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DNA TECHNOLOGY
International study to determine:~25,000 genesSequence of 3 billion
nitrogen bases (A,T,C,G’s)
Create & improve methods of analyzing DNA
Address ethical, legal & social issues
HGP – Human Genome Project
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM (RFLP)Technique used to
isolate sections of DNA
1st used in DNA profiling, also used in paternity tests, genome maps & disease locators.
DNA is broken up (restriction enzyme) & sorted by size using gel electrophoresis
Results then transferred to membrane (Southern Blot)
DNA probes are then attached to each broken segment to determine actual nucleotide sequence
RESTRICTION FRAGMENT LENGTH POLYMORPHISM
RFLP SNP’sIssues:
Requires large #of DNA samples
Long, complicated process
Replaced RFLP for SNP Single Nucleotide PolymorphismMost common form of
genetic variation btw people
Occurs 1 in every 300 bases
99% of genetic code is same.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
Method used to produce millions of copies of a small sample of DNA in approx. 2 hours.
Denature DNA & force replication to occur.
Process is repeated thru multiple cycles to produce millions of copies.
Taq polymeraseExtracted from
bacteria live in hot springs
Process:Denaturing (break
open)Annealing (primers
or synthetic DNA strands attach)
Extension (enzyme initiates replication)
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (PCR)
STEM CELLS Early embryonic
cells that have yet to differentiate (specialize)CloningDisease research &
treatmentCreation of
genetically modified products/organisms
GENETIC ENGINEERINGManipulating genetic
materialGenetic Modifications
Changes to an organism DNA
Transgenic ModificationsCombining DNA from
2 separate organismsCross-breeding
Unnatural breeding of organisms
CROSS-BREEDINGBeefalo
Cross between domestic cattle & American buffaloBuffalo are larger, heartier animals that require less
careRetain the flavor of beef3/8 bison5/8 bovineFertile offspring
GENETIC MODIFICATIONArctic Apple
Turn off the gene that controls the enzyme polyphenol oxidase
Prevent browning of apples
TRANSGENIC MODIFICATIONS
Golden RiceSplice genes from daffodils into the genome of
white riceIncrease the vitamin A content of the rice