G9

CHEMISTRY2013 - 2014

Meet the Elements

Unit%Intro%)%Topics

• Atomic%Theory

• Periodicity

• Naming%Compounds

• Types%of%Reac=ons

•Medical%Applica=ons%of%Chemistry

Atomic%Theory

1.rela=ve%mass%and%charge%of%protons,%

neutrons,%electrons

2.shorthand%nota=on%for%atoms/ions

3.isotopes%

4.rela=ve%atomic%mass

5.electron%arrangement%elements%1)20

Periodicity

1.atomic%radius

2.mel=ng%point

3.electronega=vity

4.reac=vity

Nomenclature%(Naming)1.Bonding%review

a.ionic%

b.covalent%compounds

2.types%of%reac=ons

a.single%+%double%replacement

b.decomposi=on

c. combus=on

Balancing%Equa=ons

1.conserva=on%of%maRer

a.atomic%level

b.molar%level

c. total%mass

d.mass%of%individual%elements

Types%of%Reac=ons

•Synthesis

•Decomposi=on

•Single%Replacement

•Double%Replacement

•Combus=on

•Others

Atomic%Theory

Image source: http://www.rsc.org/chemsoc/timeline/graphic/1911_gfoil_02.jpg

Atomic%Theory

Periodic(table(from(h0p://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys314/lectures/period/period.htmlSource:(h0p://www.iun.edu

Atomic%Theory1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

2.Atoms(of(the(same(

element(are(

idenAcal.*

3.Compounds(are(

combinaAons(of(2(or(

more(elements.

4.Chemical(reacAons(

rearrange(atoms.

Periodic(table(from(h0p://spiff.rit.edu/classes/phys314/lectures/period/period.htmlSource:(h0p://www.iun.edu

John(Dalton(

(1766J1844)

Source:(www.biography.com

1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

Atomic%Theory1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

2.Atoms(of(the(same(

element(are(

idenAcal.*

3.Compounds(are(

combinaAons(of(2(or(

more(elements.

4.Chemical(reacAons(

rearrange(atoms.

1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

Atomic%Theory1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

2.Atoms(of(the(same(

element(are(

idenAcal.*

3.Compounds(are(

combinaAons(of(2(or(

more(elements.

4.Chemical(reacAons(

rearrange(atoms.

Image(source:(www.bcssa.org

1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

Atomic%Theory

Image(source:(www.bcssa.org

Par=cle%mass(of…protons(=(1(a.m.u.

neutrons(=(1(a.m.u.

electrons(=(0(a.m.u.(

That(means(

this(image(is(

NOT(TO(

SCALE!

Actual%mass(of…protons(=(1.67(×(10J27(kg

neutrons(=(1.67(×(10J27(kg

electrons(=(9.11(×(10J31(kg

You(DON’T(

have(to(

know(that!

Electrons*are*10,000*X*smaller*than*protons*and*neutrons!!!

NOT(to((scale!

1.All(ma0er(is(made(of(

atoms.

Atomic%Theory

Image(source:(h0p://www.amasci.net

A:(atomic(mass(=(#(of(protons(

AND(neutrons(in(an(atom

A

chemical%symbol:(capital(le0er((+(

someAmes(lower(case)

E

Z:(atomic(number(=(#(of(

protons(in(an(atom

Z

Atomic%Theory2.Atoms(of(the(same(

element(are(

idenAcal.*

*Isotope(=(atom(with(a(

different(number(of(neutrons(

(but(the(same(number(of(

protons(and(electrons)(

Rela=ve%atomic%mass(=(raAo(of(different(

isotopes

Isotope(images(source:(h0p://bioserv.fiu.edu

three%hydrogen%isotopes

two%carbon%isotopes

Image(source:(h0p://web.sahra.arizona.edu

Image(source:(h0p://science.howstuffworks.com

Atomic%Theory4.Chemical(reacAons(

rearrange(atoms.

6CO2 + 12H2O➜ C6H12O6 6O2+ 6H2O+

Photosynthesis

• Bohr%model:%nucleus%surrounded%by%shells

• Nucleus:%protons%and%neutrons

• Shells:%electrons%orbi=ng

• Valence%shell:%outermost%shell

Atomic%Theory:%Structure

Image source: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_IAeZpYK5VFs/TGiARmqcmhI/AAAAAAAAAgQ/9_9kadQnu4U/s1600/1.png

Periodicity

•%Periodicity%=%paRerns

•Within%periods%(rows)

•Within%groups%(columns)

Image source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Periodic_trends.svg

Periodicity:%Metallic%Traits

•Easier%to%lose%electrons

•less%aRrac=on%b/t%electrons%+%nucleus

•Nonmetals%vs%metals!

Information source: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Inorganic_Chemistry/Descriptive_Chemistry/Periodic_Table_of_the_Elements/Periodic_Trends#Metallic_Character_Trends

METALS

NONMETALS

Periodicity:%Atomic%Radius

•SIZE%of%the%atom

•more%shells%=%farther%from%nucleus%=%larger%radius

Image source: http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_lewis_cw2/int/periodicTrends/0814.html

BIGATOMS

SMALL*ATOMS

Periodicity:%Ioniza=on%Energy•small%atoms%=%electrons%close%to%nucleus

•closer%=%stronger%aRrac=on

•stronger%aRrac=on%=%harder%to%remove

Image source: http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_lewis_cw2/int/periodicTrends/0814.html

Easy*to*remove

Hard*to*remove

Periodicity:%Electron%Affinity•anion%forma=on

•aRrac=on%between%incoming%electron%+%nucleus

•stronger%%aRrac=on%=%more%energy%released

•same%logic%as%ioniza=on%energy

Image source: http://www.media.pearson.com.au/schools/cw/au_sch_lewis_cw2/int/periodicTrends/0814.html

MORE*ENERGY

LESS*ENERGY

Periodicity:%Mel=ng%Point

•depends%on%bond%strength

•stronger%=%higher%M.P.

•complicated%by%other%factors

MELTING

MELTING

Periodicity:%Reac=vity

Image source: http://www.nelsonthornes.com/secondary/science/scinet/scinet/reaction/react/periodic.htm

•Metals%increase:%

•DOWN%groups

•LEFT%in%periods

•Nonmetals%increase:%

•UP%groups

•RIGHT%in%periods

•metal(+(nonmetal

• electron(transfer

• unbalanced(electrons(create(+/J(charges

• ca:on(=(posiAve(ion(=(lost(electrons

• anion(=(negaAve(ion(=(gained(electrons

Ionic%Bonding

Image source: http://chem-net.blogspot.nl

•Metal(caAon(first,(then(nonmetal(anion

• “Jide”(replaces(anion’s(last(part

• criss<cross*method(determines(raAo

• transiAon(metals(need(Roman(numerals

• Roman(numeral(shows(caAon(charge

Ionic%Compounds

Image source: http://www.iun.edu

• 2(or(more(nonmetals

• electron(sharing

• 1(pair(=(single(bond

• 2(pairs(=(double(bond

• 3(pairs(=(triple(bond

• equal(sharing(=(nonpolar

• unequal(sharing(=(polar

Covalent%Bonding

Image source: http://seplessons.ucsf.edu/node/2241

• Least(electronegaAve(nonmetal(is(1st

• “Jide”(replaces(last(part(of(2nd(nonmetal

• Prefixes(show(number(of(atoms(

Covalent%Compounds

Image source: http://ehschemcorner.blogspot.nl Image source: http://chembloggerstcmv.blogspot.nl

• Synthesis

• DecomposiAon

• Single(replacement

• Double(replacement

• CombusAon(

• Some(others...

Types%of%Chemical%Reac=ons

Image source: http://www.oneclickroot.com

• Synthesis(=(build

• A(+(B(→(AB

Synthesis

Image source: Image source:

• Decompose(=(break(down

• AB(→(A(+(B

Decomposi=on

Image source: Image source:

• Ion(changes*place(with(1(element

• AB(+(C(→(A(+(CB

Single%Replacement

Image source: Image source:

• Ions(‘swap’*partners

• AB(+(CD(→(AD(+(CB

Double%Replacement

Image source: http://ehschemcorner.blogspot.nl Image source: http://chembloggerstcmv.blogspot.nl

• hydrocarbon(+(oxygen(gas

• produces(CO2(and(H2O

Combus=on

Image source: Image source:

• Acid<Base:(produce(water(+(salt

• Redox:(transfer(of(electrons

Others%You%May%Hear%Of...

Image source: Image source:

• Law*of*Conserva:on*of*MaPer((Mass)

• Ma0er(is(neither(created(nor(destroyed

• Simply(rearranged

• Reactants(MUST(equal(products

• Adjust(coefficients(ONLY

• NEVER(change(subscripts

Balancing%Equa=ons

Image source: Image source:

• List(all(elements

• Count(atoms(on(each(side

• Change(coefficients(as(needed

Balancing%Equa=ons

Image source: Image source: