Interpersonal & Group Interpersonal & Group BehaviourBehaviour

Swati VisputeSwati Vispute

Interpersonal BehaviourInterpersonal Behaviour

Interpersonal situations, relationships and Interpersonal situations, relationships and processes are those that occur one to one processes are those that occur one to one between two persons, not necessarily face to between two persons, not necessarily face to face.face.

Behaviour and Skills Approach to Behaviour and Skills Approach to Interpersonal RelationshipsInterpersonal Relationships

Behavioural approach suggest importance of Behavioural approach suggest importance of observing, understanding, learning and observing, understanding, learning and improving behaviourimproving behaviour

Managers can well manage skills of Managers can well manage skills of persuasion, negotiation, influence and persuasion, negotiation, influence and impression, exchange of support, contribution, impression, exchange of support, contribution, etc.etc.

Behaviour and Skills Approach to Behaviour and Skills Approach to Interpersonal RelationshipsInterpersonal Relationships

Competence

Succeeding at goal, choosing what we effectively judge as appropriate acts

Skill

Acting towards Goal (Goal directed behaviour at will)

Ability

Capacity for Action (Potential to act)

Basic skills Basic skills

Listening, Questioning and PresentingListening, Questioning and PresentingListening = accurately interpreting what is being said Listening = accurately interpreting what is being said

and making meaning out of the other’s message, and making meaning out of the other’s message, including non-verbal contentincluding non-verbal content

Questioning = asking for information in addition to Questioning = asking for information in addition to what others are sharing without seeming to what others are sharing without seeming to investigate, interrogate the other person, or investigate, interrogate the other person, or intruding upon or invading their private boundariesintruding upon or invading their private boundaries

Presenting = sharing informationPresenting = sharing information

Basic skillsBasic skills

Facilitating and Supporting OthersFacilitating and Supporting OthersLike helping a person improve his/her performance, Like helping a person improve his/her performance,

help in identifying an opportunity, recognize help in identifying an opportunity, recognize strengths and develop strategiesstrengths and develop strategies

Basic skillsBasic skills

Asserting SelfAsserting SelfActing or communicating in ways that are realistic, Acting or communicating in ways that are realistic,

polite, aimed at maintaining respect for self as well polite, aimed at maintaining respect for self as well as others and not being either aggressive or as others and not being either aggressive or submissive.submissive.

Basic skillsBasic skills

NegotiatingNegotiatingHelps interdependent parties agree on who will do Helps interdependent parties agree on who will do

what, so that their potentially conflicting what, so that their potentially conflicting objectives can be fully or partially be achieved objectives can be fully or partially be achieved through exchange.through exchange.

Basic skillsBasic skills

Working with GroupsWorking with GroupsContribute positively to the group processes, and act Contribute positively to the group processes, and act

in ways that can make the group more effective.in ways that can make the group more effective.

Frameworks for Interpersonal StylesFrameworks for Interpersonal Styles

FIRO-B (Fundamental Interpersonal FIRO-B (Fundamental Interpersonal Relationship Orientation – Behaviour)Relationship Orientation – Behaviour) An instrument helps to understand a person’s An instrument helps to understand a person’s

interpersonal orientation towards several aspects.interpersonal orientation towards several aspects.

FIRO-BFIRO-B

Two basic positions:Two basic positions:1.1. Every individual has three fundamental Every individual has three fundamental

needs: inclusion, control, and affectionneeds: inclusion, control, and affection2.2. Inclusion, affection and control can help us Inclusion, affection and control can help us

predict and explain interpersonal phenomenapredict and explain interpersonal phenomena Some needs are experienced but not Some needs are experienced but not

expressed and vice versa.expressed and vice versa. Each of the three needs shape behaviour, Each of the three needs shape behaviour,

feelings and a person’s self concept.feelings and a person’s self concept.

Wanting and Wanting and expressing in terms expressing in terms of of

LevelLevel

BehaviourBehaviour FeelingFeeling Self-conceptSelf-concept

InclusionInclusion – include – include others, be included others, be included by othersby others

Interaction and Interaction and associationassociation

Mutual interest Mutual interest with peoplewith people

Self is significant Self is significant and worthwhileand worthwhile

ControlControl – control – control others, be controlled others, be controlled by othersby others

Control and Control and powerpower

Competence and Competence and responsiblenessresponsibleness

Assurance that Assurance that one is a competent one is a competent and responsible and responsible personperson

AffectionAffection – love – love others and be loved others and be loved by othersby others

Love and Love and affectionaffection

A feeling of A feeling of mutual affection mutual affection with otherswith others

Need to feel that Need to feel that self is lovableself is lovable

FIRO-BFIRO-B

In each of the three areas, the interpersonal In each of the three areas, the interpersonal behaviour of an individual towards others can behaviour of an individual towards others can be:be: Deficient – where the person is not trying directly Deficient – where the person is not trying directly

to satisfy the existing needs,to satisfy the existing needs, Excessive – where the person constantly tries to Excessive – where the person constantly tries to

satisfy this need and satisfy this need and Ideal – where the needs exists and is satisfied.Ideal – where the needs exists and is satisfied.

FIRO-BFIRO-B

This framework highlights that the satisfaction This framework highlights that the satisfaction of these needs require that a person achieves of these needs require that a person achieves equilibrium in three different areas between equilibrium in three different areas between self and others, at the levels of experience and self and others, at the levels of experience and expression.expression.

A satisfactory balance between both must be A satisfactory balance between both must be established and maintained for which we need established and maintained for which we need congruence between what we feel and what we congruence between what we feel and what we express.express.

Frameworks for Interpersonal StylesFrameworks for Interpersonal Styles

• Transactional Styles in Interpersonal Transactional Styles in Interpersonal Relationships : TARelationships : TA• It is the framework for a specific theory of It is the framework for a specific theory of

Personality and Group Dynamics.Personality and Group Dynamics.• It is an analysis of Transactions that go on between It is an analysis of Transactions that go on between

human beings and who are interacting with each human beings and who are interacting with each other….(that) explains why people differ from other….(that) explains why people differ from each other and behave the way they do with each each other and behave the way they do with each other.other.

Transactional AnalysisTransactional Analysis

Basic assumptions:Basic assumptions:

All individuals experience hunger and need forAll individuals experience hunger and need for

1.1. Strokes (craving for stimulus) – units of Strokes (craving for stimulus) – units of recognitionrecognition

2.2. Structure (craving for structure) – can be Structure (craving for structure) – can be achieved through various ways like rituals, achieved through various ways like rituals, games, activities etc.games, activities etc.

3.3. Meaning (existential hunger) in life.Meaning (existential hunger) in life.

Transactional AnalysisTransactional Analysis

Strokes- help use feel loved. In the form of care, Strokes- help use feel loved. In the form of care, nurturing, approval, smilenurturing, approval, smile

Transactions – it can be understood as a set of a Transactions – it can be understood as a set of a stimulus and a response when people engage stimulus and a response when people engage themselves in communication or social exchange. It themselves in communication or social exchange. It can be a ‘unit of measuring behaviour’.can be a ‘unit of measuring behaviour’.

Ego states – a coherent system of feelings which Ego states – a coherent system of feelings which motivates a related set of behaviour patterns. Parent, motivates a related set of behaviour patterns. Parent, Adult and Child. It governs the attitude and behaviourAdult and Child. It governs the attitude and behaviour

Transactional AnalysisTransactional Analysis

Complementary Transactions, Complementary Transactions, Crossed Transactions, and Crossed Transactions, and Covert TransactionsCovert Transactions

Transactional AnalysisTransactional Analysis

TATA

Complementary Transactions

TATACrossed Transaction

TATA

Covert TransactionCovert Transaction While verbal message, which is socially While verbal message, which is socially

appropriate and acceptable, is addressed to on ego appropriate and acceptable, is addressed to on ego state of a person, the message has another hidden state of a person, the message has another hidden or implied content that is aimed at another ego or implied content that is aimed at another ego state of that person.state of that person.

The expectation is that the covert, and not the overt The expectation is that the covert, and not the overt message will have psychological impact, will message will have psychological impact, will ‘hook’ the desired ego state of the respondent and ‘hook’ the desired ego state of the respondent and will fetch the desired response.will fetch the desired response.

TATA

Covert Transaction

Group DynamicsGroup Dynamics

Group: if group exists in an organization, its Group: if group exists in an organization, its members:members: Are motivated to joinAre motivated to join Perceive the group as a unified unit of interacting peoplePerceive the group as a unified unit of interacting people Contribute in various amounts to the group processesContribute in various amounts to the group processes Reach agreements and have disagreements through various Reach agreements and have disagreements through various

forms of interactionforms of interaction Group dynamics: describes how a group should be Group dynamics: describes how a group should be

organized and conducted.organized and conducted.

Group FormationGroup Formation

FormingForming StormingStorming NormingNorming PerformingPerforming Adjourning Adjourning

Dysfunctions of Groups and TeamsDysfunctions of Groups and Teams

Norm violation and Role ambiguity/ conflictNorm violation and Role ambiguity/ conflict The Groupthink, conformity problemThe Groupthink, conformity problem Risky shift phenomenonRisky shift phenomenon Dysfunctions in perspectiveDysfunctions in perspective Social loafingSocial loafing

Teams in modern workplaceTeams in modern workplace

Cross-functional teamsCross-functional teams Virtual teamsVirtual teams Self-managed teamsSelf-managed teams

How to make teams more effectiveHow to make teams more effective

Team buildingTeam building Collaboration Collaboration Group leadershipGroup leadership Cultural/ global issuesCultural/ global issues