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The 5 Big Ideas
Structure and Function
Transfer of Information
Transfer of Energy
Systems
Evolution Ecosystems
Endocrinology
Viral EvolutionEvolution
Photosynthesis
Metabolism
Cell Cycle
Animal Behavior
Molecular Structure
Organ Structure
The 5 Big Ideas
Structure and Function
Transfer of Information
Transfer of Energy
Systems
Evolution Ecosystems
Endocrinology
Viral EvolutionEvolution
Photosynthesis
Metabolism
Cell Cycle
Animal Behavior
Molecular Structure
Organ Structure
Food is Fuel! Energy Transfer & Metabolism
Katie Mouzakis & Dr. Gary Diffee
Learning Outcomes1) You will be able to explain why a cell would need ATP 2) You will be able to explain how energy is stored for
future use (short term and long term situations)3) You will be able to put the different steps of metabolism
into chronological order 4) You will understand how energy is used during
endurance exercise5) You will evaluate and predict how different energy
supplements would affect a marathon runner if consumed during the race. You will create a written suggestion explaining whether or not a given race plan is likely to help the runner avoid hitting “the wall”.
What is energy?
• Energy exists in different forms but is neither created nor destroyed; it simply converts to another form.– Eg: kinetic, potential, thermal, gravitational, elastic,
electromagnetic, chemical, nuclear, and mass.
http://www.biology-online.org/dictionary/Energy
Why do we need energy?
Cells require energy to carry out normal functions.
Cells are like mini-factories.
Factories require energy to function.
For the cell, that energy is in the form of ATP
I’m asking you!
How do we get energy?
We eat …
Food Sugar CO2 + H2O + chemical energy (ATP)
Gas CO2 + H2O + mechanical energy + thermal energy (heat)
Fatty acidsAmino acids
Chemical potential energy
Chemical potential energy
Usable energy currency
Energy “currency” and storage
Stored form of currency
Storage facilityCurrency
ATPMuscle & Liver cellsAdipose (fat)
Glycogen
triglycerides (fats)
In the body...
Energy “currency” and storage
Stored form of currency
Storage facilityCurrency
ATPMuscle & Liver cells
Glycogentriglycerides (fats)
In the body...
ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate)Chemical energy is stored in the phosphate bond
When that bond is broken, energy is released
How do we use ATP?• Hydrolysis of ATP is coupled with
unfavorable reactions
reaction 1 (consumes energy)
+ ATP hydrolysis (releases energy)
Net energy release (reaction 1 can proceed)
How do we make ATP?
Glycolysis (oxidation of glucose) - complete breakdown of glucose (requires O2)
C6H12O6 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2840 kJ Energy/mol
= 38 ATP from one Glucose molecule
- breakdown to pyruvate (then to lactic acid)
C6H12O6 2C3H4O3 + 146 kJ Energy/mol (only 5% of Energy of glucose released)
= 2 ATP from one Glucose molecule
Carbs
Fats
Fatty Acid oxidationcomplete breakdown of one 16 Carbon Fatty Acid
= 129 ATP
Energy “currency” and storage
Stored form of currency
Storage facilityCurrency
ATPMuscle & Liver cells
Glycogen
triglycerides (fats)
In the body...
How do we store energy?
Glycogen Glucose is linked as a
polymer for storage
(liver and skeletal muscles)
Fatty AcidsExcess glucose is
converted to fatty acids for long term storage in fat cells
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Activity: Strip Sequence!What happened to your breakfast? In the morning you wake up hungry. While you were sleeping (fasting), your brain continued to use glucose for energy. As a result, your blood glucose levels drop steadly. When they reach a specific threshold, your brain releases a hormone signaling for the synthesis of glucose. What happens next?
2 Glucose monomers are released into the blood from the digestive system, increasing the blood glucose level
5 Excess glucose in the blood is absorbed by the liver and muscles
3 Glucose is absorbed by the brain
1 You consume a gigantic bowl of oatmeal (rich in carbs), which is digested and converted into glucose monomers
4 The brain uses glucose for the synthesis of ATP
7 Glucose is used for fatty acid synthesis
6 Glucose is converted to glycogen for immediate storage
Guest Speaker- Dr. Gary Diffee
Exercise Metabolism
Where do we get the ATP?
From the breakdown of Carbohydrates and Fats DURING exercise
Pyruvate
Glucose
Lacate (done getting energy out)
Acetyl CoA (can proceed to complete breakdown)
OxygenNo Oxygen
Glycogen
2 ATP 38 ATP
129 ATP
Partial Oxidation of Glucose
Complete Oxidation of Glucose
Complete Oxidation of 1 Fatty Acid Molecule
Mitochondria
Krebs CycleElectron Transport Chain
ATP
Stored Triglycerides
Free Fatty Acids
ATP Scoreboard
Glycogen versus Blood Glucose as Energy sourceLong duration Exercise
- Limited Muscle Glycogen stores- When it runs out (or gets low), Blood Glucose is our only Carbohydrate Source- What do we do then for Fuel?
Per
cent
Fue
l util
izat
ion
100% -
Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise
Fat Carbohydrate
Effects of Training
Per
cent
Fue
l util
izat
ion
100% -
Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise
Fat Carbohydrate
Effects of Training
dc
ba%
Fue
l util
izat
ion100% -
Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise
Fat Carbohydrate
Effects of Training
= No Effect = %
Fue
l util
izat
ion100% -
Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise
Fat Carbohydrate
% F
uel u
tiliz
atio
n100% -
Exercise IntensityRest Maximal Exercise
Fat Carbohydrate
= Increased Fat usage =
Variable between individuals =
= Increased Carb usage =
Training adaptations that impact Fuel Utilization
- Improved Cardiovascular and Respiratory Function
= improved ability to get Oxygen to muscles
- Increased number and size of muscle mitochondria
= improved ability to do aerobic ATP production
Net result = improved ability to utilize FAT for ATP supply = Glycogen sparing = Increased Glycogen stores