Intoductio to Pharma Lecture

8/3/2019 Intoductio to Pharma Lecture

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INTRODUCTION TOPHARMACOLOGY


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Pharmacology

It came from the Greek word:pharmakon (drug) and logy(science/study)

A science concerned with the history,sources and physical and chemicalproperties of drugs as well as the waysin which drugs affect living systems

Study of drugs and their actions tothe body.


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The preparation and administration of

medication is almost a daily task of a nurseand is accompanied by great deal ofresponsibility.

The nurse can only administer drugs

prescribed by the physician; however, she islegally responsible or accountable for the safeadministration of medications.

Once the drug is administered, the nurse

becomes liable for the predicted effects of thatdrug.


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History of Pharmacology

Alcohol and opium- first medicinal agentsused as narcotic analgesics.

Cradle of Pharmacology- credited toAncient Egypt. Ebers Papyrus- 700 different remedies used

to treat specific ailments. EBERS MEDICALPAPYRUS- earliest book devoted tomedicine.

Dioscorides prepared by De Materica

Medica, which described 600 differentplants and classified them by substancerather than the disease they were intendedto treat;source of pharmaceutical knowledge

in the 16th

century.


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Paracelsus- advocated the use of single drugsrather than the mixture or potions, as amean of treating disease.

all things are poisons, for there isnothing without poisonous qualities. It isonly the dose which make a thingpoison.

He was considered as the FATHER OFPHARMACOLOGY

William Harvey (17th century)- explained howdrugs exert theirbeneficial or harmful effects

through the circulation of blood in the bodyand introduced IV administration. Francois Magendie and Claude Bernard (19th

century)- demonstrated that certain drugs

work at specific sites of action within thebody.


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Golden age of Pharmacology

Lister and Semmelweis- introduced theuse of antiseptic to prevent infectionduring surgery.

Ehrlich- discovered antibiotics.

Frederick Banting and Charles Best-discovered insulin

20th century- developed thousand ofdrugs; which also altered the practice of

medicine.


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SUBDIVISIONS OF PHARMACOLOGY PHARMACODYNAMICS- study of the

biochemical and physiological effects of drugs aswell as drugs mechanism of action. WHAT THE DRUG DOES TO THEBODY?

PHARMACOKINETICS- study of the absorption,distribution, biotransformation and excretion ofdrugs.

WHAT THE BODY DOES TO THE

DRUG? PHARMACOTHERAPEUTICS- study of how

drugs may be used in the treatment of illnesses;study of which drug would be most or least

appropriate to use for a specific disease.


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PHARMACOGNOSY- study of drugs derivedfrom herbal and othernatural sources; study of

the origin of drugs. TOXICOLOGY- study of poisonous effects of

drugs. PHARMACY- study of techniques in the

preparation, compounding, dispensing andstorage of drugs for medicinal use.


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questions???....


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DRUGS


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DRUGS.

A chemical substance that affects livingsystems by changing their structure orfunction.

Any substance or mixture of substances

used in the diagnosis, treatment andprevention of diseases.


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SITES OF DRUG ACTIONo LOCAL- the action is on the site of

drugs applied.oE.g. ointments

o SYSTEMIC OR GENERAL- via the

circulation of the blood and the action isthrough the different parts of the body.`


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SOURCES OF DRUGS

PLANTS- obtained from the dry roots, barks,leaves, flowers and seeds of medicinal plantsare prepared for medicinal use.

ANIMALS- obtained from glands and other

internal organs of animals. MINERAL/ MINERAL PRODUCTS- taken from

free elements, both metallic and non- metallicand they are usually in the form of bases, acids

and salts. CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES- agents that may bemade in the laboratory or syntheticallyprepared.


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SIX MAJOR USES OF DRUGS1. SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT- the most

common drug use; drugs used to relieve diseasesymptoms.

e.g. aspirin to relieve headache andfever

2. PREVENTIVE DRUGS- help the body avoiddisease.

e.g. hepatitis vaccine3. DIAGNOSTIC DRUGS- help the physician

determine whether a disease is present.e.g. radiopaque dyes


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4. CURATIVE DRUGS- eliminate the disease.e.g. antibiotics

5. HEALTH MAINTENANCE DRUGS- help keepthe body functioning normally.

e.g. insulin

6. CONTRACEPTIVE DRUGS- preventpregnancy.

e.g. oral pills


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DRUG NOMENCLATURE CHEMICAL NAME atomic/molecular

structure of drug. GENERIC NAME/NON-PROPERTY NAME

original designation given to the drug whenthe drug company applies for approval

patents- universally accepted & not capitalized;before drug becomes official, used in allcountries

- protected by law; not capitalized TRADE/BRAND/PROPRIETY NAME -namegiven by the drug company that developed it.


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- followed by the symbol R or TM, 1st letter iscapitalized.

Example: chemical name acetylsalicylic acid

generic name aspirin trade name aspilet


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CLASSIFICATION OF DRUGS1. PRESCRIPTION or LEGEND DRUGS- these

are drugs thatcannot be purchased withouta prescription.

Prescription- a written order formedication or other forms oftherapy, which specifies precisely thename of the drug and the dosage.

Components of a Prescription:o Descriptive patient information-

name, address, age and sex of thepatient

o dateo The Rx Symbol- Prescription


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o Name and dosage strength of themedication

o Dispensing instructions for the pharmacists number sign (#)

o Signa or directions for the client-abbreviated as sig. or Sig.

o Prescribers name, signature and licensenumber


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2. NONPRESCRIPTION or OVER-the-COUNTER(OTC) DRUGS- drugs that may be legallyacquired by the client without a prescription

order.3. INVESTIGATIONAL or EXPERIMENTAL DRUGS-

drugs that may be used for clinical testing. Beforea drug is to be marketed, series of studies are

being performed.3 phases:Phase I- evaluation of drug in normal human

volunteers.

Phase II- more detailed evaluation in normalsubjects and initial trials for people with diseaseintended for a certain drug.

Phase III- broad clinical trials to evaluate

usefulness and effectiveness.


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o Human volunteers must sign informed consentand understand potential hazards but they may

withdraw at any time.4. ILLICIT or STREET DRUGS- used anddistributed illegally. These drugs may be:

Not legal for sale under any circumstances.May be sold legally under certaincircumstances (with a prescription) butmanufactured illegally or stolen fromnormal channels of distribution.

Used for non- medical purposes, generallyto alter mood or feeling.


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DRUG STANDARDS and LEGISLATIONa. AMERICAN DRUG STANDARDS

United States Pharmacopeia NationalFormulary (USP-NF)- the source ofdrug standards for drug quality andstrength, client safety and dosage form.

b. INTERNATIONAL DRUG STANDARDS International Pharmacopeia (IP) or

Pharmacopoeia Internationalis-published by WHO in an attempt tostandardized drugs. The nomenclatureof drugs is in Latin and all doses are inmetric system.


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c. DRUG LEGISLATIONFood and Drug Administration (FDA) of 1938-

prevents the manufacture of poisonous and

deleterious drug, food or liquor.Controlled Substances Act (CSA) of 1970-

promotes drug education and research toprevent drug abuse.

Dangerous Drug Act of 1972 or R.A. 6425-prohibits the sole administration , possession oruse of unlawful prescription of prohibiteddrugs.

Generic Act of 1988 or R.A. 6675- an act topromote,require and ensure the production ofadequate supply, distribution, use andacceptance of drugs and medicines identifiedby theirgeneric names.


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DOSAGE

FORMS


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A. SOLID PREPARATIONS

1. TABLETS- are preparations of powdered drugwhich are compressed or molded in a small disksand they may differ in size, shape and color. Mostcontain cornstarch as disintegrating agents.

Different forms:Scored tablet- facilitate convenient division.


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Enteric coated tablet- prevents tablet fromdissolving in the stomach. It is attracted to the

alkaline environment of the small intestine.

Layered tablet- separates doses and has differentdissolution time.


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Pills- single dose unit tablets.

2. CAPSULES- a drug is enclosed in a smallglobular or cylindrical container made of somedigestible or soluble material such as gelatinwhich may be hard or soft.


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Different forms of capsules: hard gelatin capsule- consists of two

parts which slide together to enclose thepowdered drug.

Soft gelatin capsule- designed toencapsulate medicinal liquids.


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Sustained-action/ sustained-release/ timerelease capsule- contains beads which aredesigned to release drugs at different rateswhile passing through the GIT.

3. LOZENGES OR TROCHES- are flat round or

rectangular preparation held in the mouthuntil they dissolve to furnish medication of thetissues of the oral cavity or throat.


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4. POWDERS- a preparation in the form of fine

particles either of a single drug in combinationwrapped separately in powder papers.


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B. LIQUID PREPARATIONS (Solutions) Solution- aqueous liquid preparations

containing one or more substances completelydissolved.Solute is a dissolved substance;Solventis the substance in which solute is

dissolved (water).Different forms: Syrup- concentrated solution of sucrose in

distilled water, which usually contains medical

ingredients.


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Suspension- a solution which contains soliddrug particles that are suspended in a suitableliquid medium. It is applied orally, through the

skin or by injection but NEVER via intravenous.


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Tincture- a solution of substance usually non-volatile plants is alcohol or in mixture of alcohol

and other.

Spirit- alcoholic solutions of volatile drugs, alsoknown as essences.


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Magma- suspension of inorganic substance inwater, the amount of precipitated material isvery large in comparison with the volume of

water and the resultant substance is thick andwhitish.

Elixir- solutions containing alcohol, sugar andwater. Used primarily when drug willnnotdissolve in water.


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Emulsion- dispersion of small droplet of

water in oil or oil in water.


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C. TOPICAL PREPARATIONS (External Use) Lotion- may be clear solution, suspension or

emulsion. It contains water, alcohol and other

solutions. It is applied on the skin which mayserve as protection, astringent, cleanser andanti- pruritic.

Spray- supplied by an atomizer to a diseasepart usually to the nose or throat or burns.


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Ointment- a greasy, semi-solid preparation, nowater contents and not water removable.

Cream- usually white, non-greasy, semi-solidpreparation and can be removed by water.


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Gel or jelly- usually clear or translucent, semi-solid but liquefies upon application to the skin.

Tape or patch- patch-like device, which releasedrug gradually through the skin and into theblood stream.


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Suppository- a solid preparation molded intoshape suitable for insertion into an externalorifice of the body such as rectum.


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D. PARENTERAL PREPARATIONSAmpules- glass containers that usually contain a

single dose of medication.

Vials- glass containers that contain one or moredoses of a sterile medication.


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Large Volume Solution Containers- intravenoussolutions that available in both glass and plastic

containers in a variety of types andconcentrations.


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Go confidently inthe direction of your

dreams. Live the lifeyou haveimagined.

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Intoductio to Pharma Lecture

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