Investigating the Solar System (6.8) List the eight planets in order from the sun outward: 1. Mercury 2. Venus 3. Earth 4. Mars 5. Jupiter 6. Saturn 7. Uranus 8. Neptune Planet Questions: The diagram shows the four inner planets at various positions in their orbits. Which planet is visible from in the night sky? Mars Which planet is the largest? Which planet is the smallest? Which planet is closest to the sun? Mercury Which two planets are considered twin planets? Uranus & Neptune Highlight the correct answer to the following : The first four planets are made of gas/ rock . The last four planets are made of gas /rock. Role of Gravity: Label where the low tides are located by placing text boxes in the correct areas. Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide KEY TERMS *planet – a large round object that orbits a star *meteor – burning rock or metal that fall from space into Earth’s atmosphere *asteroid – one of many planets that revolve the sun *comet – an object in outer space that produces a big, shiny tail near the sun *rotation – the process of moving around a central point *revolution – the act of
Transcript
Investigating the Solar System(6.8)
List the eight planets in order from the sun outward:1. Mercury2.Venus3.Earth4.Mars5.Jupiter6.Saturn7.Uranus 8.Neptune
Planet Questions:The diagram shows the four inner planets at various positions in their orbits.
Which planet is visible from Earth in the night sky? MarsWhich planet is the largest? JupiterWhich planet is the smallest? Mercury
Which planet is closest to the sun?Mercury
Which two planets are considered twin planets? Uranus & Neptune
Highlight the correct answer to the following:The first four planets are made of gas/rock.The last four planets are made of gas/rock.
Role of Gravity:Label where the low tides are located by placing text boxes in the correct areas.
What causes tides on Earth?The gravity between the Earth & the moon.The force that holds objects close to Earth is calledgravity.
Phases of the Moon:Match the definitions to the terms.
CNew Moon
ECrescentMoonFGibbousMoon
DFull MoonAWaxing
BWaning
A. This is when the moon is going from a new moon to a full moon.B. This is when the moon is going from a full moon to a new moon.C. The phase of the moon occurring when it passes between earth and the sun and is invisible.D. The moon is completely visibleE. The figure of the moon as it appears in its first or last quarter, with concave and convex edges terminating in points.F. More than half but less than fully illuminated.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
KEY TERMS*planet – a large round object that orbits a star*meteor – burning rock or metal that fall from space into Earth’s atmosphere*asteroid – one of many planets that revolve the sun*comet – an object in outer space that produces a big, shiny tail near the sun*rotation – the process of moving around a central point*revolution – the act of circling around an object in a path*solar eclipse – when the moon blocks the sun from the earth *lunar eclipse – when the earth blocks the sun from the moon
Remember you are standing on Earth at night time looking up.
At which position in the moon’s orbit can none of the moon’s lighted side be seen from the Earth? New moon
At which position in the moon’s orbit can all of the moon’s lighted side be seen from Earth? full
The moon is Earth’s natural satellite.
Revolution
One complete revolution of a planet around the sun equals one year.
Rotation: Mechanics of Day and NightUse the diagram below to answer the following questions:
1. Which point will be experiencing daylight next? D
2. Which point will be experiencingnighttime next? BThe Earth makes a complete rotation once every 24 hours. Which of these would best illustrate rotation?(highlight correct answer)A. Coin spinningB. Marble going around the edge of a plateC. Puck sliding on iceD. Ball falling
Earth Tilt and SeasonsSeasons occur because of the tilt of the Earth. When the Earth's axis points towards the Sun, it is summer for that hemisphere. When the Earth's axis points away from the sun, winter can be expected.
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions:
1. Which position shows summer in the Northern Hemisphere? 22. Which position shows winter in the Southern Hemisphere? 23. Which position shows summer in the Northern Hemisphere? 24. Which position shows winter in the Southern Hemisphere? 2
Use the diagram above to answer the following questions:
1. What season is it in the southernhemisphere of Earth 2? summer2. Which point on Earth 1 will experience
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
the most sunlight in 24-hour period of time?DUnique Properties of EarthUse the terms below to fill in the blanks.
liquidnitrogen
magnetic field
rockypolarsolar
The Earth is a rocky planet, extensively covered with large oceans of liquid water and having frozen ice caps in its polar regions. The Earth has a protective atmosphere consisting predominantly of nitrogen and oxygen and has a magnetic field. The atmosphere and the magnetic field help shield the Earth’s surface from harmful solar radiation. Scientific evidence indicates that the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old.
Theories of the Solar SystemExplain the following scientist’s models of the solar system:
Scientist ExplainPtolemy Earth is the center of the
universe and everything orbits Earth
AristotlePlanets are stars have personal space around Earth. The planets, stars, moon, and the sun all have their circle.
CopernicusThe sun is the center of the universe. Stars do not move. Planets orbit in a circular path.
Galileo Proofed the Copernicus model
Space ExplorationList some important events in the history of space exploration.1969 – Neil Armstrong is the 1st man to walk on the moon1970 – Apollo 13 took flight & had problems
Describe the importance of the following:1. Modern Rockets
2. Satellites
3. Telescopes
4. Orbital Missions
Lunar and Solar EclipseUse the diagram below to answer the following questions:
1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and Sun in a Lunar Eclipse?Moon, Earth, & Sun2. What is “hidden” in a Lunar Eclipse?Sun
Use the diagram below to answer the following questions:
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
1. What is the order of the moon, Earth, and Sun in a Solar Eclipse? Earth, Moon, Sun2. What is “hidden” in a Solar Eclipse?Moon
Highlight the answer to the following questions:1. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the moon is between the sun and the Earth. 2. A lunar/solar eclipse occurs when the Earth is between the sun and the moon.
Investigating Atoms, Elements, Molecules, and Compounds(6.4)
AtomsDraw and label a picture of a water atom.
Yellow = hydrogen Purple = oxygen
The basic structure of an atom includes the neutrons, protons, and electrons. Protons and neutrons compose the nucleus of an atom.
CompoundsDraw and label the following compounds.Identify the name and number of each element represented.O2 H2O
CO2 CaCO3
The number of each type of element in the compound (other than 1) is represented by a small number (subscript) to the right of the element symbol.
Chemical equationsChemical equations are used to model chemicalbonds, illustrating how elements become arranged in a chemical reaction.
Important ElementsWrite the names of the elements in each section below:
List the elements in the Earth’s Crust Ca= CalciumFe= IronAl= AluminumSi= SiliconO= OxygenK= PotassiumNa= SodiumC= CarbonH= HydrogenMg= Magnesium
List the elements in living matter S= SulfurCl= ChlorineN= NitrogenCa= CalciumH= HydrogenO= OxygenC= CarbonK= PotassiumPh= PhosphorusNa= SodiumMg= Magnesium
List the elements in the Earth’s oceans H= HydrogenO= OxygenNa= SodiumK= PotassiumCl= ChlorineMg= Magnesium
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
KEY TERMS*atom– the smallest particle is a substance that can exist by itself*electron–a particularly tiny part of matter that contains a negative charge*proton– an extremely petite part of an atom’s nucleus that contains a positive charge*neutron– the other small part of an atom’s nucleus. This part possess’ no charge*element– a basic substance made up of one type of atoms*compound- a chemical grouping of two or more elements*chemical formula– an expression with which atoms and how many of them are in a compound*chemical equation– a written representation of what happened during a chemical reaction
S= SulfurCa= Calcium
List the elements in the Earth’s atmosphere N= NitrogenO= OxygenC= CarbonH= HydrogenAr= Argon
Investigating Energy (6.2, 6.9)
Potential and Kinetic EnergyUse the diagram below to answer the question:
Describe what is happening in terms of energy as this boy skates down the ramp.The potential energy is dropping as the kinetic energy is rising.Role of sun in formation of most energy sources on EarthThe sun is the primary source of energy on
Earth!
NonrenewableResourcesModern industrial society is dependent upon energy. Fossil fuels are a major source of energy in industrializes nations. Fossil fuels are rich in carbon and hydrogen.
Why are fossil fuels and nuclear considered two forms of non-renewable energy?Coal & oil What are the forms of fossil fuels used for energy? (List at least four)PetroleumOilNatural GasCoal What does non-renewable mean?Not able to be refilledRenewableResourcesMany of Earth’s resources are available on a perpetual basis. Some energy sources can be replenished easily. These would be considered renewable. Explain why each of the following resources are renewable.
Wood/BiomassTrees can be grown.
WindWinds keeps blowing. Nothing can keep it from appearing
Hydro (water)/TidalWater energy is made from the motion of the compound. 75% of our Earth is water.
GeothermalEarth contains hot rock below the surface. Hot water works just as well.
SolarThe sun is a burning star that will take a long time to run out of energy.Energy TransformationsUse the information below to answer the question.
Energy can be changed from one type of energy to another. When this occurs, some energy is always lost as heat.
Whattype of energy transformation is occurring in this picture?
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KEY TERMS*potential – capable of becoming*kinetic– movement of physical objects*renewable energy-energy from a source not lessen when used*nonrenewable energy–energy depleted after use, may be minor or major*energy– the ability to move and work
KEY TERMS*conservation – the monitored usage of natural resources to prevent extinction *pollution – the process of making land, water, or air not suitable for usage
____________________________________electrical.
Some forms of energy are:Mechanical Heat SoundElectrical Light Chemical
Investigating Conservation (6.9)
Management of Nonrenewable Resources
Nonrenewableresources are finite (there is a limited supply that once used, cannot be replaced. Examples of nonrenewable resources include: coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear power and mineral resources. Many nonrenewable resources are used to supply power, but are also the source of pollution.
Describe some of the costs/benefits of each nonrenewable resource.
FOSSIL FUELS(coal, oil, natural gas, petroleum)
COSTS BENEFITS Not green Creates high
levels of carbon dioxide
Easily available
Produces large amounts of energy
Easily transported
Low cost
NUCLEAR ENERGY
COSTS BENEFITS Possibly of Over
radioactive material released into enviroment
greenhouse gas emissions
Lower fuel costs
Continous supply
Management of Renewable ResourcesRenewable resources are those that can be replaced, under the right conditions. Examples of renewable resources include: water, air, soil, plant life and animal life.
For each resource, give an example of how the resource, if abused and not managed could become a “nonrenewable” renewable resource.
WATERExploited by man for many different uses such as agriculture, leisure, sanitation, drinking, and manufacturing
AIR
SOILNecessary to protect water quality, wetlands, wildlife, & vegetation communites
PLANT LIFE
ANIMAL LIFE
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
KEY TERMS*universal solvent – water because a large number of substances dissolve in it*density – dealing a quantity per amount of volume*surface tension - *adhesive – usually sticky*cohesive – closely grouped*weathering – weather conditions affecting the physical look or texture of an object*capillary action*climate – the usual weather conditions in a certain area
Investigating Water(6.5)
Water is a Universal SolventExplain why water is known as the “Universal Solvent”.Many substances dissolve in water
Model and Composition of WaterDraw and label the parts of a water molecule.
uLarge Bodies of Water and ClimateHighlight the correct term in each statement.1. Water is able/unable to absorb heat energy without showing relatively large changes in temperature. (16)2. Large bodies of water act to increase/moderate/decrease the climate of surrounding areas by absorbing heat in summer and slowly releasing the heat in winter. (16)3. For this reason, the climate near large bodies of water is slightly cooler/hotter/milder than areas without large bodies of water. (16)
Properties of Water in All Three StatesDescribe the properties of each state of water.STATE TYPE PROPERTY
SOLID iceLIQUID waterGAS steam
The unique properties of water are a major factor in the ability of our planet to
sustain life! (17)
Physical and Chemical WeatheringGive an example of the following:
1. Physical Weathering (15)Root or ice wedging
2. Chemical Weathering
Hydration / hydrolysis
Relative Density of Liquid and SolidWaterExplain why ice is less dense than liquid water in the picture below.
EXPLAIN:Water expands when it is heated.
Why is this property of water important for life on Earth?Adhesive and Cohesive PropertiesExplain how the picture below demonstrates adhesive and cohesive properties of water.
EXPLAIN:
Surface TensionExplain how the picture below demonstrates surface tension.
EXPLAIN:
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hydrogen oxygen
Capillary ActionExplain how the picture below demonstrates capillary action.
EXPLAIN:
Heat on States of WaterAs heat energy is increased (added) then
water turns from solid water (ice) to liquid water to gas water (steam).
Importance of WaterAnswer the following questions.
LifeWhere does water occur on Earth? (17)Oceans, lakes, rivers, springs, and streams
How did water play an important part in the first human settlements? Water is necessary for agriculture. The original human
settlements were built near springs, rivers and lakes.
What strategies did growing cities use to collect water? (18) – tunnels, aqueducts, wells, cisterns, pumps, reservoirs
Why is water essential for agriculture? (18) crops watered by reliable irrigation systems are more productive
PowerGenerationWhat type of power plant makes use of the kinetic energy of water as it flows through turbines?
hydropower
Water can be heated and turned to steam which is used to generate electricity in what manner?
Spinning a turbine
Public HealthIn the past, streams and rivers were often used to dispose of human waste, and open sewers were common. How did this practice cause problems with public health?-They were using polluted waterHow was the problem of human waste disposal in water solved?-Unique properties of water are key to the life processes of organismsMost of Earth’s water is salt water in the oceans (97 percent). Available non-frozen, fresh water makes up less than 1 percent
of the water on Earth.Water exists in ALL THREE STATES
(solid, liquid and gas) on Earth.
Water in Power GenerationUsing the diagram below, describe how water is used to produce electricity.
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
Investigating the Atmosphere and Weather(6.3, 6.5, 6.6)
Earth’s Energy BudgetThe Earth receives only a very small portion of the sun’s energy, yet this energy is responsible for powering themotion of the atmosphere, the oceans, and many processes at the Earth’s surface. Highlight the correct answer.1. The Earth’s surface is heated equally/unequally.2. About 1/3, ½, ¼ of the sun’s incoming energy is reflected back out to space.3. About 1/3, ½,1/4 of the energy striking the Earth is absorbed by the Earth’s surface.
Using the diagram above, explain what is meant by Earth’s Energy Budget.
Role of Radiation and Convection Radiation and convection from the
Earth’s surface transfer heat energy. This energy powers the global circulation of the atmosphere and the oceans on our
planet.
Cloud FormationsFill in the blank with the correct terms.1. Clouds form as a result of Water that evaporates from lakes, rivers, and streams.2. Puffy clouds that usually indicate fair weather. Cumulus3. Low level clouds usually in a flat layer. Stratus4. High level clouds that are wispy and made of ice crystals. Cirrus5. Vertically developed, often anvil-shaped clouds that represent stormy weather. Cumulonimbus
Clouds (26)_Clouds_ are important indicators of atmospheric conditions.Clouds are found at various levels within the _troposphere.Three major types of clouds are cumulus, stratus, and cirrus..
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
KEY TERMS*radiation – energy that comes from a source in the form of waves or rays you cannot see*convection – warm air rising together with cooler air or water descending forms a cycle or falling pattern called convection*atmosphere – the mass of air surrounding the earth*universal solvent*climate – a region with particular weather patterns or conditions*physical weathering – rocks breaking apart without changing their chemical composition*chemical weathering – the erosion of rocks, building materials caused by chemical reactions*hydroelectric power – production of electrical power through the
Role of Heat Energy in Thunderstorms and Hurricanes
Some thunderstorms are formed where the land is strongly heated. Hurricanes form over warm, tropical water and are
fed by the energy of that water.
Motion of Atmosphere and Oceans
Layers of the AtmosphereDefine each level of the atmosphere.
Troposphere:
Stratosphere:
Mesosphere:
Thermosphere:
Atmosphere Changes with Altitude
mesospherestratospheretemperature
altitudevapor
pressure
thermospheretroposphereatmosphere
weatherenergy
* The atmosphere is made up of layers four layers; troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere and thermosphere_ that havedistinct characteristics. (22)• _Temperature decreases as _altitude_____ increases in the lowest layer of the atmosphere.• Most of the air that makes up
the __________ is found in the Troposphere(the lowest layer). Virtually all _________ takes place there. * The amounts of heat ________ and water __________ in the air and the
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
Draw arrows to indicate
the direction of ocean
and atmospheric
currents. Indicate warm
temperatures in red and
cold temperature
s in blue.
Label major currents.
__________of the air largely determine what the weather conditions are.Natural and Human-caused Changes to Atmosphere
Forest fires and volcanic eruptions are two natural processes that affect the
Earth’s atmosphere. Many gaseouscompounds and particles are
released into the atmosphereby human activity(factories, cars).
Weather MapsExplain each weather map symbol.
An isobar connects areas of the same______ _______.An isotherm connects areas of the same ______________________.
Weather Instruments and MeasurementsMatch the terms.
A. Measures HumidityB. Measures Wind SpeedC. Used to Detect and Track
StormsD. Measures Relative HumidityE. Measures TemperatureF. Measures Wind Direction
G. Measures Air Pressure
Air QualityHighlight the most important terms in this statement.Maintaining good air quality is a crucial goal for modern society, and it is everyone’s responsibility to work toward it. Ozone, a form of oxygen, can form near the surface when exhaust pollutants react with sunlight. This pollutant can cause health problems. Naturally occurring ozone is also found in the upper atmosphere and helps to shield the Earth from ultraviolet radiation.
Physical Characteristics of AtmosphereDefine each of the following characteristics.BarometricPressure
Temperature Humidity Wind Speed
Solar EnergyUse the following terms: wavelength, UV radiation, infrared, visible light, reflection, refraction, absorption to describe solar energy use on Earth.
Greenhouse EffectComplete the following statements.
1. The primary gas in the atmosphere responsible for the greenhouse effect is ______________ _________________,which is a (mixture, compound,
Based on March 2007 Henrico County Public Schools SOL Review Guide
As altitude decreases, air pressure _________.
element). Highlight one.2. The most abundant gases in the air are
____________ and _________________.
These are both (mixtures, compounds,
elements). Highlight one.
3. Name one natural greenhouse gas contributor: _______________________4. Name one way in which humans contribute to greenhouse gases. _________________________________
Weather EventsDescribe each of the following:Tornado
Hurricane
Thunderstorm
Drought
Hail
Sleet
Dew
Snow
Investigating Watersheds(6.7)
Watershed Management:A local developer wants to turn a large wetland area along the Chickahominy River into a mixed use community featuring affordable housing and retail.
In the chart below, list the pros and cons of this development.
PROS CONS
Location of Watersheds
What type of map would be useful in determining the boundaries of a watershed?
How are watersheds separated?
Where is a flood plain found?
Where can wetlands be found?
What services do wetlands provide?
What watershed do you live in (Virginia)?
What watershed do you live in (United States)?
In what major bodies of water do the watersheds in Virginia ultimately drain?
_________________ Bay ___________ __________ Sounds
_______________ of Mexico
Preventing shoreline erosionWhat are two ways in which we can prevent shoreline erosion?
Water Quality Monitoring
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