International Student Conference on Climate Change- Johanesburg 2011

8/3/2019 International Student Conference on Climate Change- Johanesburg 2011

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Involving forest-dependent communities in

Climate Change Mitigation:

Challenges and Opportunities for Successful

Implementation of REDD+ in Tanzania

Presentation for:

INTERNATIONAL STUDENT CONFERENCE ON CLIMATE CHANGE

AND INDIGENOUS KNOWLEDGE SYSTEMS

Johannesburg, South Africa.

29 & 31 August 2011

Thabit Jacob, MSc.Candidate

Institute of Resource Assessment

University of Dar es Salaam


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Outline of presentation

Background to the presentation

What is REDD

Highlight of REDD negotiations under the UNFCC

Forest resource and degradation in Tanzania

Background to REDD+ Program in Tanzania REDD+ Pilot projects in Tanzania

Opportunities from REDD+

Risk of poor involvement of forest- dependent communities

Challenges likely to face REDD+ Implementation in Tanzania

Conclusion


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Background to the Presentation

This presentation is based on

preliminary reflection of an ongoing 5

years research programme

undertaken collaboratively between

Tanzanian and Norwegian universities

The methodology is based on an

extensive literature review and

several expert interviews.


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WHAT IS REDD+ Deforestation and forest degradation accounts for some 17% of

global greenhouse gas emissions, more than the entire globaltransport sector put together.

Being a large source, forests could, however, be turned into great

sinks. This demands halting deforestation and regenerating degradedforests.

REDD stands for reducing emissions from deforestation and

degradation plus (+) sustainable management of forest,conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks.

It is an important part of global policies to address climate change.

REDD seeks to reduce emissions from the forest sector in developingcountries


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WHAT IS REDD+.....

The basic idea behind REDD+ is simple: Countries that are willing and

able to reduce emissions from deforestation should be financially

compensated for doing so.

Previous approaches to curb global deforestation have so far been

unsuccessful, and REDD provides a new framework to allowdeforesting countries to break this historical trend.

With REDD+, we may significantly reduce global emissions at a

reasonable cost, while also taking due account of the rights andlivelihoods of indigenous peoples and local communities.

It also present opportunities for improving biodiversity, rainfall

patterns and soil quality, and helping developing forest countries

adapt to climate change.


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Global GHG sources by sector

Source, IPCC 2007


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Time

CarbonStocks

With REDD activity

CO2 emissionsavoided

Baseline (withoutproject)

Reduced Emissions from Deforestationand forest Degradation (REDD)

Field activities need to use specific, robust methodologies to measureand monitor baselines and increases in forest carbon or reductions ofemissions and these are complex!

Adopted from P. Z. Yanda (2010)


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REDD+ Negotiations - Highlights

Kyoto protocol addressed afforestation and reforestation strategies but deforestation andforest degradation were excluded.

In 2005 REDD was thus reintroduced in UNFCCC negotiations in Montreal at COP 11

in December 2007 in Bali at the COP 13 of UNFCCC, It was formally proposed for inclusionin the official negotiation agenda for a post 2012 regime.

Discussions continued at COP 14 in Poznan, Poland, in December 2008

In 2009 consensus was reached at the COP 15 held in Copenhagen Denmark

Copenhagen agreement was followed by international commitments and funding pledges to

REDD pilot countries including Tanzania.

Recently at the COP 16 in Cancun in Mexico, issues such as sustainable financing andrights of forest-dependant communities were high on the agenda.

More discussion are expected later this year when Durban will host COP 17


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Forest resource and degradation in Tanzania

Forests and woodland cover about 33.5 mill. ha in Tanzania. This isapproximately 38 % of total land area.

There is a significant deforestation in Tanzania with a rate in the range

100.000 500.000 ha/year (FAO & MNRT)

Major drivers for deforestation/forest degradation are agriculturalexpansion, needs for timber, fuel wood and charcoal production,fodder and livestock grazing.

Forest degradation is also prevalent in Tanzania, both in reservedforests and on general land. The rate is estimated around 500.000ha/year.

There is significant climate mitigation potential in Tanzanias forest

sector


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Background to REDD+ Program in Tanzania

With partnership from the Norgwenia government, the UN REDD

Programme, Clinton foundation and other doners Tanzania embarked onREDD+ initiative back in 2008 in what is known as REDD READNESS

phase

The partneship focus on; developing PILOT PROJECTS test theeffectiveness of the REDD mechanism; developing technologies for

measuring carbon sequestration; and promoting research and capacity

building programmes related to climate change challenges

It expected that experiences from such pilots and in-depth studies will

provide inputs to the development of the REDD Strategy

The national REDD strategy is currently a draft document being

reviewed by various stakeholders


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REDD+ PILOT PROJECTS IN TANZANIA


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Opportunities from REDD+

REDD has the potential to achieve significant multiplebenefits;

Has the potential to deliver large cuts in emissions at a low

cost within a short time frame

Poverty alleviation

Improving governance (accountability in benefit sharing)

Conserving biodiversity

Provision of other environmental services, water

quality/regulation and soil conservation among others.


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RISK OF POOR INVOLVEMENT OF FOREST- DEPENDENT

COMMUNITIES

exclusion from decision-making due to centralized , top-down forest management

Renewed state control over forests

Violations of rights over forests and forest resources

Land speculation land grabbing

Risks of eviction of these communities from their land


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Challenges likely to face REDD+

Implementation in Tanzania

Insecure tenure is a major issue, which is likely to make investmentsunattractive.

Also without formal tenure rights to land or carbon, there are risks

that traditional land, forest, and resource rights of these communities

will be violated.

REDD+ could act as an incentive for government or investors to occupy

poorly defined surplus land.

land grabbing and exclusion by the more powerful (including

government) will affect the poor and landless people to a great deal.

Lack of clarity over rights to carbon and lack of access to legal systems

even where rights are well defined may exclude poor people


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Challenges cont....

Establishing and maintaining clear benefit sharing systems

is a demanding task with previous initiatives (WMA, PFM,

JFM) proved ineffective and controversial

High transaction costs of implementing REDD+ in areas

where forests (or their ownership) are fragmented, may

exclude communities from REDD+ schemes.

Lack of regular, reliable, specific and accurate database for

computing baseline emissions. This is likely to affect the

establishment of regular and efficient monitoring systems

for accurate quantification of carbon stock


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Way Forward

Improve tenure security to strengthen local resource rights,including customary rights.

Research capacity in regards to baseline conditions and

measurements of carbon

There is a need for greater political understanding and

commitment

Understanding of markets and other funding mechanisms

Enhance transparency and accountability


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Conclusion

Tanzania expects to learn more from the ongoing

pilot (demonstration) projects

Tanzania must also continue engagement with

UNFCCC climate change talks and COPs particularlythe upcoming conference in Duran to protect gains

already achieved and push for more


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Thank you

Thabit Jacob: [email protected]

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International Student Conference on Climate Change- Johanesburg 2011

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