Intro to Cell Biology
VOCAB ONLY
Original Source: Brookings School District http://local.brookings.k12.sd.us/biology/reviewlink.htm
Another name for a “living thing”
organism
Particle found in the nucleus of an atom with a positive charge
proton
http://school.discovery.com/clipart/clip/ani-turtle.html
Sexual reproduction
Process in which offspring are produced by combining genetic material from 2 parents
Process in which offspring are produced from the genetic material of a single parent
http://faculty.stcc.edu/rapp/biol102/biology_links.htm
Asexual reproduction
Structural polysaccharide used to make plants sturdy
cellulose
Special kind of nucleotide used by cells to store the energy released from burning glucose.
ATP
RIBOSEImage by Riedell
Unfolding that happens to a proteinin extreme temperatures or pH thatcauses it to change shape
denaturing
Stimulus that comes from outsidean organism
External stimulus
An organized way of using evidence to learn about the natural world
science
gene
A short DNA segment that gives the instructions for a protein
The subunits made of a nitrogen base, and sugar, and a phosphate group used to make nucleic acids
nucleotides
Polysaccharide used by animal cellsto store glucose for later
glycogen
http://www.msu.edu/course/lbs/145/smith/s02/graphics/campbell_5.6.gif
Kind of lipid made from carbon andhydrogen joined in rings instead ofchains that make up cell
membranes andcan act as hormones
steroids
http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_campbell_essentials_2/cipl/03/HTML/source/03-16-steroids-nl.htm
Carbohydrate molecule like glucose that is made from only ONE sugar molecule monosaccharide
Scale used to measure acidity
Molecule formed when a substrate bondsto the active site of an enzyme
pH
Enzyme-substrate complex
Another name for a heterotrophconsumer
Atomic particle with a negative charge electron
A signal to which an organism responds
stimulusImage from: http://www.travel-net.com/~andrews/images/animations/traffic.gif
Place in an atom where electronsorbit Energy
levelsNeutral particle found in the nucleus of an atomneutron
Molecule such as glycogen, starch, or cellulose, made by joining many monosaccharide (sugar) molecules together polysaccharide
The basic unit of life is the ________.cell
The process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions
differentiation
http://www.ncu.edu.tw/~ls/graph/faculty_pictures/whole_time/SLC/SLC_lab-1.jpg
Embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a variety cell types
Stem cell
Reactant that binds to the active site of an enzyme during a chemical reaction
substrate
Macromolecule made of a polar glycerol phosphate head and non- polar tails used to make cell membranes
phospholipid
5 carbon sugar used to make RNA
ribose
http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Image by Riedell
All the chemical reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its
life processes
metabolism
Organism made of many cellsmulticellular
Molecules found in living things that contain CARBON organic
The carbohydrate molecule that cells burn to release energy
glucose
Place on an enzyme where the substrate attaches
Active site
http://www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de/b-online/library/cat-removed/enzyme_.gif
Protein that carries oxygen found in red blood cells
hemoglobin
Kind of chemical reaction used by cellsto join molecules together by removingan H and OH to make a water molecule
Dehydration synthesis
http://www.chemicalconnection.org.uk/chemistry/topics/images/pp3.jpg
Organism made of only one cell
unicellular
Chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule
hydrolysis
Molecule that is REALLY, REALLY BIG
macromolecule
Stimulus that comes from insidean organism
internal stimulus
Process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment homeostasis
Substances produced during a chemical reaction that are found on the right side of a chemical equation
products
Describes a polar molecule that mixes easily with water; means “water loving” hydrophilic
Small unit that can join together with other small units to form polymers
monomer
Image by Riedell
Molecule made of a protein withcarbohydrates attached found in cell membranes that helps in cell identification
glycoprotein
Protein hormone, missing in people with diabetes, that tells cells to store glucose as glycogen
insulin
http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20101/Bio%20101%20Lectures/Membranes/membrane.htm
Double stranded nucleic acid moleculecontaining A, T, C, G nitrogen basesfound in chromosomes that storesgenetic information
DNA
Macromolecule made by joining MANY sugar molecules together in a chainpolysacchari
de
http://web.mit.edu/esgbio/www/lm/sugars/sugars.html
Energy required to get a chemical reaction started
Activation energy
Substance that speeds up a chemicalreaction by decreasing the activation energy
catalyst
http://www.chuckwagondiner.com/art/matches.jpg
Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially negatively charged
atoms in another moleculeHydrogen
bonds
Protein that acts as a biological catalyst in living things to help chemical reactions happen faster
enzyme
Images from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
Macromolecule that contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen, made by joining amino acid subunits
Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charges; More + on one side/ more – on the other
protein
polar
Image from: http://www.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/biobk/BioBookCHEM2.html
5 carbon sugar used to make DNA
deoxyribose
An atom that has gained or lost electrons so it has an electric charge
ion
Substances on the left side of a chemical equation which react
reactants
Image from: http://fig.cox.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/chemistry/fig5x27b.jpg
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”hydrophobic
One of the components (including adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, or uracil) that make up nucleotides
Nitrogen bases
Compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms usually in a ratio of 1 C: 2 H: 1 O which is a major source of energy for the human body
carbohydrate
Large molecule made by joining smaller monomer subunits togetherpolymer
Image by Riedell
Macromolecule made mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms; includes fats, oils, and waxes and steroids, which is generally hydrophobic lipid
Macromolecule made of nucleotide subunits containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus which stores and transports information in cells and helps in protein synthesis
nucleic acid
Single stranded nucleic acid that contains the sugar ribose and the nitrogen bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracilRNA (ribonucleic acid)
Subunit used to make proteins made up of a carbon atom attached to a hydrogen, a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2) , and a variable R group
Amino acid Image by Riedell
Polysaccharide used by PLANT cells
to store glucose for laterstarch
The science of life (study of living things) is called _______________biology
What does DNA stand for?Deoxyribonucleic acid
http://bioweb.wku.edu/courses/BIOL115/Wyatt/Biochem/Carbos/Carb_poly.gif
Organism that obtains energy from the food it consumes; also called a consumer
heterotroph
Organism that can capture energy from sunlight or chemicals and use it to produce its own food; also called a producer
autotroph
Change in an organism over time; Process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
evolution
Another name for an autotroph
producer
Attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
Van der Waals forces
The process plants use to capture energy from the sun and make glucosephotosynthesis