International Monetary Policypersonal.lse.ac.uk/PIFFER/Lecture Slides for... · supply when...

International Monetary Policy12 Fixed vs. Flexible Exchange Rates 1

Michele Piffer

London School of Economics

1Course prepared for the Shanghai Normal University, College of Finance,April 2012

Michele Piffer (London School of Economics) International Monetary Policy 1 / 1

Lecture topic and references

I In this lecture we understand the key difference between fixed andexchange rate regimes. This is essential to understand the differenteffectiveness of economic policies across different monetary regimes

I Mishkin, Chapter 18 (we will do a simplified version)


Review from previous lecture

BoP = CA + KA =

=DDc ,SFc

X −DFc ,SDc

IM +DDc ,SFc

Kin −DFc ,SDc

Kout = ∆ · IR

CA = ∆ · IR − KA = ∆ · IR + Kout − Kin = ∆NFA

SPrivate = G − T + I + Kout − Kin︸︷︷︸CA


Balance of Payments

I We have seen that the BoP captures the transactions between thedomestic economy and the rest of the world

I As a counterpart of cross-country payments, the BoP gives asynthesis of demand and supply of domestic vs. foreign currency

BoP = CA + KA =

=DDc ,SFc

X −DFc ,SDc

IM +DDc ,SFc

Kin −DFc ,SDc

Kout = ∆ · IR

I This is our starting point for understanding the differences acrossmonetary regimes


An Example

I Let’s start from an example. Suppose that originally both the currentand the capital account are balancing

I Suppose that a preference shock increases the world preferences forthe domestic goods, so that the domestic economy will register acurrent account surplus. Consider the capital account to have noinitial variation

I What is the effect of this on the forex market??


An Example

I Now the demand for domestic currency will (?) [ ] the supply ofdomestic currency: the domestic currency that domestic citizenssupply when importing goods is (?) [ ] to satisfy the domesticcurrency that importers from the rest of the world demand inexchange of our exports

I Similarly, the demand for foreign currency will run short of the supplyof foreign currency: the foreign currency that domestic citizensdemand when importing goods is not enough to drain the foreigncurrency that importers from the rest of the world supply in exchangeof our exports

I Does this imply that the domestic currency appreciates and theforeign currency depreciates? It depends on the exchange rate regimes


An Example

I Now the demand for domestic currency will exceed the supply ofdomestic currency: the domestic currency that domestic citizenssupply when importing goods is not enough to satisfy the domesticcurrency that importers from the rest of the world demand inexchange of our exports

I Similarly, the demand for foreign currency will run short of the supplyof foreign currency: the foreign currency that domestic citizensdemand when importing goods is not enough to drain the foreigncurrency that importers from the rest of the world supply in exchangeof our exports

I Does this imply that the domestic currency appreciates and theforeign currency depreciates? It depends on the exchange rate regimes


An Example

I Continue imposing a zero capital account. Under flexible exchangerates the domestic currency would appreciate nominally. If prices arefixed this will lead to a real appreciation

I The real appreciation of the domestic currency will (?) [ ] thecompetitiveness of domestic goods, (?) [ ] imports and (?) [] exports

I The reduction in net exports reduces the current account surplus andeliminates the disequilibrium on the forex market

I Under flexible exchange rate regimes, nominal exchange ratevariations allow for the BoP to actually balance


An Example

I Continue imposing a zero capital account. Under flexible exchangerates the domestic currency would appreciate nominally. If prices arefixed this will lead to a real appreciation

I The real appreciation of the domestic currency will decrease thecompetitiveness of domestic goods, increasing imports and decreasingexports

I The reduction in net exports reduces the current account surplus andeliminates the disequilibrium on the forex market

I Under flexible exchange rate regimes, nominal exchange ratevariations allow for the BoP to actually balance


An Example

I What if the central bank did not want the currency to appreciate, saybecause of the adherence to a fixed exchange rate regime?

I What the CB has to do is to avoid that the excess (?) [ ] ofdomestic currency appreciates the domestic currency. Equivalently,avoid that the excess (?) [ ] of foreign currency depreciates theforeign currency


An Example

I What if the central bank did not want the currency to appreciate, saybecause of the adherence to a fixed exchange rate regime?

I What the CB has to do is to avoid that the excess demand ofdomestic currency appreciates the domestic currency. Equivalently,avoid that the excess supply of foreign currency depreciates theforeign currency


An Example

I To do this the CB can (?) [ ] foreign currency and providedomestic currency in exchange: this will eliminate the excess supplyof foreign currency and the excess demand of domestic currency

I From the BoP you see that this will lead the international reserves to(?) [ ]. The BoP will balance even without a movement in thenominal exchange rate


An Example

I To do this the CB can purchase foreign currency and providedomestic currency in exchange: this will eliminate the excess supplyof foreign currency and the excess demand of domestic currency

I From the BoP you see that this will lead the international reserves to(?) [ ]. The BoP will balance even without a movement in thenominal exchange rate


An Example

I To do this the CB can purchase foreign currency and providedomestic currency in exchange: this will eliminate the excess supplyof foreign currency and the excess demand of domestic currency

I From the BoP you see that this will lead the international reserves toincrease. The BoP will balance even without a movement in thenominal exchange rate


An Example

I So far we have assumed that the capital account is balancing, so thatthere is no excess demand or supply from the financial side of theBoP

I The story is not different if we allow for net capital inflows or outflows

I Continue considering the possibility of a positive current account.This means that the country is attracting (?) [ ] foreign currencythat it actually uses for imports

I Instead of accumulating foreign currency as in the fixed exchange rateregime, this extra currency can potentially be used for buying foreignassets


An Example

I So far we have assumed that the capital account is balancing, so thatthere is no excess demand or supply from the financial side of theBoP

I The story is not different if we allow for net capital inflows or outflows

I Continue considering the possibility of a positive current account.This means that the country is attracting more foreign currency thatit actually uses for imports

I Instead of accumulating foreign currency as in the fixed exchange rateregime, this extra currency can potentially be used for buying foreignassets


An Example

I The increase in net foreign assets will imply a (?) [ ] for foreigncurrency in exchange of the purchase of foreign assets. This will leadto an opposite effect on the forex market that we saw from thecurrent account

I If the economy exports net capital in equivalent amount to the netexports, there will be no disequilibrium in the forex market and theexchange rate will not adjust

I If the capital account does not match the current account perfectly,either there will be an exchange rate adjustment or the internationalreserves will change


An Example

I The increase in net foreign assets will imply a demand for foreigncurrency in exchange of the purchase of foreign assets. This will leadto an opposite effect on the forex market that we saw from thecurrent account

I If the economy exports net capital in equivalent amount to the netexports, there will be no disequilibrium in the forex market and theexchange rate will not adjust

I If the capital account does not match the current account perfectly,either there will be an exchange rate adjustment or the internationalreserves will change


Monetary Interventions on the Forex MarketI We have seen that CBs can influence the external value of their

currencies by engaging in purchase and selling of foreign vs. domesticcurrency

I Let’s see this mechanism a bit more formally. Remember what wesaw in the lecture on money supply: CB have a balance sheet thatlooks like this:

Federal Reserve System

Assets Liabilities

Government securities Currency in circulation

Discount loans Reserves

International Reserves


Monetary Interventions on the Forex Market

I Suppose that the CB is following a fixed exchange rate regime.Suppose that the Forex market is experiencing a disequilibrium thatwould lead the domestic currency to depreciate. What should the CBdo?

I The CB has to avoid the materialization of the excess (?) [ ] offoreign currency, or equivalently, the excess (?) [ ] of domesticcurrency

I To do this, it simply supplies extra foreign currency and drainsdomestic economy from the market



I Suppose that the CB is following a fixed exchange rate regime.Suppose that the Forex market is experiencing a disequilibrium thatwould lead the domestic currency to depreciate. What should the CBdo?

I The CB has to avoid the materialization of the excess demand offoreign currency, or equivalently, the excess supply of domesticcurrency

I To do this, it simply supplies extra foreign currency and drainsdomestic economy from the market



I Let’s see an example. Suppose that the CB sells 1 billion of foreigncurrency and asks a payment either as cash or as a deduction fromthe reserve account of the counterpart

I This reduces the excess demand of foreign currency



I The same happens in the opposite scenario. What if the tendency ofthe domestic currency is to appreciate?

I The CB (?) [ ] foreign currency and (?) [ ] domesticcurrency on the Forex market. The disequilibrium in the Forex marketdisappears and the nominal exchange rate remains constant

I Note that under both cases the monetary base changes, eitherdecreasing (first case) or increasing (second case)



I The same happens in the opposite scenario. What if the tendency ofthe domestic currency is to appreciate?

I The CB buys foreign currency and supplies domestic currency on theForex market. The disequilibrium in the Forex market disappears andthe nominal exchange rate remains constant

I Note that under both cases the monetary base changes, eitherdecreasing (first case) or increasing (second case)



I In short, under fixed exchange rates we have

BP > 0→ DDc > SDc i.e. DFc < SFc → Dc would appreciate →→ IR ↑→ MB ↑→ Ms ↑

BP < 0→ DDc < SDc i.e. DFc > SFc → Dc would depreciate →→ IR ↓→ MB ↓→ Ms ↓



I Go back to our first case, where the CB sells international reserves toavoid a domestic currency depreciation. You see from the abovefigure that this inevitably reduces the monetary base

I What if the monetary authority did not want to do a contractionarymonetary policy but still had to intervene in the forex market?

I It turns out that it can sterilize the effect on the forex market on themonetary base. How?

I Just do an OMO on the opposite direction



I The CB reduces its foreign currency, and to avoid a decrease in themonetary base it buys securities. In exchange of this it will offer extramonetary base to the economy



I The same happens in case the CB had to counteract a tendency ofdomestic appreciation

I In this case the CB (?) [ ] foreign currency and (?) [ ]monetary base. To avoid this monetary policy expansion it sellssecurities through an OMO and withdraws the extra monetary base



I The same happens in case the CB had to counteract a tendency ofdomestic appreciation

I In this case the CB buys foreign currency and increases monetarybase. To avoid this monetary policy expansion it sells securitiesthrough an OMO and withdraws the extra monetary base



I Does this mean than the central bank can shield the monetary basefrom forex operations indefinitely?

I No, a constant tendency of domestic appreciation will sooner or laterrun into the fact that the stock of securities by the CB is limited

I Similarly, a constant tendency of domestic depreciation will sooner orlater run into the fact that the stock of international reserves by theCB is limited


Exercise 3 on Exchange Rates

I Suppose that the current account balances and that suddenly there isan increase in capital inflows. This means that the demand ofdomestic currency suddenly exceeds / falls short of the supply ofdomestic currency

I As a consequence, the domestic currency tends to appreciate /depreciate (equivalently, the direct exchange rate goes up / down).This would increase / decrease the domestic net exports, realizing acurrent account deficit /surplus that would ultimately balance theBalance of Payments



I What if instead we were under a fixed exchange rate regime? TheCentral Bank would intervene buying / selling foreign currency andultimately avoiding the foreign appreciation / depreciation. But theindirect effect of such an operation is that money supply increases /decreases

I To avoid this the Central Bank can intervene with sterilizingoperations by buying / selling treasury bonds from /on the secondary/ primary market. The exchange rate stabilization is achieved, despiteno change in the money supply occurring


Monetary Policy under Fixed Exchange Rates

I We are finally able to see why fixed exchange rates put a constraint onthe management of domestic monetary policies. Consider the exercise1 on monetary base that we saw on the lecture on money supply

I Suppose that initially central bank owns 100 in T bonds, 0 indiscounted loans and 150 in international reserves. Out of this, 200were issued as currency, the rest are held by the private sector asreserves

I Suppose that the CB intervenes with OMOs buying T bonds for 50.The counterpart will be credited 50 on his reserves account. Is thiscompatible with a fixed exchange rate regime?



Balance Sheet situation before the monetary policy operation

Assets

Liabilities

T bonds 100

Currency 200

Discount Loans 0

Reserves 50

International Reserves 150

250

MB 250



Balance Sheet situation after the monetary policy operation

Assets

Liabilities

T bonds 150

Currency 200

Discount Loans 0

Reserves 100


300

MB 300



I The increase in money supply will inevitably decrease interest rate

I As a result, the country will experience a capital (?) [ ], asforeign assets offer higher returns. This will (?) [ ] demand forforeign currency and (?) [ ] demand for domestic currency

I As a result, the domestic currency will tend to (?) [ ]. To avoidthis, the central bank has to sell international reserves and avoid theappreciation of the foreign currency

I But this operation has an opposite sign on the monetary base:monetary policy becomes ineffective




I As a result, the country will experience a capital outflow, as foreignassets offer higher returns. This will increase demand for foreigncurrency and decrease demand for domestic currency

I As a result, the domestic currency will tend to (?) [ ]. To avoidthis, the central bank has to sell international reserves and avoid theappreciation of the foreign currency





I As a result, the country will experience a capital outflow, as foreignassets offer higher returns. This will increase demand for foreigncurrency and decrease demand for domestic currency

I As a result, the domestic currency will tend to depreciate. To avoidthis, the central bank has to sell international reserves and avoid theappreciation of the foreign currency




Balance Sheet situation after the Forex operation

Assets

Liabilities

T bonds 150

Currency 200

Discount Loans 0

Reserves 50


250

MB 250



I Under a fixed exchange rate regime, suppose that the central bankdecreases the reserve requirement. This will increase / decreasemoney supply and put upward / downward pressure on domesticinterest rates

I As a result, net capital inflow /outflow will increase, causing apositive / negative balance of payment

I To avoid the depreciation / appreciation in the domestic currency andthe depreciation / appreciation in the foreign currency the centralbank has to buy / sell international reserves, increasing / decreasingits monetary base. The overall effect on the money supply is null


Date post:	18-Mar-2020
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	4 times
Download:	0 times

International Monetary Policypersonal.lse.ac.uk/PIFFER/Lecture Slides for... · supply when...

Documents