Internationl Congress Abstract

7/25/2019 Internationl Congress Abstract

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The First International Congress8-10 November 2014

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY AND

ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS

Living for a Sustainable Future

Abstracts

Editors

Vir Singh, Govind S Kushwaha and Vrinda Negi

Co-editors

Anil K Shankhwar, Chitranshi Dhami and Nupur Rautela

GB Pant University of Agriculture and Technology

Pantnagar-263145, Uttarakhand, India


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The First International Congress

ECOLOGICAL INTEGRITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS: Living for a Sustainable FutureEdited by: Vir Singh, Govind S Kushwaha and Vrinda Negi

GB pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India

8-10 November 2014

2

Management of Soil System Using Precision Agriculture Technology in

India

Aakash Mishra1, Harshvardhan Puranik

2,Poonam Gangola

3, Pawan Pant

4& Padam

Singh5

1Dept. of Soil Science, College of Forestry, Ranichauri, UUHF, Bharsar-249199

2Dept. of Agrometeorology, I.G.K.V.V., Raipur, Chattishgarh

3 & 4Dept. of Soil Science, G .B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-

2631455Department of Agriculture Engineering, G .B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,

Pantnagar-263145

To maximize the productivity from the limited natural resources on a sustainable manner, theonly way left is to increase the resource input use efficiency. It is also certain that even indeveloping countries, availability of labour for agricultural activities is going to be in shortsupply in future. The time has now arrived to exploit all the modern tools available by

bringing information technology and agricultural science together for improved economicand environmentally sustainable crop production. In this context, Precision agriculturemerges the new technologies borne of the information age with a mature agriculturalindustry. It is an integrated crop management system that attempts to match the kind andamount of inputs with the actual crop needs for small areas within a farm field. This goal is

not new, but new technologies now available, allow the concept of precision agriculture to berealized in a practical production setting.


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8-10 November 2014

3

Possibilities of Wastelands Phytoremediation using Native Species of India

Arpna Ratnakar1, Anil Kumar Shankhwar

2, Sangeetha Raj

2,Uma Melkania

2

1Department of Environmental Science, Baba Bhimarao Ambedkar University, Lucknow

2Department of Environmental Science, CBSH,

G .B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145

Although the green revolution has performed, however food security is still a globalchallenge. Vis--vis the meeting the growing demand of food supply ultimately focuses onthe utilization of wasteland (68.35 m ha in India). Afterwards the reclamation, wastelandmight be a breakthrough for providing the additional cultivable land. Hence the soilreclamation makes a great deal towards the sustainability. The reclamation and restoration ofcontaminated soil is an older concept and have a wide array of methods already had beenadopted e.g. soil excavation, soil washing, thermal treatment, electro reclamation, and otherchemical techniques. However these thermal, chemical and physical treatment methods havefailed to eliminate the pollution problem because those methods only shift the pollution to anew phase such as air pollution etc. Hence emergent need of plant mediated green technologylike phytoremediation to harness the pollutants as nutrient sources for their metabolicactivity. Being a cost-effective, reliable, environmentally friendly, and greener technology incomparison to any other chemical treatment methods (Abreu et al.2012) phytoremediationoffers the rational and alternative solution for foresaid problems (Bck and Tre,

2014).Some plants extraordinarily hold the ability of phytostabilization (to immobilize metalsand store them below ground in roots); hyper accumulation.Phytoremediation technologyenables to easily implemented, environmentally friendly, and aesthetically pleasing (Henry,2000). Screening of plants e.g. Ricinus communis, Brassica juncea,Hydrilla verticillata,

Lemna minor, Pistia stratiotes, Salvinia molesta, Spirodela polyrhiza, Eichhornia crassipesfrom the site, specific native species for phytoremediation always have an added advantage ofacclimatization, tolerance and natural accumulators as well. Keeping in view, the need ofcost-effective, reliable, environmentally friendly, and greener technology for wastelandreclamation and restoration,the possible effort made through this chapter tohighlightthephytoremediation potential as a remediation technology


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8-10 November 2014

4

Role of Biotechnology in Crop Improvement for Sustainable

Agricultural Production Ensuring World Food Security: Hope andConcerns

1Arti Bartwal,

2Kiran Bharti,

2Pawanika Chandolaand

3Sandeep Arora

1Department of Biochemistry

2Department of Plant Physiology

3Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering

G. B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145

In view of the increasing world population and consequent urbanization, the world foodsecurity is severely threatened. Ironically, the rapidly changing climatic conditions are alsonegatively affecting plant productivity, thereby further deteriorating the food securityscenario. Food security comprises four key dimensions of food supplies: availability,stability, access, and utilization. Recent advances in agricultural applications of modern

biotechnology show its significant potential to contribute to sustainable agriculturalproductivity, reducing poverty, and enhancing food security in developing countries.Agricultural crop production is extremely sensitive to climate change. Crop growth anddevelopment is directly affected by numerous biotic and abiotic stress factors, which

influence crop productivity linearly or nonlinearly. Agricultural biotechnology forsustainable productivity aims to enhance developing countries institutional capacity for the

use and management of biotechnology research to develop environmentally compatible andimproved germplasm. Various improved varieties of crops has already been developed using

biotechnological approach such as insect-resistant, herbicide-tolerant species and crops ableto fix nitrogen leading to decontamination/ refinement of the environment. Use of modern

plant breeding methods leading to enhanced production of crops like legumes to improve soilstructure, organic matter and fertility have been and can be attained. Biotechnology can givelittle assistance to sustainable agriculture in the short term, be more useful in the mediumterm, and it could be highly useful in the long term as an integral part of the art and science of

plant breeding and other components of sustainable agriculture systems. However, thebenefits from modern biotechnology are accompanied with certain unenthusiastic effects andconcerns. The nature and extent of the positive and negative impacts will depend on the

number of aspects including priority, need, aspiration and capacity of individual countries.However, there are also disadvantages which need to be further examined and debated toensure that crop biotechnologies are used effectively and appropriately for mankind.


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8-10 November 2014

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Fluorescent Pseudomonads: Role as Biocontrol and Biofertilizer for

Sustainable Agriculture

Asmita Rajwar1and Tripti Mishra

2

1Department of Microbiology, CBSH

2Department of Environmental Sciences, CBSH

G. B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145

Particular bacterial strains in certain natural environments prevent infectious diseases of plantroots. How these bacteria achieve this protection from pathogenic fungi has been analysed in

detail in biocontrol strains of fluorescent pseudomonads. During root colonization, thesebacteria produce antifungal antibiotics, elicit induced systemic resistance in the host plant orinterfere specifically with fungal pathogenicity factors. Pseudomonas spp. that can colonisethe roots of crop plants and produce antifungal metabolites represent a real alternative to theapplication of chemical fungicides. However, without solving some inherent problemsassociated with the effective delivery of microbial inoculants to seeds and without knowledgeon the biosafety aspects of novel biocontrol agents, the commercial potential of Pseudomonasspp. for plant disease control will not be realised.

Keywords: Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria, Fluorescent pseudomonads, plant

pathogen, disease suppression, biocontrol.

Vegetarianism-Ecological,Ethical and Sustainable Basis of Human Living

Rupal Shukla and Abhishek Singh Pokhriya

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145

In this paper I propose to answer to the age old question Is killing and eating of plants andanimals justified? Addressing the question takes on special significance in the light ofarguments which seem to show that even non-sentient life is intrinsically valuable.Vegetarianism has been around for centuries, but recently we have seen the eruption of amore militant vegetarianism that is inspired by the animal "rights" movement


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8-10 November 2014

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Climate Change and Productivity of Crop Plants

Bhupendra Mathpal1, Nitin Kumar

2, Anil Shankhwar

3and Naram Ramu

4

1,2Department of Plant Physiology, CBSH


4Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145

The CO2concentration in the earths is rising year by year and is predicted to double overthe next 50-100 years. The global climate change due to increase in CO 2 concentration,temperature and variability in precipitation patterns has resulted in abiotic stresses like

heat, drought, frost and floods. These stresses could occur in varying intensities coincidingwith different growth and developmental stages of crops affecting productivity andquality. The natural variation in earth climate is caused by many cosmological andgeological processes. However the climate change refers to additional and relatively rapidchanges induced by human activities. The rise in temperature attributed to alarmingincrease in atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases viz.,CO2, CH4, N2O andchlorofluorocarbons mainly due to accelerated consumption of fossil fuels in industriesand transport. Theoretically this rise in CO2 concentration should result in stimulation in

photosynthesis and productivity due to reduction in photorespiration. However many plantspecies grown at elevated CO2 exhibit decreasing CO2 potential, particularly with longterm growth in elevated CO2. Doubling of the current ambient CO2 concentrationstimulated the growth of C4plants to the tune of 10-12%, whereas that of C3plants wasabout 40%. The influence of CO2 enrichment on field crops including rice has beenstudied. CO2enrichment (900 mol l

-1) for rice at 30 days before heading increased grainyield through increase in grain number. Gmelina arborea plant grown under high CO2(460 mol l-1) showed high rate of photosynthesis compared to those under ambient CO2levels (360 mol l-1). Growth of Gmelina in elevated CO2 resulted in increased rootvolume, stem diameter and significant increase in plant height. So, significant variationsexist in the physiological, biochemical and molecular responsiveness to elevated CO2among terrestrial plant species including those with C3, C4 and CAM plants. Using acombination of genetic engineering and transgenic technology, different approaches to

reduce photorespiration has been taken. This is done by either reducing thephotorespiration by direct manipulation of enzymes in this pathway. Understanding, theimpacts of increase in temperature and CO2 on crop plants is the first step in developingsound adaptation strategies to address the adverse impacts of climate change. Hence,investigation on the effect of elevated temperature, CO2, drought and flooding on differentcrop plants and the subsequent assessment of impacts of climate change on major cerealcrops under different climate change scenario is urgently required.


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8-10 November 2014

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The Teeming World of Microbial Life and Ecological Resilience

Bhavdish N. Johri

Department of Biotechnology, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462026

In this Hot, Flat, Crowded World perhaps microorganisms represent the only exception toextremities; from cold to hot, low to high pressure, stress, and dark to deep sea world, all areenriched with microbes. Current scenario further shows that they are deep down in subsurfacerocks and in permafrost under the Antarctic for millennia of years! Is it merely the resistanceof the cell membrane that permits growth and survival of microbial life in such extremeenvironmental conditions? According to the Darwin/Mac Arthur model increase in speciesrichness increases the stability of ecological function (Mac Arthus 1955). Taking cognizanceof this fact, microbial species in many an environmental situations live a lonely life and bereftof competition. However, survival under such harsh conditions is truly a reflection of stabilityand resilience of the existing communities. Some of these considerations will be discussedusing earth microbiome, endophytic existence, symbiotic relationships and associatedexamples derived from microbe-animal, microbe-human, and microbe-plant relationships.

Estimation of Total Soluble Sugar from Barnyard Millet (Echinocloa

colonaL.)

Dipti Singh and A K Verma

Department of Biochemistry, CBSH

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145

Barnyard millet is the fast growing millet and its origin is probably in eastern India. It is alsocalled by several others name e.g.; Japanese barnyard millet, ooda, sawan, sanwa andsanwank, nutritionally too. Reducing sugar estimated in this experiment by Nelson-Somogyis method. The total soluble sugar was extracted from different varieties of

barnyards millet. All the varieties, VL-21 was shown minimum (140.09 mg/g) content oftotal sugar. That might be due to the available form of sugar was different. The reducingsugar in variety VL-21 was maximum (4.86 mg/g).Non reducing sugar was also extractedfrom different varieties of barnyards millets. Among the different varieties VL-21 was shownminimum (135.25 mg/g).

Keywords:Barnyard millet, Total soluble sugar estimation.


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Antioxidant Defense System in Medicinal Plants under Abiotic Stress

Chandra Kanta

Department of Biological Sciences, CBSHG.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263145

Medicinal herbs in food as a medicine are a current hot trend that is capturing everyonesimagination with images of a new magic bullet or fountain of youth. Plants have developedan array of protective defense strategies (antioxidant system) to cope up with abiotic stresscondition. The antioxidative system includes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic systems.The main enzymatic antioxidants are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)

glutathione peroxidase (GPX), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and glutathione reductase (GR),whereas non-enzymatic portion comprised of low molecular weight antioxidants i.e. proline,thiol, ascorbic acid and glutathione. The function of this antioxidant system is to scavengethe toxic radicals produced during oxidative stress and thus help the plants to survive throughsuch conditions. The intake of antioxidant compounds present in food is an important health-

protecting factor. Natural antioxidants present in foods and other biological materials haveattracted considerable interest because of their presumed safety and potential nutritional andtherapeutic effects. Because extensive and expensive testing of food additives is required tomeet safety standards, synthetic antioxidants have generally been eliminated from many foodapplications. The increasing interest in the search for natural replacements for syntheticantioxidants has led to the antioxidant evaluation of a number of plant sources. Recently,there has been an upsurge of interest in the therapeutic potentials of medicinal plants asantioxidants in reducing such free radical induced tissue injury.

Keywords:Antioxidants, Oxidative stress, SOD, CAT, GPX, APX, GR and Diseases.


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8-10 November 2014

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Microbial Phytases: Perspectives and Prospects

Deep Chandra Suyal1, Ishwar Prakash Sharma

2, Anil Kumar Shankhwar

3


2Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH


G.B. Pant University of Agriculture& Technology, Pantnagar-263145

Phosphorus (P), like nitrogen, is an essential element for all forms of life and is involved invarious energy yielding metabolic processes, energy transactions via AMP, ADP and ATP,with implications on glucogenesis, fatty acid transport, amino acid and protein synthesis andactivity of Na+/ K+ pump. Phytic acid is the primary storage form of P in cereal grains,legumes and oilseeds, possessing a very stable chemical structure differing from other organo-

phosphate molecules in having high phosphate content. Under normal physiologicalconditions, phytic acid acts as an anti-nutritional component in plant-derived food and feedand therefore, its presence is undesirable especially for monogastric animals which lackinherent phytase in their digestive tracts. The excess of P in the feed that remains unutilized is

partly excreted in manure and results in pollution of ground water leading to eutrophication offreshwater bodies. Facing the problem of P deficiency in plants, animal feed together with its

pollution in areas of intensive livestock production, phytase seems destined to becomeincreasingly important. Phytase belongs to a large family of phosphohydrolase enzymes and is

a unique acid phosphatase as it can catalyse hydrolysis of phytate to inositol andorthophosphoric acid. The benefits of phytase are two-fold: saving the expensive and nonrenewable inorganic P resource by reducing the need for its inclusion in animal diets and

protecting the environment from pollution of excessive manure P runoff. Hence, for bothenvironmental and economic concerns, phytases and phytase-producing microbes areattracting significant industrial interest.

Keywords: Phytic acid; phytase, phytase applications; microbial phytases


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Decolorization of Black Liquor by Newly Isolated Soil Fungi

Deepika Rajwar and JPN Rai

Department of Environmental Sciences,CBSH

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145

The pulp and paper mill generates wastewater with very high biological oxygen demand(BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), toxic substances, recalcitrant organics, turbidity,high temperature and intense colour. The colouring body present in the wastewater from pulpand paper mill is organic in nature. It is estimated that 273-450 m 3 of water is required to

produce 1 ton of paper and about 60-300 m3 of waste water is discharged. One of thesignificant problem is the persistent dark brown color in the released effluent from waste

water treatment facilities of which the major contributors are lignin and its derivatives, suchas chlorolignin, discharged from the pulp bleaching process. Black liquor which originatesfrom the chemical pulping stage contains lignin, carbohydrates, organic acids, sulfurcompounds, phenolic compounds, terpenes and resin. Conventional treatment processes likechemical pre-treatment and lagooning are not adequate to meet the regulatory effluentstandards for being discharged into sewers. Biological methods of the effluent treatment havethe advantage of being cost effective and in addition to colour removal. They can also reduce

both the BOD and COD of waste water. White rot fungi (WRF) are used for bioremediationprocesses since these organisms have strong enzyme system to degrade a wide range ofpollutants. Present work investigate the potential of isolated soil fungi for decolourization ofpulp and paper mill effluent and optimization of process parameters.

Keywords: Black liquor, white rot fungi, COD, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase,

laccase.


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Renewable Energy as a Sustainable Approach

Dipanshu Chinwan1and Deeksha Rajvanshi

2

1Department of Agriculture Engineering, College of Technology2Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology,

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- 263145

Agriculture is the sole provider of human food. Most farm machines are driven by fossilfuels, which contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and, in turn, accelerate climate change.Such environmental damage can be mitigated by the promotion of renewable resources suchas solar, wind, biomass, tidal, geo-thermal, small-scale hydro, bio-fuels and wave-generated

power. The concept of sustainable agriculture lies on a delicate balance of maximizing cropproductivity and maintaining economic stability, while minimizing the utilization of finitenatural resources and detrimental environmental impacts. Sustainable agriculture alsodepends on replenishing the soil while minimizing the use of non-renewable resources, suchas natural gas, which is used in converting atmospheric nitrogen into synthetic fertilizer, andmineral ores, e.g. phosphate or fossil fuel used in diesel generators for water pumping forirrigation. Hence, there is a need for promoting use of renewable energy systems forsustainable agriculture, e.g. solar photovoltaic water pumps and electricity, greenhousetechnologies, solar dryers for post-harvest processing, and solar hot water heaters. If there areadverse climatic conditions for the growth of particular plants in cold climatic zones then

there is need for renewable energy technology such as greenhouses for maintaining theoptimum plant ambient temperature conditions for the growth of plants and vegetables. Theeconomics of using greenhouses for plants and vegetables, and solar photovoltaic water

pumps for sustainable agriculture and the environment are presented in this article. Cleandevelopment provides industrialized countries with an incentive to invest in emissionreduction projects in developing countries to achieve a reduction in CO2 emissions at thelowest cost. The mechanism of clean development is discussed in brief for the use ofrenewable systems for sustainable agricultural development specific to solar photovoltaicwater pumps in India and the world. This article explains in detail the role of renewableenergy in farming by connecting all aspects of agronomy with ecology, the environment,economics and societal change.

Keywords:Bio-fuel, solar, geothermal, wind hybrid, Sustainability


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Utilization of Fruit Waste (Apple Pomace) for Biofuel Production by using

Microbial Tools

Govind Kumar, Pankaj, Anil Kumar Shankhwar1,

Priyanka Khati, Divya Joshi, &

Anita Sharma

Department of Microbiology, CBSH1Department of Environmental Sciences, CBSH

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar

In India Red Delicious variety of apple was introduced by Satyanand Stokes in 1918 inHimanchal Pradesh and soon its cultivation spread to Kashmir and Uttarakhand. India is theninth largest producer of the apple in the world contributing an annual production of 1.42 MT(million tonnes) from an area of 0.25 million hectares.In Kumaon region, apple is cultivatedin about 0.02 million hectare of land which accounts for about 2.8% of total area under fruitcultivation. Total production of apple is 0.018 million tonnes, that is about 4.23 % of total

production of fruits in Uttarakhand.Of the total apple fruits produced, 71% is consumed fortable purposes while 20% is processed into various products. Out of total fruit processed,65% is processed into apple juice concentrate. During processing for juice about 75% of thefresh weight of fruit is recovered as juice and 25% as pomace . There are about 500 juice

processing plants in India that produce a total of 1.3 million tonnes of apple pomace everyyear. This involves annual disposal expenditure to the tune of $ 10 million. There, it is

disposed of by application to the soil. This procedure is costly and also presentsenvironmental problems. Apple pomace has high C.O.D and is biodegradable (high BOD). Itsdisposal in the environment results into foul smell and affects terrestrial and aquaticecosystems. Hence, there is a strong need to have an integrated approach for its utilizationand treatment. Utilization of such waste in an economical and effective way would preventresource wastage on one hand and provide additional economic advantage on the other hand.Pomace has high amount of fibre, minerals and carbohydrates so could also be utilized formanufacturing of beverages like alcohol and vinegar through fermentation. Production ofethanol form apple pomace using microbial tools is cost effective and environmentallyfriendly approach. In addition to this apple pomace can also be use in production of edible

products (juice, jelly, sauce, soft drink, cookies, papad, toffee etc.), fermented products (beer,

vinegar, cider) and industrial products (flavour compounds, pectin, oxalic acid, citric acid andanimal feed).


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8-10 November 2014

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Utilization of Biological Tools as Alternative of Chemical Nematicide for

Sustainable Environment and Agriculture

Ishwar Prakash Sharma1, Deep Chandra Suyal

2and Anil Kumar Shankhwar

3

1Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH



G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar-263145

Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) have thepotential for controlling soil-borne diseases and hence they may be one of the importantbiocontrol agents for the managements of root-knot disease in agricultural fields. Mostly allthe agricultural crops are adversely affected by this disease and globally higher yield lossesrecorded every year. Both the AM and PGPRs are responsible for the managing this disease

because they develop resistance to the plants against pathogens. So that, they areeconomically and environmentally secure biocontrol tool against the soil borne pathogens.

Towards a State of Ecological Integrity:Eco-philosophy,Sanctity of life and

Ecological Renaissance: Imperatives of our Contemporary World

Deeksha Rajvanshi1and Dipanshu Chinwan

2

1Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Technology

2Department of Agriculture Engineering, College of Technology


Great ecosystems are like complex tapestries-a million complicated threads, interwoven,

make up the whole picture. Nature can cope up with small rents in the fabric, it can even,after a time, cope with major disasters like floods, fires and earthquakes .What nature cantcope with is the steady undermining of its fabric by the activities of man. Humanity insituation needs to understand its role and responsibility as a dominant force towards the stateof ecological sustenance, start accounting for and governing the sanctity of life, and activelyfoster societal development in tune with the planet of which we are part. It is time toreconnect to the ecosystem. The need of the hour is to help the universe and all its creaturesin the journey of self-actualization and in the process of healing the earth, making it blossomagain and paint renaissance enmeshed with the imperatives of our contemporary world.


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Van Panchayat: Conservation Issue and Management Strategy

Jyoti Pandey, Anil Kumar Shankhwar1and L.S. Lodhiyal

Department of forestry and Environment Science, DSB campus, Kumaun University, Nainital1Department of Environmental Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,

Pantnagar-263145

At some four billion hectares, forests cover nearly 31 per cent of the global land area (FAO,2010). The importance of forests in relation to two of the most important globalenvironmental threats i.e. climate change and biodiversity loss is hard to overstate (Agrawal,2007). They have long been recognized as the reservoir and source of much of the species

biodiversity on the planet. These statistics about forests are important to convey theirimmense significance for the survival of humanity as a species. The other importance of theforests has been recognized widely is the immediate relevance of forests to the livelihoods ofresource dependent communities. It has now been estimated that globally around 500 million

people depend directly on forest resources for their immediate requirements of fuel, food,fodder and timber (White and Martin, 2002). Thus, in view of simultaneous importance offorests for global conservation and local livelihoods, sustainable management of forests hasalways been a challenge for most of the nations.

Vegetarianism: Ecological, Ethical and Sustainable Basis of Human Living

Brinda Sharma, Sonakshi Goel, and Gauri Gandhi

College of Technology,

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- 263145

Vegetarianism has become the most popular diet among the young generations facing thenew millennium. This discipline eliminates the intake of meat and in some cases also theconsumption of dairy products and eggs. The purpose of this paper is to prove thatvegetarianism is the diet that offers more benefits to our health, spirit, and society. Vegetariandiets go hand in hand with environmental ethics. They are the need of the hour to ensuresustainable future as they try to maintain a balance in the food web. In addition to ecologicalintegrity, vegetarianism is required for a healthy and energetic living. Moreover, most of theworld religions recognize non-vegetarianism as sinful. According to them, this brutaltreatment of the animals leads to violence and lack of human integrity. Thus, Vegetarianismis required for the path of non-violence, peace and spirituality. The paper presents each ofthis aspects and urges to promote and shift to vegetarianism.


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Impact of Heavy Metals on the Growth ofLycopersicon esculentumMill.

Jyotsna Rastogi, Satish Chandra, Dipti Singh and Sumita Rana

Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH


Heavy metals are the natural components of lithosphere and are generally toxic above athreshold level. The heavy metals bring significant changes in the environment structure andfunction. Members of periodic table which are actively abundant in the earth crust, extractedand used in the reasonable amount are generally referred to as heavy metals. Cadmium occursnaturally in the environment from the gradual process of abrasion of rocks and soil and fromsingular events such as forest fires and volcanic eruptions. Nickel is derived in soil from

natural and anthropogenic sources. Nickel concentration in uncontaminated soil variesbetween 5 and 50ppm. Ni is a component of enzyme urease and essential for plantsfunctioning. Experiment was performed on tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cv.Navodaya belonging to the family Solanaceae. The selected plants were treated 4 times with10, 20, 30 and 40 g Cadmium and Nickel. The plants were treated twice at pre-floweringstage at 10 days interval and twice at post-flowering stage. Almost all selected growth

parameters were sensitive to all or at least high doses of Cd and Ni. Among the parametersstudied, the shoot length and root length was least sensitive to Cd, but more sensitive to Ni.The total chlorophyll content increased in the plants treated with Cd and Ni. The highestincrease was recorded in chlorophyll a content in response to Ni treatment. But due toreduction in the leaf area and leaf number, the plant biomass decreased significantly ontreatment with higher doses of Cd and Ni. The lower doses of Ni enhance the biomass.

Keywords:Heavy metals, nickel, cadmium, tomato, chlorophyll pigments

.


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Sustainable Agricultural Practices for Improving Food Security

Tanweer Alam, Kantipudi Rajesh kumar, Sitanshu and Sravan Tummuti1

Department of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,1Department of Genetics and Plant breeding, Institute of Agricultural Sciences,

Banaras Hindu University 221005

Since the 1966-67, when the green revolution started and thus massive use of pesticides areused. The intensive and extensive agriculture utilized there harmful agro-chemicals to suchan extent that it soon leaves residue in the environment. These harmful chemicals causes

problems to the environment human and their live stocks. DDT was synthesized in the year1874 by Zeidler. This wonderful chemicals control obnoxious pests to a greater extent, butsoon it was observed that it has harmful effects on the human beings and the environment.The DDT has affinity to deposit in the adipose tissue and even lactating mammals have its

presence. The Agro-chemicals have plays a pivotal role in securing the food to the humans.The menace of hazardous chemicals and to its environment poses several threats to thehumans. In the year 1992, a global meeting was held in Rio de Janerio named Earth summit which discusses various issues of chemicals and its consequences. So, after the hazardouseffect of chemicals several methods viz. Biological control, integrated pest management, useof pheromones and hormones, biorational use of insecticides, botanical insecticides, novelinsecticides and several such eco-friendly methods thus developed and working

tremendously. The biological control utilizes introduction, augmentation and conservation.The agents used in biological control are microorganisms, fungi, viruses, vertebrates,nemalthelminthes, arthropods, have the advantages of permanent effect, non-poisonousagainst biological control agents. So, it is the right time for the agricultural scientists to

popularize the eco-friendly approaches of insect pests that have no residues in theenvironment and preserve the biodiversity to a larger extent. The already fragile environmentcan be protected by using eco-friendly approaches. The sustainable agriculture is now need ofan hour and popularize it on a mass scale to secure food and preserve the environment.


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Antimicrobial Activity ofReboulia hemisphaerica L.(liverwort)

Against Plant Pathogens

Kavita Negi, Vidisha Kandpal and Preeti Chaturvedi

Department of Biological Sciences, CBSH


There is growing interest in the use of medicinal plants and herbal products for pathogenrelated diseases control program as plant derived drugs are considered safe and free fromadverse side effects. Bryophytes belong to the group of the oldest known land plants, whichincludes liverworts, hornworts and mosses.Reboulia hemisphaerica (liverwort) was collectedfrom Uttarakhand Himalayas(Dwarahat) and Himachal Pradesh(Palampur).The antimicrobialactivity were studied by extracting them in three different solvents viz methanol, ethanol andacetone (80%). The present in vitrostudy was investigated against plant pathogenic bacteria(Erwinia chrysanthemi) and fungus (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici)by using agarwell diffusion and food poisoned assay respectively. Both the extracts showed significantantibacterial activities but R. hemishaerica (Palampur) was found lesser active against F.oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici. The highest degree of antibacterial activity was shown byethanolic extract of R. hemisphaerica (liverwort)against(Erwinia chrysanthemi withMIC/MBC (3.0/2.5 g/ml) and (100/250 g/m) respectively. The antibacterial and antifungalactivity of the plant extract was comparable to the broad range antibiotic, streptomycin andCarbedazime respectively. Estimation of secondary metabolites revealed that the ethanolic

extract of the liverwortwas having maximum flavonoid (at 100g/mL) and phenolics (at100g/mL). The present study concludes that organic extracts of R. hemisphaerica containpotent antimicrobial constituents for the biocontrol of F. oxysporumf. sp. lycopersiciandE.chrysanthemi. Thus, the herbal formulation of R. hemisphaerica can be used to developnovel biocontrol agent as a substitute of conventional fungicides.

Keywords: Reboulia hemisphaerica, biocontrol,antimicrobial activity, secondary

metaboltes.


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Soil Pollution and Their Effects on Crop Productivity

Kharag Singh, Shri Ram and Santosh Chandra Bhatt

Department of Soil Science,

G.B Pant University of Agriculture &Technology Pantnagar. 263 145

The upper layer of the unsaturated zone of earth is the soil. Soil is the natural body made ofmineral and organic constituents. It is produced by solid material recycling and complex

processes of solid crust modifications. Soil offers shelter, habitat for numerous organisms andis the living medium for plants. Soil is the basis for agriculture. All vegetation for human

food and animal feed depend upon soil. Enormous quantities of waste from man-madeproducts are being released into the soil causing soil pollution. Polluted water also causes soilpollution. Soil pollution is caused due to unhygienic habits, agricultural practices andinappropriate methods of disposal of solid and liquid wastes. Soil pollution is a also caused asa result of atmospheric pollution. In industrialized countries, soil pollution is a result of use ofchemicals in agriculture, dumping of waste materials, mining, smelting of metals and alsodumping of domestic refuse and solids, untreated sewage and industrial wastes.

Soil Microbial Community as a Indicator of Heavy Metal Recovery

Megha Verma, Meenakshi Sati, Megha Bora and J.P.N. Rai

Dept. of Environmental Sciences, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities,

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar

Email: [email protected]

Using plants and microbes are the most common and economically beneficial for heavy metalremoval from soil. Hyperaccumulator, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, plant growth promoting

rhizobacteria have some specific quality for heavy metal removal. Hyperaccumulator plantshave some specific type of genes which can express only in the presence of heavy metals.PGPR were mainly used for assisting plants to uptake nutrients from the environment or

preventing plant diseases. Heavy metal contamination of soil may pose risks and hazards tohumans and the ecosystem. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils is necessary toreduce the associated risks, make the land resource available for agricultural production,enhance food security and scale down land tenure problems arising from changes in the landuse pattern.


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Use of recycled PET Bottles into Value Added Products

Kirti Kesarwani, Aditi Vats and Priyanka1

Dept.of Familiy Resource Managment, G.B Pant University of Agriculture &Technology

Pantnagar. 263 1451Ethelind School of Home Science, S.H.I.A.T.S.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate), more commonly known as PET in the packaging industry andgenerally referred to as polyester in the textile industry. PET is used as a raw material formaking packaging materials such as bottles and containers for packaging a wide range offood products and other consumer goods such as soft drinks, alcoholic

beverages, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and edible oils. PET is one of the

most common consumer plastics used. It is an indispensable material with immenseapplications owing to its excellent physical and chemical properties. On the other hand, dueto its increasing consumption and non-biodegradability, PET waste disposal has createdserious environmental and economic concerns. Thus, management of PET waste has becomean important social issue. In view of the increasing environmental awareness in the society,recycling remains the most viable option for the treatment of waste PET and converting itinto a valuable product. Recycled PET is used to produce fibres, sheet, and containers etc.Recycling of the PET reduce the amount of waste going to landfills and it helps to protect theenvironment. The environmental benefits gained from using recycled raw materials ratherthan virgin materials to make these products include conservation of natural resources as wellas reduced energy consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) and other emissions, and waste goingto landfills.


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Physical Environment as an Environmental Ergonomics

Kumkum Pandey

Department of Family Resource Management,

G.B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar. 263 145

Environmental ergonomics is that physiological and performance effect in occupationalsettings, pertaining to ventilation and pollutants, psychophysical quantification of sound andnoise, vibration full or partial, self and or work items. Therefore increasing numbers ofergonomist in todays competitive world have begun to believe that the physical environmentthat includes light, noise, humidity, vibration dust etc. might have a great impact on

employees' outcomes. There are several research findings indicate that workers outcomes areaffected positively or adversely by the visual, acoustical, and thermal characteristics of theorganization environment such as workers behavior; attitudes; and achievement; personalitydevelopment; workers preferences and comfort. Concrete foundation is crucially needed todiscuss the circumstances of the physical environment in industrial setting. The valuabletheorists mostly cited as guidance is person-environment fit theory (Caplan and VanHarrison, 1993). The match between attributes of the person and attributes of theenvironment reflects the concept of person-environment (PE) fit (Roberts and Robins,2004). This paper will reviews the related concept of physical environment from ergonomics

perspectives which is mostly applied in workplaces setting in order to relate it with thecondition or situation in industrial setting because ergonomics dealt with the scientific studyof the interaction of man, machine and his environment.

Keywords:Ergonomics, acoustic, environment, organizational ergonomics


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Biodiversity Loss Assessment: A Critical Appraisal of Ecology

M. Esakkimuthu1

and Pardeep Kumar2

1Department of Agricultural Communication,2Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding,

G.B Pant University of Agriculture & Technology Pantnagar- 263 145

Important biological causes of the loss of biological diversity include the loss of habitats, theintroduction of exotic species, over harvesting of biodiversity resources, and homogenisationof species in agriculture. The common factor of all these elements is that they are humandriven. This paper analyzes the economic and social root causes behind biodiversity loss. Theanalysis is based on both theoretical considerations and case studies. The firstly demographic

change, although from a theoretical point of view the relation between population pressureand the impact on biodiversity is almost obvious, no systematic attempt has been made so farto analyze this relationship in a quantitative way. The secondly consumption and production

patterns, global increases of energy consumption and the use of natural resources drivehabitat conversion world-wide. In this part of the analysis, particular attention is paid toeconomic growth, poverty and land tenure aspects, as causes of biodiversity loss. Finally,Public policies entail three major elements: perverse policies that provide incentives whichdegrade biodiversity, failure to incorporate the monetary value of biodiversity into decisionmaking and failure to integrate biodiversity concerns as a transversal element into policy.Although there is ample theoretical evidence of the economic, social and political causes of

biodiversity loss, empirical evidence for most of these relationships is fragmented, meager ornon-existent. More research in this area is imperative. It is also most questionable whethercurrent nature-conservation policies provide sufficient answers to these root causes of

biodiversity loss and are able to counteract the loss of biodiversity-related cultural values,biological species and ecosystems in an effective way.

Keywords:Exotic species, input, biodiversity, economic, growth and homogenisation


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Approach of Students towards Sustainable Products

Mamta, Anita Rani and Manisha Gahlot

Department of Clothing and Textiles

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology,Pantnagar-263 145


Sustainable future is the most emergent issue which has been accepted globally with similarseriousness. The efforts have been initiated at global and national level to ensure sustainablefuture by initiation of different products, legislations, etc. But for taking a big leap towardssecure future small steps have to take at grass root level for support our nation. This can be

done by creating awareness among local population about the aspect by which they can makeminutes by effective individual contribution towards the cause of sustainability. Keeping inview the concept of sustainability, a study was planned to assess their knowledge of greenapparel and textiles, a commodity consumed most by general population. The study wasconducted in Kumaon region of Uttarakhand to assess the purchasing practices of youngadult female students and to compare responses of respondents from agricultural andtraditional university. One agricultural and one traditional university were selected for thestudy. The selected agricultural university was G. B. Pant University of Agriculture andTechnology, Pantnagar and traditional university was Kumaun University, Nainital. Theseuniversities were selected purposively because they had sufficient strength of students in thePG courses and accessible by the researcher. Total 244 students were selected as respondents,out of which 122 were agriculture university students and 122 were traditional universitystudents. The findings of the study revealed that the students of agricultural universityconsidered green aspects most of times, were prompted to buy by the quality level of greengoods, their main source of information was internet and they preferred to make purchasealong with their friends. On the other hand students of traditional university considered greenaspects sometimes, were prompted to buy by the recyclable mark on green goods, their mainsource of information was audio visual media and they preferred to make purchase along withtheir parents. The students of two universities preferred to purchase from independent localshops, considered quality, price and style factors and donated their apparel and textile toeither their siblings or maids or to orphanage most of the times.

Keywords: Green apparel, Environment safe, organic, purchasing practices, Sustainable

products


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Conservation and Management of Native Pollen Bees Biodiversity by

Enhancing Habitat Resources: A Perspective

Manish Kumar Yogi and M. S. Khan

Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar-263145


The success of all restoration efforts and indeed, of life depends on a healthy and diversepopulation of native pollinators. Between 60 and 80% of the worlds flowering plants requirea visit from an insect pollinator to be most productive. Native bees contribute significantly tocrop pollination and, on farms with sufficient natural habitat located nearby, may even

provide all of the required pollination for some crops. In order to support the native beecommunity, it is essential to provide suitable nesting sites in addition to floral resources.

Native bees are threatened by factors such as habitat degradation, agricultural intensification,deforestation, pathogens, alien species, climate change and the indiscriminate use ofinsecticides. The easiest approach to supporting native bees in a landscape is to look for

potential nesting areas and then to protect them as best as possible. Additionally, devisingartificial nesting shelters will support their population. A variety of hole diameters intodowned dry wood sections, bundles of paper straws or hollow stems and exposure of pithyinterior of the stems may be employed to further increase nesting opportunities for woodnesting bees. However, to be sustainable, artificial nests need to be maintained over time to

prevent the buildup of parasites and disease. Different species of ground nesting bees nest indifferent soil types, but the soil should be at least 35 percent sand. Making of raised sandbeds edged with lumber or bricks and creating a sandpit by simply digging a pit of 2 or 3 feetdeep, and fill it with fine-grained, pale-colored sand or a sand-loam mixture are practiceswhich build-up the ground nesting bees population. For healthy ecosystems, including agro-ecosystems, diversity and abundance of native bee fauna is important. By providing nestingsites, pollen and nectar sources, and protection from pesticides, a diverse community ofnative bee species will increase. Different native bee genera pollinate different plant speciesand thus they are likely to contribute to increased agricultural productivity and theconservation of the natural biological diversity of the region.


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Tourism Disturbance in National Parks

Meenakshi Bisht

Research scholar, Zoology, S.B.S Govt. P.G. College, Rudrapur

Tourism in national parks is a very important economical source of all over world. Althoughtourism is good for economic growth, it also creates negative impact on national park. Touristcomes in national parks to see the natural beauty of nature and to see the wild life. Theyenjoy it and create many disturbances in national parks also. They generates many type of

pollution such as soil pollution, air pollution, noise pollution, water pollution etc. when alarge number of tourist comes in park then crowding become a big problem of parks

animals and their habitat and on vegetation also. Vehicles in national parks cause soilpollution. Garbage by tourist also affects the parks environment. Thus tourism createdisturbance in national parks by number of ways. So it is very important to protect thenational park and their biodiversity. To protect the national parks it is very important that

people know the importance of national park and importance of biodiversity. And for this wehave to generate awareness among people about environment and wild life. At last the mostimportant way to protect the national park from disturbance is to minimize the tourism innational parks.

Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Bacteria: Process and Mechanisms

Meenakshi Sati, Megha Verma, J.P.N. Rai

During last two decades, extensive attention has been paid on the management ofenvironmental pollution caused by heavy metals. In this regard, several conventionalstrategies have however, been attempted focusing especially on heavy metals removal fromderelict environment, but are expensive, disruptive and less practical under naturalenvironmental conditions. In contrast, biosorption, a relatively young, inexpensive andsocially acceptable technology involves the use of renewable resources like microbes and

plants to tackle heavy metal problems and subsequently to restore the lost fertility of soils.This review highlights the alternative biological agent abundantly present in nature i.e.

bacteria for heavy metals remediation. Bacteria are preferred as biosorbents more than othermicroorganisms because of their high surface-to-volume ratios, high content of potentiallyactive chemosorption sites such as on teichoic acid in their cell walls, their abundance in allenvironments such as water, soil and air and can be easily propagated under laboratoryconditions.

Keywords:Bioremediation, Heavy metal, Pollution, Bacteria, Toxicity


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Soil Humus Formation and its Functions in Agro-ecosystem

Megha Bora, Anil Kumar Shankhwar, Megha Verma and Vir Singh

Department of Environmental Science, College of Basic Science and Humanities,

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, India

E-mail: [email protected]

Soils represent a major pool of about 172 x 1010 t carbon in the cycling of C from theatmosphere to the biosphere and are the habitat for terrestrial photosynthetic organisms,which fix 11 x 10 10 t C per year, about half of which eventually finds its way into soils.Organic matter is mainly present in the top 2030 cm of most soil profiles and is essentiallyan array of organic macromolecules consisting principally of combinations of carbon,oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur. Soil organic matter is commonlymeasured as the quantity of organic carbon. The global pool of organic carbon in soil to adepth of 1 m has been estimated at 1,200 -1,550 Pg (2 m: 2,3702,450 Pg), and as such issignificantly greater than either the biological-biota (560 Pg) or atmospheric (760 Pg) carbon

pools. Almost all organic matter in soil is directly and indirectly derived from plants viaphotosynthesis. Thus atmospheric carbon dioxide is transformed by reduction into simple andcomplex organic carbon compounds, which in combination with key nutrients enable the

plant to function and grow. Carbon dioxide is released directly from plants by respiration, butmost of the fixed carbon is retained and ultimately transferred to the soil ecosystem via a

combination of spatially distinct pathways over a variety of timescales. The most importantpathways are the direct addition of senescent material as above-ground and below-grounddetritus, return of ingested plant matter in animal faeces, and exudation of soluble organiccompounds from roots Organic matter in soils is represented by plant debris or litter invarious stages of decomposition through to humus and includes the living organisms in thesoil.


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Pollinators for Sustainability of Agriculture

S.P.More , Thangjam C. Singh, and G.S.Yurembam


Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture

Department of Irrigation & Drainage Engg



Pollinators and pollination are crucial in the functioning of almost all terrestrial ecosystemsincluding those dominated by agriculture because they are in the front line of sustainable

productivity through plant reproduction. Pollinators are essential for orchard, horticulturaland forage production, as well as the production of seed for many root and fibre crops.Pollinators such as bees, birds and bats affect 35 percent of the worlds crop production byincreasing outputs of 87 out of 124 leading food crops worldwide. Food security, fooddiversity, human nutrition and food prices all rely strongly on animal pollinators. Maintainingand increasing yields in horticultural crops under agricultural development is criticallyimportant to health, nutrition, food security and better farm incomes for poor farmers. Amonginsects, bees, flies, beetles, butterflies, midges, moths, wasps, and weevils are important

pollinators of many crops. Perhaps one-third of our total diet is dependent, directly orindirectly, upon insect pollinated crops. In the past, pollination has been provided by nature atno explicit cost to human communities. As farm fields have become larger, and the use ofagricultural chemicals has increased, mounting evidence points to a potentially seriousdecline in populations of pollinators under agricultural development. Crop pollination keyto food production and security has been little understood, in part because it has been

provided by biodiversity at essentially no cost. As farm fields have become larger, productionsystems have intensified, and the use of agricultural chemicals that impact beneficial insectssuch as pollinators has increased. A result of this is that pollination services are showingdeclining trends in a number of instances. Bees are essential components of almost all of theworlds terrestrial ecosystems. They provide both pollination services, and are excellentindicators of the state of terrestrial environments including responses to global warming.Evaluation of good practices for their impacts on pollinators, and their relative costs and

benefits to farmers and land managers is also useful, since the value of these practices mustwithstand the test of providing sufficient benefits, considering the time, effort and costs ofimplementing them.

Keywords: Cross-pollination, Global warming, Pollinators, Sustainable


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Plant Biodiversity Losses in Ramgarh Hills of Kumaun : Need To Protectand Sustainable Use for Future Generations

Mukesh Singh Mer, Brij Lal Attri, Raj Narayan, Anil Kumar and Arun Kishore

Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Mukteshwar Kumaun 263 138 Uttarakhand

Plant biodiversity including different plant species provide a variety of products like food,fodder, medicines and raw materials to this region. The plants also provide an importantsource of renewable energy. One of the most fundamental values of plant biodiversity is insupplying the food for human, given naturally, therefore we can only domesticated, with wildanimals and different organisms including different food chain. Of the estimated 250,000species of flowering plants at global level, about 3000 are regarded as food source and only200 species out of these have been domesticated. Around 119 pure chemical substancesextracted from some 90 species of higher plants are used in medicines throughout the world.In this region the natural biodiversity rich in fuel and fodder tree Quercus luchotrichophora70 %, Rhododendron 5% , chir pine 8% deodar 2%, Kharshu (Quercus Spp.)10%, andBhimal, Kharik (50 % in other niche of area also presence in cultivable land) etc., before 20years back but till 2014 it remains 40%, 3%, 33%, 2%, 5% with 10% land remains vacant dueto mortality, utilization by peoples and 20% respectively. The ecological niche change orreduced and their effect on socio economic environment due to imbalance in every life. The

various medicinal plants Berberris, Coleus, Gloriosa, Myrica, Oxalis, Asparagus, Bacopa,Dactylorriza, Gloriosa, Kuth, Giloe also less in number due to their highly intensiveharvesting. Fruit plants Pyrusspp., Prunusspp. also found naturally. The biological resourcesmake indirect contributions to the welfare and stability of society. Environmental functionssupport economic activity by recycling important elements like carbon, oxygen and nitrogenand by acting as buffer against excessive variations in weather, climate and other naturalevents outside the control of human beings. The plant density of forest reduce day to day bymore utilization of fuel wood and fodder due to unmanaged harvesting. As natural habitatdeclines, the ecological processes slow down. The rich biodiversity helps in thesustainability/stability for existence, and risk aversion. Constant pressure on most commercialspecies for several decades has resulted into loss of population of such and many of these

have been categorized as endangered. This region rich in very valuable plant biodiversity,rich source of environmental support to provide microclimate, highly potential to capture rainwater percolation in earth gravitational water table, natural organic manure from degradationof leaves, fresh air control the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, reduce soil erosion,

production of leaves and wood for carbon sequestration for socio-economic relation to humanlife but reduction of species and number affect these sustainable ecological system.


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Natural Resource Management for Sustainable Fisheries Development

Rajinder Kaur, Iqra Nazir1and Nandkishor A. Ingole

Department of Fishery Biology, College of Fisheries,1Department of Aquaculture,College of Fisheries

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar- 263 145

Email - [email protected]; [email protected]

Fisheries sector play an important role in India to ensure a stable supply of fish, provideincome and employment opportunities, earn foreign exchange, preserve inland and marineenvironments and traditional fish culture and offer recreational opportunities. Among these,the constant stable supply of fish is by far the most important element directly linked to foodsecurity issues. The government considers production prospects to be a key factor in the foodsecurity problem and the issue of sustainability in terms of food supply. Since the WorldFood Conference of 1974, conditions of world food security have changed profoundly,sustainable agricultural development, including the essential contribution of the fisheriessector has become of utmost importance both to ensure adequate supply of food at affordable

prices and as the main source of economic and social progress for the rural poor community.Food security is now dependent upon a set of circumstances that has political, social andeconomic dimensions not only at the national but also at regional and global levels. The

article deals with the indication that a number of very important issues must be confronted ifthe fisheries sectors in the Indian region are to be able to satisfy the regions prospectivedemands for fish food and to maintain or even increase the contribution of fish to national aswell as regional food security. Unless appropriate policies and management measures aredesigned and implemented, the combination of population increases and economic growth inconjunction with over-exploitation of the resources and serious environmental problems will

place enormous strains upon the sectors capacity to fulfill its expected role in food security.

Keywords:Natural Resource Management and Sustainable Fisheries


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Eco-friendly Pest Management with Host Plant Resistance

Neha Bhatt and Pooja Gangwar


G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar 263 145

Integrated pest management is not a new concept in insect pest management but certainly it isan essential factor in sustainable management of pests. Many insect resistant varieties have

been developed during the past 50 years. Through the efforts of international and nationalworking group of scientists, different pest resistant varieties have been developed fromdifferent parts of the world. Pest resistance is controlled by different allelochemicals,

morphological factors, fiber content, nutrient level, vascular bundle density, leaf trichomedensity etc. Insect resistant varieties greatly increase farming efficiency since insect control isavailable for the cost of only the seed. In addition, research on developing resistant varieties

provides 100- to 300-fold greater returns on investment than research to develop insecticides.Insect resistance has helped to prevent the application of several million tons of insecticidesonto croplands, reduced insecticide rates and applications, and encouraged the use of

biological and cultural insect control practices in integrated insect pest managementprograms. Several examples demonstrate how insect resistant varieties act synergisticallywith both biological and chemical insect control tactics. National agricultural program staffsin many countries should work jointly with scientists located at different centres and farmersshould be trained about the benefits of insect resistant varieties in insect pest management.Effort should be made to incorporate insect resistance genes into locally adapted varietieswhich possess grain quality and yield desirable to specific localized conditions.

Keywords:Host plant resistance, Insect pest


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Impact of Global Climate Change on Insect Pest Dynamics

1Neha Pandey,

2Kiran Bharti and

3A.K. Karnatak

1Department of Entomology, VCSG CoH, UUHF, Bharsar

2Department of Plant Physiology, CBSH

3Dept. of Entomology, College of Agriculture,

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar - 263145,

Email- [email protected]

The wide uncertainties in climate scenarios, regional variation in climate effects accompaniedby modern farming practices have a marked effect on insect pest dynamics. The ecological

balance is changing and there are no simple and widely applicable adaptation prescriptions.Insect pests as well as their potential predators give varied and unpredictable responses toclimate change. Climate change (warmer temperature) has marked impact on survival,fecundity, dispersal and life cycle of insects. Higher rate of growth and reproduction isgenerally observed in insects with increasing global temperature. Insects of mid to highaltitudes are expected to benefit more from climate change because it will lead to their rapidgrowth and development. Trophic interactions are also affected by global climate change.Climate change is aiding the insect pest invasions by widening the invasion niche directly orindirectly. Warmer climate is enhancing the dispersal capacity of various insects by reducingtheir developmental time thus allowing insects to reach their minimum flight capacity sooner.Climate change may make (Integrated Pest Management) solutions less effective and difficult

to implement. Marked change in survival and distribution pattern of insect population has adirect effect on biological control agents which serve as important IPM tool and important

part of sustainable agriculture. Thus to combat the effect of global climate change on pestpopulation dynamics, farmers need to adapt to these changing situations and come to somecommon solutions, although the choice of solutions or adaptations to be made is not an easytask.

Keywords:Insect pest, climate change, IPM , farming


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Need of Technological Innovations in Solving Environmental Problems and

Sustainable Development in Hilly Areas

Nidhi Rawat and Uma Melkania

Department of Environmental Science, CBSH,

G.B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar.


Hills and Mountains are significant resource of water, forests, biodiversity etc., representingthe real potential for development of local communities. However, there are many problemsrelated to human impact in hilly-mountain areas, their degradation, and limitation of

perspectives for sustainable use of mountain resources. The concept of sustainability emerged

within the last two decades with emphasis on development as a process of change in thedirection of investment, orientation of technological with human needs. Poor access of thetechnology and practices in the hill-mountain region is one of the major problems forsustainable development. Hilly regions are more susceptible to climate change or otherenvironmental issue due to topography. Some technologies adopted in hill-mountain regionare watershed management, organic farming, cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants,conservation of soil and water. It is necessary the use of appropriate science and technologyin the Himalayan region for the sustainable development.

Keywords: Environmental issues, Himalayan Region, Hilly-Mountain region, Watershed

Management.


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Microbial Action for Pesticide Degradation A Step Towards Sustainable

Environment

Pankaj, Priyanka Khati, Govind Kumar, Saurabh Gangola and Anita Sharma

Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities

GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar US Nagar-263145

Email:[email protected]

Natural environment has a rich pool of microbial diversity. All the animals, plants and

microbial system(s) interact each other in different ways in an ecosystem. Humaninterference with the nature has disturbed over all biodiversity in devasting manner and use/application of xenobiotic compounds for different purposes is one of them. Xenobioticcompounds such as pesticides are mainly used in agricultural sector to kill insect pests toenhance crop productivity to fulfil the food demands of billions of population globally.Microorganisms play a fundamental role in global recycling of matter by releasing differentelements (C, N, and P&S) from an immense variety of complex organic compounds. Theseelements can be reused by living organisms for their own survival. Bacteria and fungi displayspectacular metabolic versatility in the area of sewage and waste water treatments,degradation of xenobiotics and mineral recovery. At present, approximately 1000 of differentchemical substances are used to enhance agricultural productivity. Bioremediation or

bidegradation of such hazardous compounds from the natural environment is one of thepromising approaches, where complete/ partial transformation of the said compounds intoenvironmentally accepted form is possible. Under natural conditions various potent bacterial,fungal species are used for the degradation of hazardous chemicals in the environment. At

present scientists are working hard to develop a safe, sustainable microbial technology toclean the polluted sites. We can use the microbial culture to remediate the toxic pollutantfrom the environment and maintain natural environmental process.


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Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach for Waste Management

Pardeep Singh1, Rishikesh Singh

2P. K. Mishra

3, Dhanesh Tiwary

2

1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-BHU), Varanasi-221005

2Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development, Banaras Hindu University,

Varanasi-2210053Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT-

BHU), Varanasi-221005

Waste generation has increased as a consequence of increasing urbanization andindustrialization which aimed to provide standard to the escalating human population.

Generation of wastes contribute to a major part of it and further leads to the variousundesirable effects on environment and human health by contaminating water and landresources. Various organic and inorganic matter contents of these wastes are contaminatedwater and soil environments. Several methods have been evolved for the treatment ofwastewater containing such materials; however, they have limited use either due to their costsor associated environmental consequences. Bioremediation is the use of microorganisms forthe degradation of hazardous chemicals in soil, sediments, water, or other contaminatedmaterials. Often the microorganisms metabolize the chemicals to produce CO2 or CH4, waterand biomass. Alternatively, the contaminants may be enzymatically transformed tometabolites that are less toxic or innocuous.Bioremediation process is an integrated approachemploying microbial community such as bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes and earthworm. It is asustainable process for the treatment of such organics-rich solid waste and wastewatergenerated from diverse sources. Further, the solid residue generated in this process has foundto have potential soil macro- and micro-nutrient, thus has its application to use as organicmanure. This process is highly susceptible to various physico-chemical parameters like pH,temperature, moisture content and aeration. These processes have been found to be beneficialat small scale as well as large wastewater treatment by passing it through a batch/continuousreactor. In addition, these processes are found to be sustainably used for conversion of toxic

petrochemical and textile waste to the nontoxic end product. However, more research isrequired for the establishment of bioremediation technique at larger scale and further researchis needed for the holistic analysis of environmental consequences of such products.

Keywords:Bioremediation, Biodegradable wastes, Organic matter and Sustainability.


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Impact of Long Term Chemical Weed Management on Soil Microflora in

Cropping Systems

Pawanika Chandola, Nitin Kumar,Kratika Bhandari, Kiran Bharti,1Arti Bartwal and

S K Guru

Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities1Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences & Humanities

GB Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar US Nagar-263145

The soil microbial community is directly or indirectly affected by natural and anthropogenicfactors. Microbial biomass is a sensitive indicator of changes occurring in soil ecosystem.Among anthropogenic factors, herbicides are of primary importance due to their continuoususe in different cropping systems and crops to control weeds. Herbicides are biologicallyactive compounds, and may lead to significant changes in microbial populations andactivities influencing soil microbial and ecological balance. According to guidelines for theapproval of herbicides, information about their effects on soil microorganisms and soilfertility are required. However contradictory reports are encountered in literature on the effectof herbicides on the growth of various groups of soil microorganisms. Some herbicidesstimulate the growth of microorganisms, but others have depressive or no effects onmicroorganisms. This is due to the interference from various factors of the rhizosphere.Microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria use the herbicide molecule as a food source.

Conditions that favour microbial growth will result in faster degradation of the herbicide,leading to reduced persistence. In our study on the effect of herbicides used in rice- wheatcropping system, an increased bacterial population and respiration was observed in herbicidetreatments in rice crop. Likewise another study in maize crop showed that soil microbial

population was unaffected by the herbicide application. Field applied herbicides in crops atthe recommended rates usually had no significant or consistent effects on the soil biology.However, long term use of herbicides may lead to accumulation of metabolites whose fate isnot evaluated in most of the studies. It is desirable that soil health is continuously monitoredin chemical intensive production system to ensure maintenance of beneficial microflora.


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Phytoremediation: A Biological tool for Alleviation of Metal

Contamination from Soil

Kiran Bharti, Neha Pandey1, Pawanika Chandola, Arti Bartwal

2, Nitin Kumar,

Deepti Shankhdhar and S. C. Shankhdhar

Department of Plant Physiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities1Department of Entomology, Uttarakhand University of Horticulture & Forestry, Bharsar

2Department of Biochemistry, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities

G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, U.S. Nagar. 263145

Imagining the Mother Nature without one of its very important component soil would beincredibly tough. From times immemorial soils importance has been recognised in an Indianhistory. Hosting a number of living species by providing food and shelter it plays a vital rolein maintaining ecological integrity. Regrettably, an astonishing number of anthropogenicactivities are continually being involved in disturbing its composition and structural profile.Industrialization at large scale, dumping of oil and fuel, over application of agrochemicalslike pesticides and fertilizers, civic disorganisation, are among human activities which apartfrom other harmful substances has contaminated the soils with excess of metals. Such

polluted sites cannot be utilized for agriculture leaving the barren land. As a plan of actionthe sites require remediation strategies before utilization. Though the conventional strategieshave been successful in decontaminating soil up to an extent but simultaneously they maydisrupt soil integrity and are expensive as well. Recently, phytoremediation has emerged as a

strategy that is biological in nature and hence expected to conserve the soils int

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Internationl Congress Abstract

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