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Italiano II Il 16 di ottobre 2017
Italiano II Il 16 di ottobre 2017
Benvenuti!!!!
PASSATO PROSSIMOObiettivo To describe what you have just done and to ask others what they have done……
Using the Passato Prossimo with AVERE
Il Passato Prossimo a continuare…
Stasera, avete bisogno di fare:
Il quaderno di casa (home journal) Fate il lavoro usando il pasato prossimo! Non dimnenticare!
COMPITI-Per domani, il 17 di ottobre 2017
Il lavoro importante da scrivere per un voto e’:
A Tradurre lo sequente: Translate the following into Italian-
On looseleaf full heading
1. I studied last night2. She bought the book yesterday and she read the book today.3. She opened the door and she left.4. She told the truth.5. She finished the homework6. She turned the light on.7. They closed the door8. She read the book.9. She turned the light off.10. They wrote the letter.
TRANSITIVE VERBS-
Transitive verbs are like rapid transitThey take you from one place to another…….
Transitive Verbs
A transitive verb is one that is used with an object: a noun, phrase, or pronoun that refers to
the person or thing that is affected by the action of the verb.
In the following sentences, admire, maintain, face, and love are transitive verbs:
I admire your courage.
We need to maintain product quality.
I couldn’t face him today.
She loves animals.
Some transitive verbs can be used with a direct object and an indirect object:Liz brought her a glass of water.
[indirect object] [direct object]
He sent her a letter.
[indirect object] [direct object]
Here is a short list of some common verbs that can take a direct and indirect object:
Verb Example
give Pat gave me a book for my birthday.
buy Can I buy you a drink?
pass Paul passed her a cup of coffee.
make Shall I make us some lunch?
sell Jenny was trying to sell me her car.
take We took Maria some flowers and wine.
show Show me your holiday photos.
offer The company has offered me a job.
leave Leave me a message and I’ll get back to you.
wish Everyone wished us all the best for the future.
lend Could you lend me £20?
cost Ben’s mistake cost him his job.
Intransitive verbsAn intransitive verb does not have an object. In the following sentences, cry, work, laugh,
and talk are intransitive verbs:
The baby was crying.
I work for a large firm in Paris.
They laughed uncontrollably.
We talked for hours.
Transitive and intransitive verbsMany verbs can be transitive or intransitive. For example:
The choir sang carols. [transitive]Pete always sings in the bath. [intransitive]She left London on June 6. [transitive]I want to leave early. [intransitive] Here is a short list of some common verbs that can be transitive or intransitive:
Verb Transitive Intransitive
move Could you move your car please? The trees were moving in the breeze.
start Taylor was found guilty of starting the fire.
The match starts at 3 p.m.
change Marriage hasn’t changed her. The area’s changed greatly in the last decade.
close Close your eyes; I’ve got a surprise for you.
Most shops here close at 5.30 p.m.
open Open the window; it’s too hot in here!
The museum opens at 10 a.m.
stop Greg tried to stop her from leaving. When the rain stopped, we went for a walk
do Have you done your coursework? Joe’s doing well in his new job.
set Kate set a chair next to the bed. The sun was setting and a red glow filled the sky.
run Michelle used to run a restaurant. The path ran over the hill.
live Our cat lived till he was 10. He was living a life of luxury abroad.
wash Have you washed your hands? I washed, dressed, and went out.
write Write your name here. Kevin couldn’t read or write.
A compound tense -that uses the helping verb avere and a past participle
How to form a past participle:
Compound tenses such as the passato prossimo are formed with the present indicative of the auxiliary verb avere or essere and the past participle (participio passato). The past participle of regular verbs is formed by dropping the infinitive ending -are, -ere, or -ire and adding the appropriate final ending: -ato, -uto, or -ito(see tables below).
USING AUXILIARY VERB (HELPING VERB) AVEREThe appropriate tense of avere or essere (called the auxiliary or helping verbs) and the past participle of the target verb forms the verb phrase.
Avere is used in a myriad of grammatical and linguistic situations. Learning the many conjugations and uses of the verb is crucial to the study of the Italian language.
In general, transitive verbs are conjugated with avere. Transitive verbs express an action that carries over from the subject to the direct object: The teacher explains the lesson.
The past participle is invariable when the passato prossimo is constructed with avere.
Oggi Anna non lavora perchè ha lavorato ieri.Today Anna isn't working because she worked yesterday.The others worked yesterday too.Anche gli altri hanno lavorato ieri.
When the past participle of a verb conjugated with avere is preceded by the third person direct object pronouns lo, la, le, or li, the past participle agrees with the preceding direct object pronoun in gender and number.
Avere is an irregular verb (un verbo irregolare); it does not follow a predictable pattern of conjugation.
USING AUXILIARY VERB ESSEREWhen using essere, the past participle always agrees in gender and number with the subject of the verb. It can, therefore, have four endings: -o, -a, -i, -e. In many cases intransitive verbs (those that cannot take a direct object), especially those expressing motion, are conjugated with the auxiliary verb essere.
The verb essere is also conjugated with itself as the auxiliary verb.
Some of the most common verbs that form compound tenses with essere include:
andare —to go arrivare—to arrive cadere—to fall, to drop costare—to cost crescere—to grow diventare—to become durare—to last, to continue entrare—to enter morire—to die nascere—to be born partire—to leave, to depart restare—to stay, to remain tornare—to return uscire—to exit venire—to come
REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ARE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcamminare (to walk)—camminatoimparare (to learn)—imparatolavare (to wash)—lavatotelefonare (to telephone)—telefonato
REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -ERE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcredere (to believe)—credutosapere (to know)—saputotenere (to keep)—tenuto
REGULAR PAST PARTICIPLES OF -IRE VERBSINFINITIVE FORM—PAST PARTICIPLEcapire (to understand)—capitofinire (to finish)—finito(to accept)—graditosentire (to feel, to smell)—sentito
Below are examples of the passato prossimo with conjugated forms of the verb avere.
PASSATO PROSSIMO WITH REGULAR VERBSPERSON IMPARARE (TO
LEARN)CREDERE (TO
BELIEVE)CAPIRE (TO
UNDERSTAND)(io) ho imparato ho creduto ho capito(tu) hai imparato hai creduto hai capito(lui, lei, Lei)
ha imparato ha creduto ha capito
(noi) abbiamo imparato
abbiamo creduto
abbiamo capito
(voi) avete imparato avete creduto avete capito(loro, hanno imparato hanno creduto hanno capito
PERSON IMPARARE (TO LEARN)
CREDERE (TO BELIEVE)
CAPIRE (TO UNDERSTAND)
Loro)
Watch Now: How to Order Coffee or Cappuccino in Italian
Obiettivo 4B parte IV
PARTE I
IL PASSATO PROSSIMO!
The Passato Prossimo
The Passato Prossimo is one of the most commonly used past tenses in Italian. It is a compound tense, therefore the auxiliary verbs avere and essere are used in conjugation. Note that the following conjugations are both irregular.Avere- to have
Io hoTu haiLui/Lei haNoi abbiamoVoi aveteLoro hanno
Essere- to beIo sonoTu seiLui/Lei èNoi siamoVoi sieteLoro sono
The Past Participle
The past participle is used with the verbs avere and essere to form the passato prossimo. To form the past participle, the ending of the verb (-are, -ere, -ire) are changed as follows:
verbs ending in -are take -ato for their past participle (example: parlare changes to parlato)verbs ending in -ere take -uto for their past participle (example: vendere changes to venduto)verbs ending in -ire take -ito for their past participle (example: finire changes to finito)
Note that the past participle of avere is avuto and the past participle of essere is stato.Formation of the Passato Prossimo with Avere
To form the passato prossimo, you have to use avere or essere plus the past participle. Most verbs take avere for the passato prossimo; all reflexive verbs take essere and a few select verbs of motion take essere.For now, we’ll deal with the verbs that take avere. First, you conjugate avere for the appropriate subject, then place the past participle after it.
Example: parlare- to speakIo ho parlatoTu hai parlatoLui/Lei ha parlatoNoi abbiamo parlatoVoi avete parlatoLoro hanno parlato
The literal translation of this is I have spoken, you have spoken, he/she has spoken, etc. However, this tense is the main past tense used in Italian and can
be loosely translated as I spoke, you spoke, he/she spoke, etc. Note that almost all verbs are conjugated this way with the passato prossimo.
PASATO PROSSIMOItalian “Passato prossimo” is one of the tense of the past that we use when we talk about actions, events and facts which happened in the past (not long ago); it is a compound tense (formed with 2 words).
The first one is the present tense (presente) of “avere” or “essere” (in italian we have 2 auxiliary verbs: we do not use only “to have = avere“); the second word is the past participle (= participio passato) of the verb that I have to conjugate.
Be carefully: the negation “NON” comes before the auxilliary verb.E.g. Ieri notte non ho dormito (= I didn’t sleep last night). Ieri non sono andato/a a scuola (I didn’t go to school yesterday)
Italian regular “participio passato”
-are > -ato -ere > -uto -ire > -ito
Parlare > parlato Avere > avuto Partire > part
–
Italian “Passato prossimo” (verbs that use the auxiliary (helping verb) “Avere” = to have):We used auxiliary “Avere” when: The verbs can have something (an object) after them: these verb are “transitivi =
transitive” verbs (they are marked in every Italian dictionary with “tr.”) e.g.
“mangiare = to eat (qualcosa = something)”; “sapere = to know (qualcosa = something)” or “sentire = to hear (qualcosa o qualcuno = something or somebody)”
Few intransitive verbs as “camminare/passeggiare = to walk”; “viaggiare = to journey”; “sciare = to ski” and “nuotare = to swim”.
[Be carefully: when the auxiliary is “avere”, the past participle (il participio passato) does not change!]
-are -ere -ire
Ho mangiato Ho saputo Ho sentito
Hai mangiato Hai saputo Hai sentito
Ha mangiato Ha saputo Ha sentito
Abbiamo mangiato Abbiamo saputo Abbiamo sentito
Avete mangiato Avete saputo Avete sentito
Hanno mangiato Hanno saputo Hanno sentito
Some examples:– Ieri ho mangiato gli spaghetti a casa di Maria. E tu? Cosa hai mangiato?– Io non ho mangiato: ho lavorato tutto il giorno.
– Ho saputo/sentito che Paolo ha trovato (= to find) un nuovo lavoro…– Sì, però ora abita (=to live) a Torino
– L’anno scorso (=last year) ho studiato l’italiano– Anche io (= me too)
– Irregular past participles
Italian irregular “participio passato”
Infinito > participio passato Auxiliary English infinitive
Aprire > aperto Ho aperto To open
Bere > bevuto Ho bevuto To drink
Chiedere > chiesto Ho chiesto To ask
Chiudere > chiuso Ho chiuso To close
Cuocere > cotto Ho cotto To cook
Decidere > deciso Ho deciso To decide
Dire > detto Ho detto To tell
ESSERE > stato Sono stato/a To be
Fare > fatto Ho fatto To do/ to make
Leggere > letto Ho letto To read
Mettere > messo Ho messo To put
Morire > morto Sono morto/a To die
Nascere > nato Sono nato/a To be born
Perdere > perso Ho perso To lose
Prendere > preso Ho preso To take
Rimanere > rimasto Sono rimasto/a To stay/to remain
Scegliere > scelto Ho scelto To choose
Scrivere > scritto Ho scritto To write
Spegnere > spento Ho spento To turn off
Succedere > successo E’ successo/a To happen
Vedere > visto Ho visto To see
Venire > venuto Sono venuto/a To come
Vincere > vinto Ho vinto To win
SAPERE/CONOSCERE
IndicativoPresenteio sotu sailui sanoi sappiamovoi sapeteloro
Sanno
Passato prossimoio ho saputotu hai saputolui ha saputonoi abbiamo saputovoi avete saputolorohanno saputo
“I know how to play the piano” and
“I know him.”
While the main verb “to know” in those two phrases doesn’t differ in English, it does in Italian.
In fact, the two verbs you would use would be either “sapere” or “conoscere.” Both mean "to know," but have different implications.
Sapere means "to know” in the sense of "to be able to," or "to know how to." It can also be understood as knowing about a situation or a fact, like “Non sapevo che tu fossi qui.
- I didn’t know that you were here.”
Conoscere, on the other hand, means “to know” in the sense of “to know someone” or “to know an area, town, restaurant, etc.
Take a look at these examples with "sapere" in the present tense:
Non so sciare. - I don’t know how to ski. So cantare. - I know how to sing. / I am able to sing. Non lo so. - I don’t know. Non so la risposta giusta. - I don’t know the right
answer. Lei sa quando il treno arriva? - Do you know when the
train arrives? (formal) So la lezione. - I know the lesson.
TIP: The last example could also be used with the verb conoscere: “Conosco la lezione. - I prepared for today’s lesson.”
Other tenses:
(Il condizionale) Credo di sì, ma...non saprei. - I believe so, but...I wouldn’t know.
(L’imperfetto ) Sapevi che Marco frequenta qualcuno? - Did you know that Marco is dating someone?
(L’imperfetto) Non sapevo che tu volessi imparare l’italiano! - I didn’t know that you wanted to learn Italian!
TIP: If you want to say something like “I’m able to speak Italian,” you would use the verb “riuscire” instead. For example, “Riesco a parlare bene Italiano. - I’m able to speak Italian well.” You can read more about how to use the verb “riuscire” here.
Here are some examples using the verb “conoscere” in the present tense:
Non conosciamo Bologna molto bene. - We don't know Bologna very well. / We aren’t very familiar with Bologna.
Il ristorante si chiama L’archetto? Mhh, non lo conosco. - The restaurant is called L’archetto? Hmm, I don’t know it.
Quel film con Hugh Grant? Quello in cui conosce un’attrice e si innamorano? - Do you know that Hugh Grant movie? The one where he meets that actress and they fall in love?
Other tenses:
(Il passato prossimo) Ho conosciuto Francesca a casa di Giuseppe. - I met Francesca at Giuseppe's house.
(Il passato prossimo) Li Abbiamo conosciuti tre anni fa. - We met them three years ago.
(L'imperfetto) Da bambino conoscevo bene New York, ma tutto era cambiato da quel periodo. - When I was a kid, I knew New York well, but everything has changed since that time.
TIP: Unlike the verb “conoscere,” which means the same thing when conjugated in the present, past, or imperfect tenses, the
meaning of “sapere” changes when in the passato prossimo form. For example, when you say “Ieri sera ho saputo che lei viene qua. - Last night I found out that she’s coming here.” So, you could define “sapere” in the past tense as “to find out.” If you’re curious about more differences in verbs between the past tense and imperfect tense.
VERBS are like a subway systemThey take you far and to many places
They are the TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM of LANGUAGE!
