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Intro to Remote Sensing
Lecture 1
What is remote sensing
Remote Sensing: remote sensing is science of acquiring, processing, and interpretingimages and related data that are obtained from ground-based, air-or space-borne instruments that record the interaction between matter (target) and electromagnetic radiation.
Remote Sensing: using electromagnetic spectrum to image the land, ocean, and atmosphere.
In this class, we will mostly focus on the principles and techniques for data collection and the interaction of electromagnetic energy
with the Earth's surface some application examples also you will get familiar with ENVI, an image processing software.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Source: http://oea.larc.nasa.gov/PAIS/DIAL.html
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Wavelength (nm)
Rad
ianc
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m-2nm
-1sr
-1)
average shrub
average grass
average soil
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Wavelength (nm)
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average shrub
average grass
average soil
1 2 3 4 5 7
What we measure in
remote sensing?
http://www.asdi.com/
In-Situ scale measurements
Solar radiation
Many more: Temperature Soil moisture Mineral and rock types Rainfall Snow cover, snow depth or snow water equivalent Vegetation type and biomass Sea ice properties (concentration, thickness, extent, area) Elevation and change Aerosol, gas types and concentration You might name a few more?
Remote sensing platforms Remote sensing platforms
Ground-based Airplane-based Satellite-based
NASA Research
Spacecraft
Busy Traffic Data acquisition
AgriculturalEfficiency
Air Quality
WaterManagement
Disaster Management
CarbonManagement
Aviation
Ecological Forecasting
Invasive Species
Coastal Management
Homeland Security
Energy Management
Public Health
Applications of National Priority
History of Remote Sensing Aerial photography is the original form of remote sensing (using visible spectrum) started in
1909 Aerial photographic reconnaissance was widely used after 1915 in WWI. Photogrammetric Engineering, the official monthly publication of the American Society of
Photogrammetry, was first published in 1934. Color infrared photography began 1931, then was widely used in agriculture and forestry. Development of radar (1930-1940). During WWII, non-visible spectrum (infrared and radar) were used as tools in remote
sensing. After the first man-made satellite (Sputnik 1) was launched on 4 October 1957 by Soviet
Union, remote sensing moved to outer space, ignited the Space Race within the Cold War. The United States' Explorer 6 transmitted the first space photograph of the Earth in August
1959. The first systematic meteorological satellite observation came with the launch of the United
States' TIROS 1 in 1960. Landsat 1 (originally called the Earth Resources Technology Satellite or ERTS) was the first
satellite to collect data on the Earth's natural resources. It was launched on 23 July 1972. Hyperspectral remote sensing emerged (1980s), widely used in mineral, oil, etc. exploration. Since then, a large number and advanced types of remote sensing systems have been
developed.
NASA & NOAA jointly funding NRC studies on improving transition
NPP NPOESSSeaWiFS Terra Aqua
Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation NCEP
Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center NWS
Ob
serv
atio
nD
ata
As
sim
ACRIMsat SORCE Glory NPOESS
SAGE III AURA NPOESS
Jason OSTM NOAA/EUMETSAT
Landsat 7 LDCM Operational NPOESS
GIFTS* GOES
Tropo Winds TBD
Imaging and Sounding
Solar Irradiance, Ozone, and Aerosols
Ocean Surface Topography
Land Cover/Land Use Change
Tec
hIn Formulation
In operation
Under Development
Atmospheric CompositionUARS AURA TBD
* Canceled flight mission; gleaning technology for GOES-R
Tech Development
NPP
Research Systems to Operational Systems
From Terra, Aqua to NPP to JPSS
NPP (2011, Oct)CrIS/ATMS
VIIRSOMPS
Terra (1999)Aqua (2002)
AIRS, AMSU & MODIS
METOP (2006)IASI/AMSU/MHS & AVHRR
JPSS/ (2016, 2019)CrIS/ATMS, VIIRS, CMIS,
OMPS & ERBS
Coriolis (2003)WindSat
NWS/NCEP
GSFC/DAO
ECMWF
UKMO
FNMOC
Meteo-France
BMRC-Australia
Met Serv Canada
NWS/NCEP
GSFC/DAO
ECMWF
UKMO
FNMOC
Meteo-France
BMRC-Australia
Met Serv Canada
NWPForecasts
NWPForecasts
NOAA Real-Time Data Delivery TimelineGround Station Scenario
NOAAReal-time
UserC3SC3S IDPSIDPS
Joint Center for Satellite Data Assimilation
Use of Advanced Sounder Data for ImprovedUse of Advanced Sounder Data for ImprovedWeather Forecasting & Numerical Weather PredictionWeather Forecasting & Numerical Weather Prediction
15
NPOESS, JPSS, and NPP NPP and NPOESS have a long, complicated history
The tri-agency NPOESS partnership (DOD, NOAA, NASA) has been dissolved
“NPOESS” is no more The NOAA-NASA partnership continues under the Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) – afternoon platform series DOD is continuing alone -- early morning platform series
NASA’s NPP mission has not changed its name – it is still the NPOESS Preparatory Project.
The roles and responsibilities of the NPP Science Team have not changed (at its core, the primary work remains EDR evaluation and related algorithm improvements for climate science!)
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NPP Goals
The NPP mission has two major goals:
To provide a continuation of the EOS record of climate-quality observations after EOS Terra, Aqua, and Aura (i.e., it will extend key Earth system data records and/or climate data records of equal or better quality and uncertainty in comparison to those of the Terra, Aqua, and Aura sensors), and
To provide risk reduction for JPSS instruments, algorithms, ground data processing, archive, and distribution prior to the launch of the first JPSS spacecraft (but note that there are now plans to use NPP data operationally)
NPOESS no more
The greatest canyon on Mars: Valles Marineris
Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (1)
High spatial resolution- IKONOS launched in 1999 by Space Imaging
(4 m multi-spectral and 1 m panchromatic)- QuickBird launched in 2001 by DIGITALGLOBE
(2.44 m multi-spectral and 61 cm panchromatic)
High spectral resolution- AVIRIS, 10nm and 20 m, 224 bands- Hyperion launched in 2000, 10nm and 30m, 220
bands High radiometric resolution
- 8 bits to 12 bits High temporal resolution
- GOES 15-30 minutes- NEXRAD 6 or 10 minutes
Trend and Future of Remote Sensing (2)
Globe coverage, high repeatability (or improved temporal resolution)
- AVHRR, 1100m, morning or afternoon
- MODIS, 250-1000m, morning or afternoon
- NPOESS (will be launched in 2013), 370-740m, 4 hours Real-time or near real-time availability
- MODIS available online in the second day ?
- NEXRAD available online in 6 minutes
- NPOESS available online in 15 minutes Cost free or affordable
- Most of the federal collected images are free available or lower
cost, while commercial high resolution images are affordable. Integrated remote sensing and GIS
- Remote sensing applications with the support of GIS
- Remote sensing data as a major GIS data source
Major image processing software
ENVI/IDL: http://www.rsinc.com/ ERDAS Imagine:
http://www.gis.leica-geosystems.com/Products/Imagine/ PCI Geomatics: http://www.pci.on.ca/ ER Mapper: http://www.ermapper.com/ INTEGRAPH: http://imgs.intergraph.com/gimage/ IDRIS: Ecognition:
http://www.definiens-imaging.com/ecognition/pro/40.htm See5 and decision tree