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• original purposes for writing
• Mesopotamia, 3300–2900 B.C.E.
• pictographs• wedge marks,
2800 B.C.E.
Invention of Writing
Writing Forms
• hieroglyphs, “sacred carvings”
• Egypt, Sumer, and scribal culture
• Phoenician alphabet
The Greeks
• Minoa, Crete• Linear B• fire and oral traditions• Phoenician influence• city-state structure
and influence on writing
Sparta and Athens
• Sparta, oligarchy• Attica, democracy• rights for slaves and
women• political approach• Spartan defeat of
Athens, 404 B.C.E.
Macedonian Rule
• Greek city-states• King Philip, Macedon• Alexander,
imperialism• Ptolemy, Egypt• Hellenism• koine
• tradition (mos maiorum)
• seriousness (gravitas)
• courage (virtus)
• industry (diligentia)
• duty (pietas)
• Catullus, Virgil, Ovid
• origins and themes of Latin literature
• Julius and Octavian, empire and Republic
Roman Values
The earliest literature took the form of: _________ .
a. oral stories and songsb. poems collected in anthologiesc. stories in holy booksd. epics inscribed on stone tablets
Test Your Knowledge
The earliest written documents (dating from about 3300–2990 B.C.E.) were: ___________ .
a. epic poetryb. political and legal records c. religious textsd. historical fiction
Test Your Knowledge
One of the earliest literary texts was the Sumerian poem called The Epic of Gilgamesh (NAWOL, Volume A). What writing system was used to first record this epic poem?
a. Phoenicianb. Latinc. cuneiformd. hieroglyphics
Test Your Knowledge
Most ancient cultures were: ___________.
a. monotheisticb. atheisticc. polytheisticd. dualistic
Test Your Knowledge
During the Dark Ages of Greece, Greeks lost which of the following?
a. wealthb. writing c. industryd. all of the above
Test Your Knowledge
As Greece emerged from its Dark Ages, what empire ruled most of Asia Minor?
a. Romanb. Persianc. Egyptiand. Indo-European
Test Your Knowledge