Internet Protocol Based on notes from D. Hollinger · Internet Control Message Protocol • ICMP is...

1Netprog 2002 TCP/IPNetprog 2002 TCP/IP

IPIPInternet ProtocolInternet Protocol

Based on notes from D. Hollinger


Recall the OSI Model:Recall the OSI Model:

7 Application6 Presentation5 Session4 Transport3 Network2 Data-Link1 Physical

High level protocols

Low level protocols


TCPTCP UDPUDP

IPIP

802.3802.3

Process Layer

Transport Layer

Network Layer

Data-Link Layer

ProcessProcess ProcessProcess

ICMP, ARP &

RARP


IP & OSIIP & OSI

• In OSI reference model terminology -the IP protocol covers the network layer.

• IP can be used on many data-link layers (can support many network hardware implementations).


But First ...But First ...


Ethernet Ethernet -- A Real DataA Real Data--Link LayerLink Layer• It will be useful to discuss a real

data-link layer.• Ethernet (really IEEE 802.3) is

widely used.• Supported by a variety of physical

layer implementations.


EthernetEthernet

• Multi-access (shared medium).• Every Ethernet interface has a unique

48 bit address (a.k.a. hardware address).

• Example: C0:B3:44:17:21:17• The broadcast address is all 1’s.• Addresses are assigned to vendors by

a central authority.


CSMA/CDCSMA/CDCarrier Sense Multiple Access

withCollision Detection

• Carrier Sense: can tell when another host is transmitting

• Multiple Access: many hosts on 1 wire

• Collision Detection: can tell when another host transmits at the same time.


An Ethernet FrameAn Ethernet Frame

• The preamble is a sequence of alternating 1s and 0s used for synchronization.

• CRC is Cyclic Redundancy Check

8 bytes 6 6 2 0-1500 4

Preamble DestinationAddress

SourceAddress Len CRCDATA


Ethernet AddressingEthernet Addressing

• Each interface looks at every frame and inspects the destination address. If the address does not match the hardware address of the interface or the broadcast address, the frame is discarded.

• Some interfaces can also be programmed to recognize multicast addresses.


Back to Back to IPIP


Internet ProtocolInternet ProtocolThe IP in UDP/IP and TCP/IPThe IP in UDP/IP and TCP/IP

• IP is the network layer• packet delivery service (host-to-host).• translation between different data-link

protocols.


IPIP DatagramsDatagrams

• IP provides connectionless, unreliable delivery of IP datagrams.

• Connectionless: each datagram is independent of all others.

• Unreliable: there is no guarantee that datagrams are delivered correctly or at all.


IP AddressesIP Addresses

• IP addresses are not the same as the underlying data-link (MAC) addresses.

Why ?Why ?

Rens

sela

er



• IP is a network layer - it must be capable of providing communication between hosts on different kinds of networks (different data-link implementations).

• The address must include information about what network the receiving host is on. This makes routing feasible.



• IP addresses are logical addresses (not physical)

• 32 bits.• Includes a network ID and a host ID.• Every host must have a unique IP

address.• IP addresses are assigned by a central

authority (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers -- ICANN)


The The fourfour forformats of IP Addressesmats of IP Addresses

00 NetIDNetID

1010

110110 NetIDNetID

1110 Multicast Group ID

HostIDHostID

NetIDNetID HostIDHostID

HostIDHostID

ClassClassAA

BB

CC

DD8 bits 8 bits 8 bits8 bits


Class Al128 possible network IDslover 4 million host IDs per network ID

Class AClass Al128 possible network IDslover 4 million host IDs per network ID

Class Bl 16K possible network IDsl 64K host IDs per network ID

Class BClass Bl 16K possible network IDsl 64K host IDs per network ID

Class Cl over 2 million possible network IDsl about 256 host IDs per network ID

Class CClass Cl over 2 million possible network IDsl about 256 host IDs per network ID


Network and Host IDsNetwork and Host IDs

• A Network ID is assigned to an organization by a global authority.

• Host IDs are assigned locally by a system administrator.

• Both the Network ID and the Host ID are used for routing.



• IP Addresses are usually shown in dotted decimal notation:

1.2.3.4 00000001 00000010 00000011 00000100• cs.rpi.edu is 128.213.1.1

10000000 11010101 00000001 00000001

CS has a class B networkCS has a class B network


Host and Network Host and Network AddressesAddresses• A single network interface is

assigned a single IP address called the host address.

• A host may have multiple interfaces, and therefore multiple hostaddresses.

• Hosts that share a network all have the same IP network address (the network ID).


IP Broadcast and Network IP Broadcast and Network AddressesAddresses• An IP broadcast addresses has a

host ID of all 1s.• IP broadcasting is not necessarily a

true broadcast, it relies on the underlying hardware technology.

• An IP address that has a host ID of all 0s is called a network address and refers to an entire network.


Subnet AddressesSubnet Addresses

• An organization can subdivide it’s host address space into groups called subnets.

• The subnet ID is generally used to group hosts based on the physical network topology.

1010 NetIDNetID SubnetIDSubnetID HostIDHostID


SubnettingSubnettingrouter

Subnet 1128.213.1.x

Subnet 2128.213.2.x

Subnet 3128.213.3.x


SubnettingSubnetting

• Subnets can simplify routing.• IP subnet broadcasts have a hostID of

all 1s.• It is possible to have a single wire

network with multiple subnets.


Mapping IP Addresses to Mapping IP Addresses to Hardware AddressesHardware Addresses• IP Addresses are not recognized

by hardware.• If we know the IP address of a

host, how do we find out the hardware address ?

• The process of finding the hardware address of a host given the IP address is called

Address ResolutionAddress Resolution


Reverse Address ResolutionReverse Address Resolution

• The process of finding out the IP address of a host given a hardware address is called

Reverse Address ResolutionReverse Address Resolution

• Reverse address resolution is needed by diskless workstations when booting.


ARPARP• The Address Resolution Protocol is

used by a sending host when it knows the IP address of the destination but needs the Ethernet address.

• ARP is a broadcast protocol - every host on the network receives the request.

• Each host checks the request against it’s IP address - the right one responds.

Arp Arp!


ARP (cont.)ARP (cont.)

• ARP does not need to be done every time an IP datagram is sent - hosts remember the hardware addresses of each other.

• Part of the ARP protocol specifies that the receiving host should also remember the IP and hardware addresses of the sending host.


ARP conversationARP conversationHEY - Everyone please listen! Will 128.213.1.5 please send me his/her Ethernet address?

not me

Hi Green! I’m 128.213.1.5, and my Ethernet address is 87:A2:15:35:02:C3


RARP conversationRARP conversation

HEY - Everyone please listen! My Ethernet address is 22:BC:66:17:01:75.Does anyone know my IP address ?

not me

Hi Green! Your IP address is 128.213.1.17.


Services provided by IPServices provided by IP

• Connectionless Delivery (each datagram is treated individually).

• Unreliable (delivery is not guaranteed).

• Fragmentation / Reassembly (based on hardware MTU).

• Routing.• Error detection.


IPIP DatagramDatagram

VERS HLFragment Offset

Fragment LengthServiceDatagram ID FLAG

TTL Protocol Header ChecksumSource Address

Destination AddressOptions (if any)

Data

1 byte1 byte 1 byte 1 byte


IPIP DatagramDatagram FragmentationFragmentation• Each fragment (packet) has the

same structure as the IP datagram. • IP specifies that datagram

reassembly is done only at the destination (not on a hop-by-hop basis).

• If any of the fragments are lost - the entire datagram is discarded (and an ICMP message is sent to the sender).


IP Flow Control & Error IP Flow Control & Error DetectionDetection• If packets arrive too fast - the

receiver discards excessive packets and sends an ICMP message to the sender (SOURCE QUENCH).

• If an error is found (header checksum problem) the packet is discarded and an ICMP message is sent to the sender.


ICMPICMPInternet Control Message ProtocolInternet Control Message Protocol

• ICMP is a protocol used for exchanging control messages.

• ICMP uses IP to deliver messages.• ICMP messages are usually

generated and processed by the IP software, not the user process.


ICMP Message TypesICMP Message Types• Echo Request• Echo Response• Destination Unreachable• Redirect• Time Exceeded• Redirect (route change)• there are more ...


IP/BYEIP/BYE--BYEBYE

• IP/BYE-BYE is a lecture protocol used to signal the class that we have just finished our discussion of IP - the network layer of UDP/IP and TCP/IP.

• The appropriate response to an IP/BYE-BYE request is immediate applause, although simply opening your eyes is enough (known as a WAKEUP response).


UDP User UDP User Datagram Datagram ProtocolProtocol

• UDP is a transport-layer protocol• communication between processes

• UDP uses IP to deliver datagramsto the right host.


PortsPorts

• UDP/IP uses an abstract destination point called a protocol port.

• Ports are identified by a positive integer.• Operating systems provide some

mechanism that processes use to specify a port.


PortsPortsHost AHost A Host BHost B

Process

Process

Process

Process

Process

Process


UDPUDP• Datagram Delivery• Connectionless• Unreliable• Minimal

Source Port Destination Port

Length Checksum

Data

UDPUDP DatagramDatagram FormatFormat


TCPTCPTransmission Control ProtocolTransmission Control Protocol• TCP is an alternative transport layer

protocol supported by TCP/IP.• TCP provides:

•Connection-oriented•Reliable•Full-duplex•Byte-Stream


TCP vs. UDPTCP vs. UDPQ: Which protocol is better ?Q: Which protocol is better ?A: It depends on the application.A: It depends on the application.

TCP provides a connectionTCP provides a connection--oriented, reliable oriented, reliable byte stream service (lots of overhead).byte stream service (lots of overhead).

UDP offers minimalUDP offers minimal datagramdatagram delivery service delivery service (as little overhead as possible).(as little overhead as possible).


HmmmmmHmmmmm. TCP or UDP ?. TCP or UDP ?

• Internet commerce ?• Video server?• File transfer?• Email ?• Chat groups?• Robotic surgery controlled remotely

over a network?

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Internet Protocol Based on notes from D. Hollinger · Internet Control Message Protocol • ICMP is...

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