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Valencia de los elementos encontrados en molculas orgnicas
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Figure 4.5
(a) Length
Ethane 1-Butene
(c) Double bond position
2-ButenePropane
(b) Branching (d) Presence of rings
Butane 2-Methylpropane
(isobutane)Cyclohexane Benzene
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Ismeros geomtricos
TransCis
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Enantiomeros- esteroismeros-ismeros pticos
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Figure 4.8
Drug
Ibuprofen
Albuterol
Condition
Effective
Enantiomer
Ineffective
Enantiomer
Pain;
inflammation
Asthma
S-Ibuprofen R-Ibuprofen
R-Albuterol S-Albuterol
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Grupos funcionales
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Figure 4.9-a
STRUCTURE
CHEMICALGROUP Hydroxyl
NAME OF
COMPOUND
EXAMPLE
Ethanol
Alcohols (Their specific names
usually end in -ol.)
(may be written HO)
Carbonyl
Ketones if the carbonyl group is
within a carbon skeleton
Aldehydes if the carbonyl group
is at the end of the carbon skeleton
Carboxyl
Acetic acidAcetone
Propanal
Carboxylic acids, or organic acids
FUNCTIONALPROPERTIES Is polar as a result of theelectrons spending more time
near the electronegative oxygen
atom.
Can form hydrogen bonds with
water molecules, helping dissolve
organic compounds such as
sugars.
A ketone and an aldehyde may bestructural isomers with different
properties, as is the case for
acetone and propanal.
Ketone and aldehyde groups are
also found in sugars, giving rise
to two major groups of sugars:
ketoses (containing ketone
groups) and aldoses (containing
aldehyde groups).
Found in cells in the ionized form
with a charge of 1 and called acarboxylate ion.
Nonionized Ionized
Acts as an acid; can donate anH+because the covalent bond
between oxygen and hydrogen
is so polar:
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Figure 4.9-b
Amino Sulfhydryl Phosphate Methyl
Methylated compoundsOrganic phosphates
(may bewritten HS)
ThiolsAmines
Glycine Cysteine
Acts as a base; can
pick up an H+ from the
surrounding solution
(water, in living
organisms):
Nonionized Ionized
Found in cells in the
ionized form with a
charge of 1+.
Two sulfhydryl groups can
react, forming a covalent
bond. This cross-linking
helps stabilize protein
structure.
Cross-linking of cysteines
in hair proteins maintains
the curliness or straightness
of hair. Straight hair can be
permanently curled by
shaping it around curlers
and then breaking and
re-forming the cross-linking
bonds.
Contributes negative charge to
the molecule of which it is a part
(2when at the end of a molecule,
as above; 1when located
internally in a chain of
phosphates). Molecules containing phosphate
groups have the potential to react
with water, releasing energy.
Arrangement of methyl
groups in male and femalesex hormones affects their
shape and function.
Addition of a methyl group
to DNA, or to molecules
bound to DNA, affects the
expression of genes.
Glycerol phosphate 5-Methyl cytidine
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Importancia de los grupos funcionales: Hormonas del sexo
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Reacciones qumicas de importancia biolgica
Fi 5 3
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Fig. 5-3
Dihydroxyacetone
RibuloseFructose
Glyceraldehyde
RiboseGlucose Galactose
Hexoses (C6H12O6)Pentoses (C5H10O5)Trioses (C3H6O3)
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Fig 5 4
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Fig. 5-4
(a) Linear and ring forms (b) Abbreviated ring structure
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Fig 5 5
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Galactosa + Glucosa= Lactosa
Fig. 5-5
(b) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of sucrose
Glucose Fructose Sucrose
MaltoseGlucoseGlucose
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of maltose
14glycosidic
linkage
12glycosidic
linkage
Disacridos
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(b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide
Starch
GlycogenAmylose
Chloroplast
(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide
Amylopectin
Mitochondria Glycogen granules
0.5 m1 m
Polisacridos de almacn
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Polisacridos
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Quitina
Fig. 5-10
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Fig. 5 10
The structureof the chitin
monomer.(a) (b) (c)Chitin forms the
exoskeleton of
arthropods.Chitin is used to makea strong and flexible
surgical thread.
Quitina
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Lpidos
Fatty acid(palmitic acid)
(a) Dehydration reaction in the synthesis of a fatGlycerol
Fig. 5-11b
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g
(b) Fat molecule (triacylglycerol)
Ester linkage
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Fig. 5-12a
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g
(a) Saturated fat
Structuralformula of asaturated fat
moleculeStearic acid, a
saturated fattyacid
Fig. 5-12b
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g
(b) Unsaturated fat
Structural formula
of an unsaturated
fat moleculeOleicacid, anunsaturatedfatty acid
c isdouble
bond causes
bending
Fig. 5-13
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(b) Space-filling model(a) (c)Structural formula Phospholipid symbol
Fatty acidsHydrophilicheadHydrophobictails
CholinePhosphateGlycerol
H
ydrophobic
tails
Hydrophilic
head
Fosfolpidos
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Esteroles
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Fig. 5-17a
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Nonpolar
Glycine
(Gly or G)Alanine
(Ala or A)Valine
(Val or V)Leucine
(Leu or L)Isoleucine
(Ile or I)
Methionine(Met or M) Phenylalanine(Phe or F) Tryptophan(Trp or W) Proline(Pro or P)
Fig. 5-17b
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Polar
Asparagine(Asn or N) Glutamine(Gln or Q)Serine(Ser or S) Threonine(Thr or T) Cysteine(Cys or C) Tyrosine(Tyr or Y)
Fig. 5-17c
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Acidic
Arginine(Arg or R) Histidine(His or H)Aspartic acid(Asp or D) Glutamic acid(Glu or E) Lysine(Lys or K)
BasicElectrically
charged
Fig. 5-18
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Peptide
bond
Amino end
(N-terminus)
Peptide
bond
Side chains
Backbone
Carboxyl end
(C-terminus)
(a)
(b)
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Estructura primaria
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Fig. 5-21fHydrophobic
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Polypeptidebackbone
Hydrophobicinteractions andvan der Waalsinteractions
Disulfide bridge
Ionic bond
Hydrogenbond
Estructura terciaria
Fig. 5-21e
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Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Fig. 5-21
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Primary
Structure SecondaryStructure TertiaryStructurepleated sheet
Examples of
amino acidsubunits
+H3N
Amino end
helix
Quaternary
Structure
Fig. 5-21g
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Polypeptidechain Chains
HemeIron
ChainsCollagen Hemoglobin
Fig. 5-23
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Normal protein
Denatured protein
Denaturation
Renaturation
Fig. 5-24
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Hollowcylinder
Cap
Chaperonin(fully assembled)
Polypeptide
Steps of ChaperoninAction:
An unfolded poly-peptide enters thecylinder from one end.
12 3The cap attaches, causing the
cylinder to change shape insuch a way that it creates ahydrophilic environment for
the folding of the polypeptide.
The cap comesoff, and the properlyfolded protein isreleased.
Correctlyfoldedprotein
Chaperonas
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Nucletido:
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Nucletido:
Fosfato+ Pentosa + Base
Fig. 5-27c-2
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Ribose (in RNA)Deoxyribose (in DNA)
Sugars
(c) Nucleoside components: sugars
Fig. 5-27c-1
Nitrogenous bases
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(c) Nucleoside components: nitrogenous bases
Purines
Guanine (G)Adenine (A)
Cytosine (C) Thymine (T, in DNA) Uracil (U, in RNA)
Nitrogenous bases
Pyrimidines
Fig. 5-27ab 5' end
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5'C
3'C
5'C
3'C
3' end
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
(b) Nucleotide
Nucleoside
Nitrogenousbase
3'C
5'C
Phosphategroup Sugar
(pentose)
Formacin de un polinucletido
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Complementaridad de las bases nitrogenadas
AT
GC
Pares
Fig. 5-28 3' end5' end
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Sugar-phosphatebackbones
3' end
3' end
3' end
5' end
5' end
5' end
Base pair (joined byhydrogen bonding)
Old strands
Newstrands
Nucleotideabout to be
added to anew strand
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Fig. 5-UN2
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