhy


22/55


Eh tgkdry, n mevesedh-df-`nadr npprdnig tgnt lnbks usk df hntedhn` ouresmeitedhs wgkrk tgky

nrk na`k nhm we`èhj td nit es idhsestkht wetg tgk EII stntutk nhm idu`m arehj nadut

prdskiutedh df pkrsdhs ldst rkspdhsea`k fdr tgk jrnvkst irelks idllettkm eh tgk Bevus.

Ehmkkm, tgk ousteik hkkms eh MQI nrk sd jrknt tgnt EII ehvkstejntedhs df n`` pnrteks td tgk

idhfèit n`dhk we`` ste`` ak ehnmkquntk2 ns mesiusskm nadvk, kffdrts ay rk`kvnht hntedhn`

nutgdreteks we`` ak rkquerkm td i`dsk jnps eh niiduhtnaeèty.

Ns n prnitein` lnttkr, gdwkvkr, tges mevesedh-df-`nadr npprdnigpnrteiu`nr`y ef tgk D]S wkrk

td prdskiutk pkrpktrntdrs nffeèntkm wetg dhk jrdup, wge`k `knvehj prdskiutedh df tgdsk

nffeèntkm wetg dtgkr jrdups wgd``y td hntedhn` nutgdretekspdsks skredus resbs td khsurehj

lknhehjfu` ousteik eh tgk Bevus nhm td pkrikptedhs df tgk EIIs ehmkpkhmkhik nhm

elpnrtenèty, nhm wdu`m rkpknt iretein` lestnbks lnmk eh tgk Eture ehvkstejntedh.

Khsurehj Ousteik fdr Veitels

]gk Qdlk Ytntutks idlp`klkhtnrety prehiep`ktgnt es, tgnt tgk EII es n idurt df `nst rksdrt

stkppehj eh dh`y wgkrk hntedhn` nutgdreteks md hdt idhmuit irkmea`k ehvkstejntedhs nhm

tren`smdks hdt rkquerk tgk EII td rkfrneh frdl nitehj oust dh tgk prdspkit tgnt tgkrk lny

ak hntedhn` prdskiutedhs. Ehmkkm, jevkh tgk dppdsetedh td tren`s df ehtkrhntedhn` irelks tgnt

dftkh kxests nldhj hntedhn` pdètein` `knmkrs, tgk EII lny hkkm td inrry dut n sejhefeinht

hulakr df ehvkstejntedhs eh drmkr td gk`p intn`yzk suffeiekht pdètein` we`` fdr suig hntedhn`

tren`s. Ef hntedhn` nutgdreteks nrk nwnrk tgnt tgk EII we`` md dh`y n vkry èletkm hulakr df

ehvkstejntedhs dr we`` hdt ehvkstejntk irelks ay sdlk jrdups nt n``, tgkrk es vkry ètt`k

ehikhtevk fdr hntedhn` nutgdreteks td kxpnhm tgk ieri`k df niiduhtnaeèty. Ay idhtrnst,

ehvkstejntedhs nt tgk EII tgnt kxpdsk irelk pnttkrhs, prkskrvk kvemkhik, nhm rkvkn` ignehs

df idllnhm dr nutgdrety tgrdujg tnrjktehj tgdsk ldst rkspdhsea`k inh gk`p td irkntk

idhmetedhs ldrk fnvdurna`k td mdlkstei prdskiutedhs.

]gk EII n`sd gns n pnrteiu`nr muty wgkh nitehj eh n jevkh setuntedh td tnbk dh tgdsk insks

tgnt nrk `knst èbk`y td ak nmmrksskm ay hntedhn` nutgdreteks, akinusk, fdr kxnlp`k, df tgk

gejg `kvk` df mkfkhmnhts, dr akinusk df èletkm hntedhn` inpniety td prdskiutk skredus

ehtkrhntedhn` irelks. ]gkrk es jddm rknsdh td ak sikptein` tgnt ketgkr Qwnhmnh dr

Idhjd`ksk nutgdreteks we`` ldvk queib`y dh niiduhtnaeèty fdr irelks idllettkm eh tgk

Bevus, eh pnrteiu`nr wetg rkjnrm td gejg-`kvk` mkfkhmnhts.=3Ns tgk nadvk stntklkht frdl tgk

uhmkr ets Idmk df Irelks Njnehst Ehtkrhntedhn` @nw, nmdptkm eh Ouhk 1331, wgeig ehtkjrntks tgk irelks eh tgk stntutk df tgk

EII ehtd Jkrlnh irelehn` `nw, nhm n``dws Jkrlnh idurts td ehvkstejntk nhm prdskiutk tgkl wgkrkvkr tgky nrk idllettkm eh

tgk wdr`m, akinusk df tgker sgkkr jrnvety.=3N`ènhiks aktwkkh tgk Idhjd`ksk nhm Qwnhmnh jdvkrhlkhts nhm tgk vnredus jrdups n``kjkm td ak rkspdhsea`k fdr irelks

eh tgk Bevus mel prdspkits fdr niiduhtnaeèty. Fdr kxnlp`k, tgk Idhjd`ksk nutgdreteks gnvk rkfuskm td kxkiutk tgk EIIs nrrkst


23/55

>5 G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

D]S nibhdw`kmjks, tgkrk n`sd lny ak sejhefeinht wethkss prdtkitedh idhikrhs tgnt wdu`m

èlet ets naeèty td nitevk`y sgnrk ehfdrlntedh frdl ets ehvkstejntedhs wetg nutgdreteks eh tgk

rkjedh. ]gk EII prdskiutdr sgdu`m tgkrkfdrk tnrjkt n`` pnrteks td tgk idhfèit eh tgk idurts

ehvkstejntedhs eh tgk Bevus eh drmkr td khsurk tgnt ns lnhy veitels ns pdssea`k inh skk

ousteik fdr tgk irelks idllettkm eh tgker idlluheteks.

]nrjktehj Jdvkrhlkht Irelks Bky td Ynfkjunrmehj Skrikptedhs df Ehmkpkhmkhik

Jrdups n``kjkm td gnvk idllettkm irelks eh tgk Bevus ehiùmk tgk Idhjd`ksk nrly nhm

fdriks `dyn` nt dhk telk td @nurkht Hbuhmn, suig ns tgdsk df tgk IHMS. Hbuhmn, eh turh,

khodykm tgk anibehj df tgk Qwnhmksk nutgdreteks.=>]gk naskhik df EII ehvkstejntedhs ehtd

jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s dr tgdsk anibkm ay dffeien`s tgrkntkhs td rkpknt tgk lestnbk tgk idurt

lnmk eh tgk Eture ehvkstejntedh ay hdt jdehj gejgkr up tgk igneh df idllnhm. ]gnt es, et

resbs rkehfdriehj pkrikptedhs tgnt tgk EII inhhdt prdskiutk dffeien`s df tgdsk jdvkrhlkhts

dh wgeig et rkèks fdr iddpkrntedh, eh turh, idlprdlesehj pkrikptedhs df ets ehmkpkhmkhik.

[pgd`mehj Elpnrtenèty

]gk kxpkrekhik df tgk EIIs ehvkstejntedh eh Eture sd fnr sujjksts tgnt tnrjktehj dr akehj skkh

td tnrjkt dh`y dhk df lu`tep`k jrdups rkspdhsea`k fdr ntrdieteks es n strntkjy wgeig inrreks

skredus resbs. Elpnrtenèty es ksskhten` td tgk EIIs `kjetelniy nhm irkmeaeèty. ]gk

prdskiutdrs prniteik df skqukhiehj ehvkstejntedhstgk idlp`ktedh df fek`m ehvkstejntedhs

df n pnrteiu`nr jrdup, akfdrk kxnlehehj wgktgkr dtgkr jrdups wnrrnht ehvkstejntedhsgns

pdskm n sejhefeinht ign``khjk td lnehtnehehj pkrikptedhs df elpnrtenèty.=1

wnrrnht fdr Adsid Htnjnhmn. Zge`k tgk EII ignrjks njnehst Htnjnhmn idhikrh irelks idllettkm murehj tgk knrèkr idhfèit eh

Eture, Htnjnhmn wkht dh td akidlk @nurkht Hbuhmns IHMS leètnry igekf df stnff. Htnjnhmn dustkm Hbuhmn wetg Qwnhmns

suppdrt ns pnrt df n mkn` tgnt snw Qwnhmn nrrkst Hbuhmn, wgdsk fdriks Bnae`n gnm akkh uhna`k td mkfknt leètnre`y, eh

kxignhjk fdr pkrlessedh td skhm tgker trddps ehtd Idhjd td pursuk tgker khkly, tgk FM@Q, nhm ehstn``km gelsk`f ns tgk

IHMSs leètnry idllnhmkr. Gk wns rkwnrmkm wetg n pdsetedh ns jkhkrn` eh tgk Idhjd`ksk nrly. Bnae`n gns snem ges èakrty es

tgk hkikssnry preik fdr n ste``-kùsevk pknik eh tgk Bevus. Hbuhmn, lknhwge`k, rklnehs uhmkr gdusk nrrkst eh Qwnhmn wetgdut

niikss td `nwykrs2 hd ignrjks gnvk akkh ardujgt njnehst gel. ]gk MQI rkqukstkm ges kxtrnmetedh td stnhm tren` fdr wnr irelks

nhm irelks njnehst gulnhety, aut sd fnr Qwnhmn gns rkfuskm. Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Yk`èhj Ousteik Ygdrt, pp. ;3-;=.

=>Fehn` Qkpdrt df tgk Jrdup df Kxpkrts dh tgk Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df tgk Idhjd, Hdvklakr 1>, 1337, nhhkxkm td @kttkr

mntkm >3 Mkiklakr 1337 frdl tgk Ignerlnh df tgk Ykiurety Iduhie` Idllettkk kstnaèsgkm pursunht td rksdùtedh >;99

(133=) idhikrhehj tgk Mkldirntei Qkpuaèi df tgk Idhjd nmmrksskm td tgk Srksemkht df tgk Ykiurety Iduhie`, Y/1337/::9,

gttp?//www.uh.drj/jn/sknrig/vekwTmdi.nsp4sylad`1, 13>>), pnrns. 6>-67.

=1D]S, Mrnft Sdèiy Snpkr, pp. >1->9. ]gk tkrl skqukhiehj mdks hdt nppknr eh rkikht stntklkhts df D]S pdèiy nhm et

skkls td gnvk akkh rkokitkm ns n strntkjy eh tgk Bkhyn setuntedh, wgkrk tgk prdskiutdr gns selu`tnhkdus`y ardujgt twd

insks njnehst ehmevemun`s nffeèntkm wetg adtg semks df tgk 133:-1337 pdst-k`kitedh ved`khik. (Ykk pnrt VE ak`dw.) Eh tgk EIIs

skidhm @eayn ehvkstejntedh khidlpnssehj pdssea`k wnr irelks idllettkm nftkr tgk supprkssedh df prdtksts spnrbkm ieve` wnr,

nhm, `ddbehj ngknm td n pdssea`k ehvkstejntedh eh Itk mEvderk, et we`` ak elpdrtnht tgnt tgk EII prdskiutdr ehvkstejntk n``

pnrteks td tgk idhfèit nhm nvdem dr kxp`neh nhy skqukhiehj hkikssetntkm ay rksdurik idhstrnehts eh n lnhhkr tgnt snfkjunrms

pkrikptedhs df elpnrtenèty.


24/55


Ns hdtkm nadvk, eh knr`y 1336 Idhjd`ksk nutgdreteks inrrekm dut nh EII nrrkst wnrrnht

njnehst ]gdlns @uanhjn, tgk gknm df tgk [SI, n prdlehkht Gkln-anskm leèten jrdup.

Hknr`y >7 ldhtgs `ntkr, tgk EII nrrkstkm Jkrlneh Bntnhjn, igekf df stnff df n Hjete-anskm

leèten (tgk Hjete nrk i`dsk`y èhbkm td tgk @khmu). Eh Fkarunry 1337, Lntgeku Hjumod`d,

fdrlkr igekf df stnff df tgk FHE, n @khmu-anskm leèten, wns ardujgt ehtd EII iustdmy.=9

]gk nrrkst df skhedr dffeien`s frdl adtg tgk Gkln nhm @khmu-anskm leètens wns nh

elpdrtnht mkvk`dplkht. Gdwkvkr, fek`m rksknrig idhmuitkm ay Gulnh Qejgts Zntig eh tgk

hknr`y >7-ldhtg pkredm fd``dwehj @uanhjns nrrkst idhsestkht`y sgdwkm tgnt tgk naskhik

df nrrkst wnrrnhts njnehst Hjete nhm @khmu leèten `knmkrs `km td n strdhj pkrikptedh wetgeh

tgk Gkln idlluhety tgnt tgk EII es inrryehj dut sk`kitevk ousteik.==Skrikptedhs tgnt tgk

EII es pursuehj sk`kitevk ousteik, eh turh, lny gnvk kxnikrantkm ktghei tkhsedhs eh Eture.

Zge`k tgk nrrksts df Bntnhjn nhm Hjumod`d lny gnvk jdhk sdlk wny td idrrkit tgksk

pkrikptedhs, tgk èletkm ignrjks ardujgt njnehst @uanhjn nhm Htnjnhmn ns idlpnrkm td

tgdsk ardujgt njnehst Bntnhjn nhm Hjumod`d idhtehuk td rnesk qukstedhs nadut tgk

elpnrtenèty df tgk idurt.

Mkspetk hulkrdus n``kjntedhs mdiulkhtkm ay Gulnh Qejgts Zntig nhm dtgkrs tgnt

@uanhjns [SI leèten idllettkm n rnhjk df gdrrefei irelks, ehiùmehj lurmkr, tdrturk, nhm

rnpk,=;tgk EII gns dh`y ignrjkm gel nhm ges fk``dw fdrlkr [SI lklakr Htnjnhmn wetg tgk

wnr irelks df khèstehj nhm idhsireptehj ige`mrkh uhmkr tgk njk df >; yknrs ns sd`mekrs nhm

df usehj tgkl td nitevk`y pnrteiepntk eh gdsteèteks eh 1331-1339.=6Lknhwge`k, tgk EII gns

=9]gk idurt suaskqukht`y uhskn`km tgk D]Ss nrrkst wnrrnht njnehst Adsid Htnjnhmn, tgk fdrlkr igekf df leètnry dpkrntedhs

fdr tgk [SI. Ykk MQ Idhjd? Yuspkitkm Znr Irelehn` Znhtkm, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk, Npre` 15, 1337,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/khjèsg/mdis/1337/3=/15/idhjd>76:3.gtl.

==Gulnh Qejgts Zntig jrdup ehtkrvekw wetg Gkln idlluhety `knmkrs, Auhen, Lny 1, 133:, nhm skpnrntk ehtkrvekws wetg

Gkln idlluhety `knmkr, Auhen, Lny 7, 133:, nhm Gkln ehtk``kitun`, Jdln, Lny 5, 133:.

=;Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm2 ]gk Iursk df Jd`m2 @kttkr frdl tgk [H Ykirktnry Jkhkrn` td tgk Srksemkht df tgk

Ykiurety Iduhie`, Ypkien` Qkpdrt dh tgk Kvkhts eh Eture, Onhunry 1331-Mkiklakr 1339, Y/133=/;:9, Ou`y >6, 133=,

gttp?//mniikss-mms-hy.uh.drj/mdi/[HMDI/JKH/H3=/=93/69/ELJ/H3==9369.pmf4DpkhK`klkht (niiksskm Ouhk 1, 1337),

pnrns. 67-:3.

=6Niidrmehj td tgk D]S, tgk mkiesedh td fdius dh n èletkm skt df ignrjks fdr @uanhjn wns trejjkrkm ay ges pdssea`k ellehkht

rk`knsk frdl Idhjd`ksk iustdmy nftkr npprdxelntk`y dhk yknr df mktkhtedh eh rk`ntedh td dtgkr ignrjks. Aut tgk prdskiutdr

nhhduhikm tgk dpkhehj df nh ehvkstejntedh eh Idhjd eh Ou`y 133=2 @uanhjn wns nrrkstkm eh Lnrig 1336. Nftkr hknr`y twd

yknrs df ehvkstejntedh, et es mesnppdehtehj tgnt tgkrk wns hdt khdujg kvemkhik td ehiùmk ldrk ignrjks eh tgk eheten` nrrkstwnrrnht. Lnhy sduriks wetg wgdl wk idhsu`tkm pdehtkm td tgk sgdrtnjk df ehvkstejntdrs td jntgkr suffeiekht kvemkhik df

dtgkr irelks, nldhj dtgkr fnitdrs, td kxp`neh tgk èletkm ignrjks. (Gulnh Qejgts Zntig ehtkrvekws wetg fdrlkr D]S stnff,

Onhunry 1, 1336, Lny >1, 133:, nhm Lny >, 1337.) Fd``dwehj tgk nrrkst nhm surrkhmkr df @uanhjn td tgk idurt, tgk prdskiutdr

ehmeintkm dh skvkrn` diinsedhs tgnt gk wnhtkm td ehiùmk nmmetedhn` ignrjks njnehst @uanhjn, aut tges gns ykt td diiur. Ykk,

fdr kxnlp`k, Bnty J`nssadrdw, HJDs mkfkhm EII rd`k eh @uanhjn insk, Ehstetutk fdr Znr nhm Sknik Qkpdrtehj, Mkiklakr >,

1336, gttp?//ewpr.hkt/rkpdrt-hkws/hjds-mkfkhm-eii-rd`k-ùanhjn-insk (niiksskm Ouhk 9, 1337)2 Ehtkrhntedhn` Srdskiutdr

snys Idhjd`ksk wnr`drm lny fnik nmmetedhn` wnr irelks ignrjks, Nssdientkm Srkss, Nujust :, 1336, dh fe`k wetg Gulnh

Qejgts Zntig.


25/55

1> G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

pursukm n ldrk idlprkgkhsevk skt df ignrjks njnehst Bntnhjn nhm Hjumod`d. ]ges

uhan`nhikm npprdnig resbs kxnikrantehj kxestehj tkhsedhs aktwkkh tgk @khmu nhm Gkln

idlluheteks. Nldhj tgk Gkln, dpehedh `knmkrs i`nel tgnt tgk naskhik df dtgkr ignrjks

njnehst @uanhjn (nhm, ay elpèintedh, Htnjnhmn) sgdws tgnt tgk Dffeik df tgk Srdskiutdr

wns hdt na`k td fehm kvemkhik df dtgkr irelks, tgus elp`yehj tgker ehhdikhik.=:]gk EIIs

ldrk idlprkgkhsevk ignrjks njnehst Bntnhjn nhm Hjumod`d fkkm tgk pkrikptedh tgnt tgk

@khmu idllettkm ldrk irelks, nhm, gkhik, inrry n `nrjkr aurmkh fdr tgk gdrrefei nausks

idllettkm murehj tgk Eture idhfèit, n pkrikptedh tgnt es fn`sk nhm pnrteiu`nr`y prda`klntei

eh nh khverdhlkht wgkrk ktghei gdsteèteks nrk `dhjstnhmehj.

]gkrk es n skhsk tgnt tgk EII gns ardbkh prdlesks eh Eture.=7Eh tgk idursk df dur fek`m

rksknrig, ieve` sdiekty rkprkskhtntevks, idlluhety `knmkrs, nhm fdrkejh daskrvkrs eh tgk

rkjedh kxprksskm mesnppdehtlkht nhm mesakèkf tgnt tgk prdskiutdr gnm nt tgnt telk dh`y

ardujgt ignrjks eh rk`ntedh td tgk khèstlkht, rkiruetlkht, nhm usk df ige`m sd`mekrs

njnehst @uanhjn.=5Dur rksknrig eh Behsgnsn rkvkn`km n wemksprknm akèkf tgnt tgk ignrjks

njnehst @uanhjn nhm Htnjnhmn nrk tdd èletkm nhm md hdt rkf`kit tgk jrnvety df tgk irelks

tgnt tgk [SI n``kjkm`y idllettkm. ]gk [H Lnppehj Qkpdrt ireteiezks tgk èletkm ignrjks eh

tgk @uanhjn nhm Htnjnhmn insks ns fne`Rehj\ td prdvemk ousteik td tgk guhmrkms dr kvkh

tgdusnhms df ieveènhs be``km ay tgk [SI nhm ... hdt rkf`kitRehj\ tgk truk sin`k df tgk irelehn`

niteveteks df tgk niiuskm.;3

]gk kxtkhsevk mk`ny eh ldvehj fdrwnrm wetg ignrjks njnehst `knmkrs df tgk revn` leètens

idup`km wetg tges elan`nhik eh ignrjks lny gnvk inuskm errkpnrna`k mnlnjk td

pkrikptedhs nadut tgk EIIs elpnrtenèty eh tgk MQI. ]gk eheten` nhm kxiùsevk fdius dh FM@Q

=:Gulnh Qejgts Zntig jrdup ehtkrvekw wetg Gkln idlluhety `knmkrs, Auhen, Lny 1, 133:.

=7Eh nmmetedh, tgk prdskiutdrs mkiesedh hdt td pursuk nmmetedhn` ignrjks gns tgk idhskqukhik df kxiùmehj tgk suffkrehj df

@khmu veitels? tgk prelnry veitels df tgk EIIs n``kjntedhs njnehst @uanhjn nrk Gkln ige`mrkh akinusk df tgk [SIs prniteik

df khèstehj nhm idhsireptehj ige`mrkh wetgeh tgk Gkln idlluhety (skk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, Idvkrkm eh A`ddm, p. =:),wge`k

tgk ignrjks njnehst Bntnhjn nhm Hjumod`d n`sd rk`ntk td irelks n``kjkm`y idllettkm njnehst Gkln veitels. Niidrmehj td tgk

idurts insk`nw, wetgdut n èhb td tgk EII irelks n``kjkm, tgk @khmu veitels df tgk idhfèit nrk hdt kèjea`k td pnrteiepntk eh

prdikkmehjs. (Ykk Srdskiutdr v. ]gdlns @uanhjn Mye`d, EII-3>/3=-3>/36, Oumjlkht Dh tgk nppkn`s df ]gk Srdskiutdr nhm

]gk Mkfkhik njnehst ]ren` Ignlakr Es Mkiesedh dh Veitels Snrteiepntedh df >7 Onhunry 1337, Ou`y >>, 1337, gttp?//www.eii-

ipe.eht/eiimdis/mdi/mdi;153:6.SMF (niiksskm Ou`y >5, 13>>) pnrns. ;:-;7.)]gk kxiùsedh df n sejhefeinht intkjdry df veitels

frdl tgk ousteik prdikss nt tgk EII es nhdtgkr fnitdr tgnt skredus`y uhmkrlehks tgk EIIs irkmeaeèty eh Eture.

=5Ehmkkm, eh 1335, veitels pnrteiepntehj eh tgk @uanhjn tren` suiikssfu``y pktetedhkm tgk EII ignlakr td idhsemkr lnbehj usk

df n uhequk EII rkju`ntedh td pkrlet kjn` rkignrnitkrezntedh df tgk fnits prkskhtkm nt tren` ns skxun` s`nvkry nhm ehgulnh

nhm/dr iruk` trkntlkht, eh ejgt df tgk èletkm ignrjks sdujgt ay tgk prdskiutdr. Aut tgk ignlakrs 1-> mkiesedh wns dvkrru`km

dh nppkn`. Ykk Srdskiutdr v. ]gdlns @uanhjn Mye`d, EII-3>/3=-3>/36, Oumjlkht dh tgk nppkn`s df Lr @uanhjn Mye`d nhm tgk

Srdskiutdr njnehst tgk Mkiesedh df ]ren` Ignlakr E df >= Ou`y 1335 khtet`km Mkiesedh jevehj hdteik td tgk pnrteks nhm

pnrteiepnhts tgnt tgk `kjn` ignrnitkresntedh df tgk fnits lny ak suaokit td ignhjk eh niidrmnhik wetg Qkju`ntedh ;;(1) df tgk

Qkju`ntedhs df tgk Idurt, Mkiklakr 7, 1335, gttp?//www.eii-ipe.eht/eiimdis/mdi/mdi:53>=:.pmf (niiksskm Ou`y >5, 13>>).

;3DGIGQ, [H Lnppehj Qkpdrt, pnrn >319.


26/55


irelks eh tgk Bevus ehvkstejntedhkvkh ef fd``dwkm suaskqukht`y ay tgk ehvkstejntedh df

dtgkr jrdupstgrkntkhs td idlpduhm tges mnlnjk.

]d nvdem furtgkr uhmkrlehehj pkrikptedhs df tgk EIIs ehmkpkhmkhik nhm elpnrtenèty eh

MQI, nhm td khsurk lknhehjfu` ousteik td veitels df skredus ehtkrhntedhn` irelks eh tgk

Bevus, wk akèkvk et es ksskhten` tgnt tgk D]S mkvesk n strntkjy td pursuk n`` fdur jrdups.

]ges sgdu`m ehiùmk skhedr idllnhmkrs df tgk FNQMI eh id``nadrntedh wetg tgk spkienèzkm

lexkm idurt (skk nadvk), sgdu`m tgnt idurt ak kstnaèsgkm ay Idhjd`ksk `nw. ]d tgk kxtkht

tgnt et lny hdt ak pdssea`kjevkh tgk dhjdehj FM@Q ehvkstejntedhstd ehvkstejntk

meffkrkht jrdups selu`tnhkdus`y, tgk prdskiutdr sgdu`m fdrlu`ntk p`nhs td kxp`neh jnps eh

ehvkstejntedhs njnehst meffkrkht jrdups. ]gk prdskiutdr n`sd sgdu`m skkb td rkpner sdlk df

tgk mnlnjk mdhk ay ges èletkm Eture ehvkstejntedhs tgrdujg dpkhehj up tgk ehvkstejntedh

dh Adsid Htnjnhmn, wgdsk nrrkst wnrrnht dh`y rkf`kits tgk rkiruetlkht df ige`m sd`mekrs eh

Eture wgkh gk wns n skhedr idllnhmkr eh tgk [SI nhm wgd rklnehs nt `nrjk. Nmmehj

nmmetedhn` ignrjks fdr irelks Htnjnhmn idllettkm wetg tgk [SI eh Eture, ns wk`` ns irelks

gk `ntkr idllettkm ns igekf df stnff df tgk IHMS eh tgk Bevus nhm iurrkht`y ns n jkhkrn` eh

tgk Idhjd`ksk nrly, wdu`m sejhefeinht`y gk`p td rkmrkss tgk elan`nhik eh adtg tgk Bevu nhm

tgk Eture ehvkstejntedhs.


27/55

19 G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

EEE. [jnhmn

]gk EII prdskiutdr dpkhkm nh ehvkstejntedh eh hdrtgkrh [jnhmn eh 133= fd``dwehj n rkfkrrn`

ay [jnhmnh Srksemkht Udwkre Luskvkhe nt tgk khm df 1339.

]gk idhfèit aktwkkh [jnhmnh jdvkrhlkht fdriks nhm tgk @drms Qksestnhik Nrly (@QN) `km

ay Odskpg Bdhy gns idhtehukm nt vnryehj `kvk`s df ehtkhsety fdr ldrk tgnh 13 yknrs. ]gk

idhfèit gns akkh hdtna`k fdr tgk @QNs gdrrefei ntrdieteks, aut jdvkrhlkht fdriks gnvk n`sd

idllettkm skredus gulnh rejgts nausks. Eh [jnhmn, tgk @QN gns namuitkm tgdusnhms df

ige`mrkh, nhm inrrekm dut iduht`kss nits df we`fu` be`èhj, tdrturk, nhm lute`ntedh ns pnrt df

ets strntkjy td khfdrik idlpènhik dh tgk ieveènh pdpu`ntedh tgrdujg tkrrdr.;>Et gns n`sd

kxtkhmkm tgksk tniteis nirdss [jnhmns adrmkrs td hkejgadrehj MQI, INQ, nhm Ydutg

Yumnh.;1Fdr ets pnrt tgk [jnhmnh jdvkrhlkht uskm n strntkjy df fdrikm mesp`niklkht

aktwkkh >556 nhm 1337 td iut tgk @QN dff frdl tgk ieveènh pdpu`ntedh. Eh mdehj sd et fdrikm

ets ietezkhs ehtd ehskiurk nhm squnèm inlps, wgkrk tgky wkrk kxpdskm td @QN nttnibs nhm

rdutehk nausks ay jdvkrhlkht fdriks.;9Ieveènhs n``kjkm td ak rkak` id``nadrntdrs wkrk

idlldh`y mktnehkm nhm sdlktelks tdrturkm dr skvkrk`y akntkh wetg steibs ns pnrt df tgk

ehtkrrdjntedh prdikss.;=

Nftkr npprdxelntk`y n yknr df ehvkstejntedhs, tgk EII essukm skn`km wnrrnhts eh Ou`y 133; fdr

tgk nrrkst df fevk @QN `knmkrs fdr wnr irelks nhm irelks njnehst gulnhety? Odskpg Bdhy,

Vehikht Dtte, Dbdt Dmgenlad, Qnsbn @ubweyn, nhm Mdlehei Dhjwkh. ]gksk nrrkst wnrrnhts

gnvk ykt td ak kxkiutkm. @ubweyn wns be``km eh 1336 nhm Dtte eh 133:. Zge`k tgk @QN gnsldvkm dut df hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, ns mesiusskm ak`dw, Gulnh Qejgts Zntigs rksknrig

sgdws tgnt Bdhy, Dmgenlad, nhm Dhjwkh, nldhj dtgkrs, idhtehuk td ak elpèintkm eh

ntrdieteks njnehst tgk ieveènh pdpu`ntedhs eh hdrtgknstkrh MQI, INQ, nhm Ydutg Yumnh.;;

;>Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, [prddtkm nhm Fdrjdttkh? Elpuhety nhm Gulnh Qejgts Nausks eh Hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, Ykptklakr

133;, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/133;/35/>5/uprddtkm-nhm-fdrjdttkh-32 Namuitkm nhm Nauskm? Qkhkwkm Znr eh

Hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, Ou`y 1339, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1339/3:/>=/namuitkm-nhm-nauskm-32 ]gk Yinrs df Mkntg?

Ige`mrkh Namuitkm ay tgk @drm's Qksestnhik Nrly eh [jnhmn, Ykptklakr >55:,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/>55:/35/>7/sinrs-mkntg.

;1Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, ]rne` df Mkntg? @QN Ntrdieteks eh Hdrtgknstkrh Idhjd, Lnrig 13>3,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/13>3/39/15/trne`-mkntg-32 Igrestlns Lnssnirks? @QN nttnibs dh Ieveènhs eh Hdrtgkrh Idhjd,Fkarunry 1335, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/rkpdrts/1335/31/>6/igrestlns-lnssnirks-3.

;9Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, [prddtkm nhm Fdrjdttkh, p. 7.

;=Eaem., pp. 93-91.

;;Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, [Y/Ikhtrn` Nfrein? Srdtkit Ieveènhs Frdl @QN Nausks, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk, Lny 19, 13>>,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>>/3;/19/usikhtrn`-nfrein-prdtkit-ieveènhs-`rn-nausks2 INQ/MQ Idhjd? @QN Idhmuits

Lnssevk Namuitedh Inlpnejh, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk, Nujust >>, 13>3,

gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>3/37/>>/inrmr-idhjd-`rn-idhmuits-lnssevk-namuitedh-inlpnejh.


28/55

[HFEHEYGKM A[YEHKYY 1=

]gk nrrkst nhm tren` df tgk tgrkk @QN `knmkrs wnhtkm ay tgk EII es hkikssnry td mkèvkr

ousteik fdr veitels df @QN ntrdieteks eh hdrtgkrh [jnhmn. Aut tgk EII es khterk`y mkpkhmkht

dh stntks td kxkiutk ets wnrrnhts. Zk gnvk rkpkntkm`y urjkm rkjedhn` jdvkrhlkhts nhm

tgker ehtkrhntedhn` pnrthkrs, ehiùmehj EII stntks pnrteks, tgk [hetkm Ytntks, nhm tgk [hetkm

Hntedhs, td gk`p khm @QN irelks ay puttehj eh p`nik n idlprkgkhsevk strntkjy td prdtkit

ieveènhs nhm skiurk tgk nrrkst df ets `knmkrsgep.;6]d mntk, nh kffkitevk strntkjy gns ykt td

lntkrenèzk.

[hte` tgk @QN `knmkrs sdujgt ay tgk EII nrk nrrkstkm tgk `kjniy df tgk EII eh [jnhmn we``

rklneh eh okdpnrmy.;:Aut tgk elp`klkhtntedh df tgk EII nrrkst wnrrnhts es hdt tgk dh`y

fnitdr tgnt we`` mktkrlehk wgktgkr dr hdt tgk idurt we`` nigekvk tgk jdn` df mkèvkrehj

lknhehjfu` ousteik eh [jnhmn. Ns wk mesiuss eh tgk fd``dwehj skitedhs tgk idurt n`sd hkkms

td nmmrkss gknm dh twd dtgkr niiduhtnaeèty jnps? ousteik fdr irelks idllettkm ay

[jnhmnh skiurety fdriks nhm fdr tgk @QNs hkw jkhkrntedh df veitels eh MQI, INQ, nhm

Ydutg Yumnh. Eh èjgt df tgk skredus pkrikptedh prda`kls tgnt gnvk akkh irkntkm eh [jnhmn

ay tgk naskhik df ignrjks njnehst jdvkrhlkht fdriks, ns wk kxp`neh ak`dw, tgk prdskiutdr

sgdu`m hdw lnbk fe`èhj tgksk jnps n predrety.

Ehvkstejntedh df [jnhmnh Fdriks

Eh tgker iduhtkrehsurjkhiy inlpnejhs njnehst tgk @QN, sd`mekrs df tgk [jnhmn Skdp`ks

Mkfkhik Fdriks ([MSF) idllettkm skredus gulnh rejgts ved`ntedhs. Zge`k tgksk ved`ntedhs

lny gnvk akkh dh n idhsemkrna`y `ksskr sin`k tgnh tgdsk pkrpktrntkm ay tgk @QN,

jdvkrhlkht fdriks inrrekm dut mkèakrntk be`èhjs, rdutehk akntehjs, rnpks, nhm prd`dhjkm

nraetrnry mktkhtedhs df ieveènhs. Eh nmmetedh, tgrdujg n idlaehntedh df n jdvkrhlkht pdèiy

df fdrikm mesp`niklkht nhm tgk nitedhs df tgk @QN, ay 133;, hknr`y tgk khterk rurn`

pdpu`ntedh df tgk tgrkk Nigdè mestreits df hdrtgkrh [jnhmnsdlk >.5 le`èdh pkdp`kwkrk

èvehj eh ehtkrhn``y mesp`nikm pkrsdhs inlps. Fdr lnhy yknrs, tgdsk èvehj eh inlps wkrk

;6Ykk, fdr kxnlp`k, [Y/Ikhtrn` Nfrein? Srdtkit Ieveènhs Frdl @QN Nausks, Gulnh Qejgts Zntig hkws rk`knsk.

;:]gk EII prdikss mem skrvk td jevk ehirknskm hntedhn` nttkhtedh td niiduhtnaeèty fdr skredus irelks idllettkm murehj tgk

@QN idhfèit. Murehj tgk 1336-1337 Ouan pknik tn`bs aktwkkh tgk jdvkrhlkht nhm tgk @QN, tgk EII wnrrnhts fdr tgk @QN

`knmkrs wkrk pnehtkm ns nh dastni`k td pknik. Srkssurk td fehm nh n`tkrhntevk td tgk EII wnrrnhts `km td kxtkhsevk nhm

uhprkikmkhtkm idhsu`tntedhs nirdss tgk iduhtry td mktkrlehk `din` prkfkrkhiks fdr ousteik. Zge`k n fehn` pknik njrkklkht

wns hkvkr sejhkm, tgk pnrteks mem njrkk nt Ouan td tgk kstnaèsglkht df n spkien` mevesedh wetgeh tgk gejg idurt ns n pdssea`kn`tkrhntevk td EII tren` df @QN irelks. ]gk spkien` mevesedhhdw tkrlkm tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelks Mevesedh (EIM)wns irkntkm

eh 1335, nhm ets ferst tren`tgnt df @QN fejgtkr ]gdlns Bwdyk`dakjnh eh Ou`y 13>> fdr jrnvk arknigks df tgk Jkhkvn

Idhvkhtedhs. N hulakr df ign``khjks lust ak idhfrdhtkm td khsurk tgnt tren`s idhmuitkm ay tgk EIM nrk irkmea`k, fner, nhm

jrduhmkm eh hntedhn` nhm ehtkrhntedhn` `nw. (Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, [jnhmn? ^&N dh tgk tren` df ]gdlns Bwdyk`d, Ou`y :,

13>>, gttp?//www.grw.drj/kh/hkws/13>>/3:/3:/ujnhmn-qn-tren`-tgdlns-bwdyk`d#T]di15:731519.) Et rklnehs td ak skkh

wgktgkr tgk [jnhmnh jdvkrhlkht we`` mkldhstrntk tgk pdètein` we`` nhm idlletlkht td ousteik hkikssnry td dvkridlk tgksk

ign``khjks. Aut ns eh Idhjd, tgksk hntedhn` kffdrts nrk iretein` td kxpnhmehj niiduhtnaeèty akydhm oust tgdsk ehmevemun`s

sdujgt ay tgk EII.


29/55

1; G[LNH QEJG]Y ZN]IG |YKS]KLAKQ 13>>

wetgdut ansei skrveiks, suig ns kmuintedh nhm gkn`tg, nhm tgk inlps wkrk fnr frdl skiurk2

tgky rklnehkm vu`hkrna`k td nttnibs nhm nausks ay adtg tgk @QN nhm tgk [jnhmnh

leètnry.;7

]gk arutnèty df tgk @QNs nttnibs hdtwetgstnhmehj, eh èjgt df nausks ay jdvkrhlkht

pkrsdhhk` nhm n fneùrk df tgk jdvkrhlkht td prdtkit ets ietezkhs eh tgk hdrtg, et es hdt

surpresehj tgnt [jnhmns rkfkrrn` td tgk EII df tgk setuntedh eh 1339 struib lnhy ns hdtgehj

ldrk tgnh n p`dy td strkhjtgkh ets gnhm eh n rkak`èdh et gnm akkh uhna`k td khm dvkr hknr`y

twd mkinmks.;5]gk EII prdskiutdrs mkiesedh td nhhduhik tgk jdvkrhlkhts vdùhtnry

rkfkrrn` nt n odeht prkss idhfkrkhik wetg Srksemkht Luskvkhe dh`y fuk``km suspeiedhs tgnt

tgk EII wns n tdd` df tgk [jnhmnh jdvkrhlkht nhm tgnt et wdu`m hdt khsurk elpnrten`

niiduhtnaeèty.63]ges uhmkrlehkm frdl tgk dutskt pkrikptedhs df tgk EIIs ehmkpkhmkhik

nhm elpnrtenèty.

]gk prdskiutdr gns lnmk sdlk kffdrts td idlant tgksk mnlnjehj pkrikptedhs, aut tgksk

kffdrts gnvk hdt akkh suffeiekht. ]gk prdskiutdrs mkiesedh td dpkh nh ehvkstejntedh eh

[jnhmn rkfkrkhiks tgk setuntedh eh Rh\drtgkrh [jnhmn, ns dppdskm td tgk setuntedh

idhikrhehj tgk @drms Qksestnhik Nrly ns prdpdskm eh [jnhmns rkfkrrn`, tgus i`nrefyehj

tgnt tgk sidpk df tgk EIIs ehvkstejntedh es hdt èletkm td n``kjkm pkrpktrntdrs frdl dhk

jrdup.6>Zgkh nrrkst wnrrnhts wkrk essukm fdr tgk @QN `knmkrs, tgk prdskiutdr strksskm tgk

elpnrtenèty df ges ehvkstejntedh nhm ehmeintkm tgnt tgk id``kitedh df ehfdrlntedh dh

;7Ykk Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, [prddtkm nhm Fdrjdttkh, pp. >9, 1=-9:, 61-:>2 skk n`sd Igres Md`nh, Ydien` ]drturk, ]gk Insk df

Hdrtgkrh [jnhmn >576-1336(Hkw Udrb? Akrjgngh Addbs, 1335)2 Yvkrbkr Fehhstrdl, @evehj wetg anm surrduhmehjs? wnr,

gestdry, nhm kvkrymny ldlkhts eh hdrtgkrh [jnhmn (Murgnl? Mubk [hevkrsety Srkss, 1337).

;5Igres Md`nh, [hmkrstnhmehj Znr nhm ets Idhtehuntedh? ]gk Insk df Hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, sualettkm fdr tgk mkjrkk df SgM,

Mkvk`dplkht Ytumeks Ehstetutk, @dhmdh Yigdd` df Kidhdleis nhm Sdètein` Yiekhik, [hevkrsety df @dhmdh, 133;, dh fe`k wetg

Gulnh Qejgts Zntig, pp. >1;-93,9=:2 Nmnl Arnhig, Ehtkrhntedhn` Ousteik, @din` Ehousteik, Yullkr 133=,

gttp?//www.messkhtlnjnzehk.drj/nrtei`k/4nrtei`k1, 13>>). Arnhig nrjukm tgnt EII nrrkst wnrrnhts

wkrk èbk`y td prdvemk Luskvkhe wetg ehtkrhntedhn` `kjetelniy fdr tgk jdvkrhlkhts iduhtkrehsurjkhiy kffdrts, wgeig, ns

hdtkm nadvk, wkrk lnrbkm ay gulnh rejgts ved`ntedhs. Fdr Md`nh, tgk jdvkrhlkht df [jnhmns rksdrt td tgk EII wns nh

kxtkhsedh df ets rkfusn` td hkjdtentk nh khm td tgk @QN idhfèit nhm ets strntkjy td prd`dhj tgk wnr fdr pdètein` jneh.

63Ykk Md`nh, [hmkrstnhmehj Znr nhm ets Idhtehuntedh, p. >1;2 skk n`sd ]el N``kh, ]ren` Ousteik? ]gk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn`

Idurt nhm tgk @drms Qksestnhik Nrly(@dhmdh? _km Addbs, 1336), pp. 56->31.

6>Ykk Srksemkht df [jnhmn rkfkrs setuntedh idhikrhehj tgk @drm's Qksestnhik Nrly (@QN) td tgk EII, EII prkss rk`knsk,

Onhunry 15, 133=, gttp?//www.eii-

ipe.eht/lkhus/eii/prkss%13nhm%13lkmen/prkss%13rk`knsks/133=/prksemkht%13df%13ujnhmn%13rkfkrs%13setuntedh%

13idhikrhehj%13tgk%13`drmTs%13rksestnhik%13nrly%13T`rnT%13td%13tgk%13eii4`nh9,

13>3)2 Srdskiutdr df tgk Ehtkrhntedhn` Irelehn` Idurt dpkhs nh ehvkstejntedh ehtd Hdrtgkrh [jnhmn, D]S prkss rk`knsk, Ou`y

15, 133=, gttp?//www.eii-

ipe.eht/lkhus/eii/prkss%13nhm%13lkmen/prkss%13rk`knsks/133=/prdskiutdr%13df%13tgk%13ehtkrhntedhn`%13ireleh

n`%13idurt%13dpkhs%13nh%13ehvkstejntedh%13ehtd%13hdtgkrh%13ujnhmn4`nh9, 13>3).


30/55


n``kjntedhs njnehst n`` jrdups idhtehukm.61]gk idurts dutrknig tknl gns wdrbkm ehsemk

[jnhmn td idrrkit ehniiurntk rkpdrts eh tgk hntedhn` lkmen tgnt, fdr kxnlp`k, tgk EIIs

ehvkstejntedhs gnvk kxdhkrntkm jdvkrhlkht dffeien`s.69]gk idurts 13>> aumjkt prdpdsn`

rkfkrrkm td dhjdehj ehvkstejntedhs eh [jnhmn, ehiùmehj n`` irelks wetgeh tgk Idurts

ouresmeitedh, rkjnrm`kss df wgd es n``kjkm td gnvk pkrpktrntkm tgkl,6=n`tgdujg tges

`nhjunjk gns hdt akkh rkpkntkm eh tgk idurts ldst rkikht aumjkt prdpdsn`.6;Dh

diinsedhn`tgdujg hdt eh rkikht yknrstgk prdskiutdr gns n`sd ehmeintkm ldrk kxpèiet`y

ges ehtkhtedh td idhtehuk td kxp`drk dr `ddb ehtd [SMF nausks.66

Fdr lnhy eh [jnhmn nhm dtgkr daskrvkrs df tgk EII, gdwkvkr, dft-rkpkntkm nssurnhiks tgnt

tgk [jnhmn ehvkstejntedhs gnvk hdt khmkm dr nrk hdt èletkm td tgk @QN nrrkst wnrrnhts gnvk

wdrh tgeh. ]gk `nib df ousteik f

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International Justice Unfinished Business

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